Rick McGeer Chief Scientist, US IGNITE December 9, 2013 

Distributed Clouds and Software Defined Networking Complementary Technologies for the Next-Generation Internet 

Or, A Post-Hoc Justification for the Last 10 Years of My Life 3 

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5 The Future is Distributed Clouds integrated with Software-Defined- Networks! 

6 SDN is a set of abstractions over the networking control plane Proxies are an essential element of the Internet Architecture Shouldn’t there be an abstraction architecture for proxies? 

Network Challenges • Original Concept of the Network: dumb pipe between smart endpoints – Content-agnostic routing – Rates controlled by endpoints – Content- and user-agnostic forwarding • Clean separation of concerns – Routing and forwarding by network elements – Rate control, admission control, security at endpoints 

Clean separation of concerns doesn’t work very well • Need application-aware stateful forwarding (e.g., multicast) • Need QoS guarantees and network-aware endpoints – For high-QoS applications – For lousy links • Need in-network security and admission control – Endpoint security easily overwhelmed… 

Some Examples • Load-balanced end-system multicast • Adaptive/DPI-based Intrusion Detection • In-network transcoding to multiple devices • Web and file content distribution networks • Link-sensitive store-and-forward connection-splitting TCP proxies • Email proxies (e.g., MailShadow) • In-network compression engines (Riverbed) • Adaptive firewall • In-situ computation for data reduction from high-bandwidth sensors (e.g., high-resolution cameras) 

Common Feature • All of these examples require some combination of in-network and endpoint services – Information from the network – Diversion to a proxy – Line-rate packet filtering • All require endpoint processing – Stateful processing – Connection-splitting – Filesystem access • Three central use cases – Optimization of network resources, especially bandwidth – Proximity to user for real-time response – In-situ sensor processing 

Historic Solution: Middleboxes • Dedicated network appliances to perform specific function • Gets the job done, but… – Appliances proliferate (one or more per task) – Opaque – Interact unpredictably… • Don’t do everything – E.g., generalized in-situ processing engine for data reduction • APST, 2005: “The ability to support…multiple coexisting overlays [of proxies]…becomes the crucial universal piece of the [network] architecture.” 

OpenFlow and SDN • L2/L3 Technology to permit software-defined control of network forwarding and routing • What it’s not: – On-the-fly software decisions about routing and forwarding – In-network connection-splitting store-and-forward – In-network on-the-fly admission control – In-network content distribution – Magic…. • What it is: – Table-driven routing and forwarding decisions (including drop and multicast) – Callback protocol from a switch to a controller when entry not in table (“what do I do now?”) – Protocol which permits the controller to update the switch 

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In-Network Processing • L4/L7 Services provided by nodes in the network – TCP/Application layer proxies – Stateful/DPI based intrusion detection – Application-layer admission control – Application-layer load-balancing – …. • Key features – Stateful processing – Transport/Application layer information required 

Middleboxes and the Network • Classic View: Proxies and Middleboxes are a necessary evil that breaks the “end-to-end principle” (Network should be a dumb pipe between endpoints) • Modern View (Peterson): “Proxies play a fundamental role in the Internet architecture: They bridge discontinuities between different regions of the Internet. To be effective, however, proxies need to coordinate and communicate with each other.” • Generalized Modern View (this talk): Proxies and Middleboxes are special cases of a general need: endpoint processing in the network. We need to merge the Cloud and the Network. 

Going From Today to Tomorrow • Today: Middleboxes • Tomorrow: In-network general-purpose processors fronted by OpenFlow switches • Advantages of Middleboxes – Specialized processing at line rate • Disadvantages of middleboxes – Nonexistent programming environment – Opaque configuration – Vendor-specific updates – Only common functions get done – Interact unpredictably… 

Anatomy of a Middlebox 

Generalized Architecture 

The Future 

Advantages of the Generalizing and Factoring the Middlebox • Transparent • Open programming environment: Linux + OpenFlow • Much broader range of features and functions • Interactions between middleboxes mediated by OpenFlow rules – Verifiable – Predictable • Updates are software uploads 

OpenFlow + In Network Processing + Line-rate processing + Largely implementable on COTS switches + Packet handling on a per-flow basis + Rapid rule update + Unified view of the network + L2-L7 services 

