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ACTION-ANGLE COORDINATES Adrian Price-Whelan

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n second order 2n first order

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n=3, 6D phase-space

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Integrable systems There exist n independent integrals of motion In 2n-dimensional phase-space:

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Integrable systems There exist n independent integrals of motion Motion is confined to an n-dimensional manifold In 2n-dimensional phase-space:

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Integrable systems Bounded motion periodicity

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Integrable systems What if…

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Integrable systems

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Action-angle coords.

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Action-angle coords.

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Action-angle coords.

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cool. SO WHAT?

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Tidal stream formation Hessian

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Tidal stream formation

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Position Velocity

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Angles Actions

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so how do we find actions?

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This is not a solved problem!

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Kaasalainen & Binney McGill & Binney Sanders & Binney Bovy