But I Need Proxies Everywhere… • Proxies are needed where I need endpoint processing – In-situ data reduction – Next to users – Where I need filtering • Can’t always predict these in advance for every service! • So I need a small cloud everywhere, so I can instantiate a middlebox anywhere • Solution = Distributed “EC2” + OpenFlow network • “Slice”: Virtual Network of Virtual Machines • OpenFlow creates Virtual Network • “EC2” lets me instantiate VM’s everywhere 

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Shenker’s SDN Architecture 26 Specification of a virtual network, with explicit forwarding instructions Translation onto OpenFlow rules on physical network Effectuation on physical network 

Perfect for L1-L3 27 

Key Function we want: Add Processing Anywhere in the Virtual Network 28 

Going from Virtual Network to Virtual Distributed System 29 Specification of a virtual distributed cloud, with explicit forwarding instructions BETWEEN specified VMs Translation onto OpenFlow rules on physical network AND instantiation on physical machines at appropriate sites Effectuation on physical network AND physical clouds 

Key Points • Federated Clouds can be somewhat heterogeneous – Must support common API – Can have some variants (switch variants still present a common interface through OpenFlow) • DSOS is simply a mixture of three known components: – Network Operating System – Cloud Managers (e.g., ProtoGENI, Eucalytpus, OpenStack) – Tools to interface with Network OS and Cloud Managers (nascent tools under development) 30 

Implications for OpenFlow/SDN • Southbound API (i.e., OpenFlow): minimal and anticipated in 1.5 – “Support for L4/L7 services”, aka, seamless redirection • Northbound API – Joint allocation of virtual machines and networks – Location-aware allocation of virtual machines – WAN-aware allocation of networks – QoS controls between sites • Build on/extend successful architectures – “Neutron for the WAN” 31 

Implications for Cloud Architectures • Key problem we’ve rarely considered: how do we easily instantiate and stitch together services at multiple sites/multiple providers? • Multiple sites is easy, multiple providers is not • Need easy way to instantiate from multiple providers – Common AUP/Conventions? Probably – Common form of identity/multiple IDs? Multiple or bottom-up (e.g. Facebook) – Common API? Absolutely • Need to understand what’s important and what isn’t – E.g. very few web services charge for bandwidth 32 

Initial Attempts • Ignite Technical Architecture/GENI Racks • GENI Mesoscale • SAVI • JGN-X • … 33 

With Credit To… 34 

GENI Mesoscale • Nationwide network of small local clouds • Each cloud – 80-150 worker cores – Several TB of disk – OpenFlow-native local switching • Interconnected over OpenFlow-based L2 Network • Local “Aggregate Manager” (aka controller) • Two main designs with common API – InstaGENI (ProtoGENI-based) – ExoGENI (ORCA/OpenStack-based) • Global Allocation through federate aggregate managers • User allocation of networks and slices through tools (GENI portal, Flack) 35 

GENI And The Distributed Cloud Stack • Physical Resources – GENI Racks, Emulab, GENI backbone • Cloud OS – ProtoGENI, ExoGENI… • Orchestration Layer – GENI Portal, Flack… 36 

37 ©2010 HP Created on xx/xx/xxxx of 222 Instageni rack topology 

Existing ISP connects Layer 2 Ignite Connect (1 GE or 10GE) Layer 3 GENI control plane Layer 2 connect to subscribers Existing head-end New GENI / Ignite rack pair OpenFlow switch(es) Flowvisor Remote management Instrumentation Aggregate manager Measurement Programmable servers Storage Video switch (opt) Home Most equipment not shown U.S. Ignite City Technical Architecture 

39 GENI Mesoscale Deployment 

Distributed Clouds and NSFNet: Back to the Future • GENI today is NSFNet circa 1985 • GENI and the SFA: Set of standards (e.g., TCP/IP) • Mesoscale: Equivalent to NSF Backbone • GENIRacks: Hardware/software instantiation of standards that sites can deploy instantly – Equivalent to VAX 11 running Berkeley Unix – InstaGENI cluster running ProtoGENI and OpenFlow • Other instantiations which are interoperable – VNode (Aki Nakao, University of Tokyo and NICT) – Tomato (Dennis Schwerdel, TU-Kaiserslautern) 

JGN-X (Japan) 41 

SAVI (Canada) 42 

Ofelia (EU) 43 

“Testbeds” vs “Clouds” • JGN-X, GENI, SAVI, Ofelia, GLab, OneLab are all described as “Testbeds” – But they are really Clouds – Tests require realistic services • History of testbeds: – Academic ResearchAcademic/Research servicesCommercial services – Expect similar evolution here (but commercial will come faster) 44 

Programming Environment for Distributed Clouds • Problem: Allocating and configuring distributed clouds is a pain – Allocate network of VM’s – Build VM’s and deploy images – Deploy and run software • But most slices are mostly the same • Automate commonly-used actions and pre-allocate typical slices • 5-minute rule: Build, deploy, and execute “Hello, World” in five minutes • Decide what to build: start with sample application 45 

TransGeo: A Model TransCloud Application • Scalable, Ubiquitous Geographic Information System • Open and Public – Anyone can contribute layers – Anyone can host computation • Why GIS? – Large and active community – Characterized by large data sets (mostly satellite images) – Much open-source easily deployable software, standard data formats – Computation naturally partitions and is loosely-coupled – Collaborations across geographic regions and continents – Very pretty… 46 

TransGeo Architecture 47 

TransGeo Sites (May 2013) 48 

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Opening up TransGEO: The GENI Experiment Engine • Key Idea: Genericize and make available the infrastructure behind the TransGEO demo – Open to every GENI, FIRE, JGN-X, Ofelia, SAVI…experimenter who wants to use it • TransGEO is a trivial application on a generic infrastructure – Perhaps 1000 lines of Python code on top of • Key-Value Store • Layer 2 network • Sandboxed Python programming environment • Messaging Service • Deployment Service • GIS Libraries 51 

GENI Experiment Engine • Permanent, Long-Running, Distributed File System • Permanent, Long-Running, GENI-wide Message Service • Permanent, Long-Running, Distributed Python Environment • Permanent, world-wide Layer-2 VLANs on high-performance networks • All offered in slices • All shared by many experimenters • Model: Google App Engine • Advantage for GENI: Efficient use of resources • Advantage for Experimenters: Up and running in no time 52 

GENI Experiment Engine Architecture 53 

Staged Rollout • Permanent Layer-2 Network Spring 2014 • Shared File System based on (Swift) Spring 2014 • Python environment Summer 2014 54 

Thanks and Credits Joe Mambretti, Fei Yeh, Jim Chen Northwestern/ iCAIR Andy Bavier, Marco Yuen, Larry Peterson, Jude Nelson, Tony Mack PlanetWorks/Princeton Chris Benninger, Chris Matthews, Chris Pearson, Andi Bergen, Paul Demchuk, Yanyan Zhuang, Ron Desmarais, Stephen Tredger, Yvonne Coady, Hausi Muller University of Victoria Heidi Dempsey, Marshall Brinn, Vic Thomas, Niky Riga, Mark Berman, Chip Elliott BBN/GPO Rob Ricci, Leigh Stoller, Gary Wong University of Utah Glenn Ricart, William Wallace, Joe Konstan US Ignite Paul Muller, Dennis Schwerdel TU-Kaiserslautern Amin Vahdat, Alvin AuYoung, Alex Snoeren, Tom DeFanti UCSD 55 

Thanks and Credits Nick Bastin Barnstormer Softworks Shannon Champion Matrix Integration Jessica Blaine, Jack Brassil, Kevin Lai, Narayan Krishnan, Dejan Milojicic, Norm Jouppi, Patrick Scaglia, Nicki Watts, Michaela Mezo, Bill Burns, Larry Singer, Rob Courtney, Randy Anderson, Sujata Banerjee, Charles Clark HP Aki Nakao University of Tokyo 56 

Conclusions • Distributed Clouds are nothing new… – Akamai was basically the first Distributed Cloud – Single Application, now generalizing • But this is OK… – Web simply wrapped existing services • Now in vogue with telcos (“Network Function Virtualization”) • What’s new/different in GENI/JGN-X/SAVI/Ofelia…. – Support from programmable networks – “Last frontier” for software in systems • Open Problems – Siting VMs! – Complex network/compute/storage optimization problems • Needs – “http”-like standardization of APIs at IaaS, PaaS layers 57 

Links http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXsCQdshMr4 http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~akella/CS838/F09/838- Papers/APST05.pdf http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?d oi=10.1.1.20.123&rep=rep1&type=pdf 

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