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Scalable Application rchitecture github.com/mgechev twitter.com/mgechev blog.mgechev.com Minko Gechev

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Hold on for the second edition!

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Story Time

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Disclaimer • High-level architecture, doesn’t define interfaces • Suggestions, not rules • Works for me, may not work for you

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Design Architecture ⚡

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– Martin Fowler “…decisions that are hard to change…” Architecture

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High-level constraints of the project

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Dynamic requirements

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Scalable & flexible data layer

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Data layer • RESTful API • WebSocket application service • WebRTC data-channel • Various data packages • Bert-RPC • JSON • etc.

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Scalable team & codebase

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High-level decisions for the architecture

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Dynamic Requirements Scalable & flexible data layer Scalable team & codebase

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Dynamic Requirements Scalable & flexible data layer Scalable team & codebase

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abstraction |əbˈstrakʃ(ə)n| noun [ mass noun ] … 4 the process of considering something independently of its associations or attributes: the question cannot be considered in abstraction from the historical context in which it was raised.

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WebRTC Gateway WebSocket Gateway

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Gateway WebRTC Gateway WebSocket Gateway

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Dynamic Requirements Scalable & flexible data layer Scalable team & codebase

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Explicitness

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Explicitness • Explicit state mutation • Explicit package mapping • Others…

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Dynamic Requirements Scalable & flexible data layer Scalable team & codebase

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Consistent state management

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Consistent state • Domain objects should: • Have a single instance • Explicit update

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Single instance !=>

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Single instance !=> Identity map

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Single instance !=> Identity map Explicit update !=>

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Single instance !=> Identity map Explicit update !=> Strict conventions

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redux++

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redux++

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Sample Tech Stack • Angular 2 • RxJS • ngrx • TypeScript • ImmutableJS

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Sample application

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High-level architecture

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UI components Façade (Active Record-like) (provides simplified interface to the components) State management Async services Gateways (HTTP, WS, WebRTC) Commands (RESTful, RPC) Payloads (BERT, JSON) Store Reducers

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UI components Façade (Active Record-like) (provides simplified interface to the components) State management Async services Gateways (HTTP, WS, WebRTC) Commands (RESTful, RPC) Payloads (BERT, JSON) Store Reducers

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UI components Façade (Active Record-like) (provides simplified interface to the components) State management Async services Gateways (HTTP, WS, WebRTC) Commands (RESTful, RPC) Payloads (BERT, JSON) Store Reducers

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UI components Façade (Active Record-like) (provides simplified interface to the components) State management Async services Gateways (HTTP, WS, WebRTC) Commands (RESTful, RPC) Payloads (BERT, JSON) Store Reducers

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UI components Façade (Active Record-like) (provides simplified interface to the components) State management Async services Gateways (HTTP, WS, WebRTC) Commands (RESTful, RPC) Payloads (BERT, JSON) Store Reducers

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UI components

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UI components Façade (Active Record-like) (provides simplified interface to the components) State management Async services Gateways (HTTP, WS, WebRTC) Commands (RESTful, RPC) Payloads (BERT, JSON) Store Reducers

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game.component.ts @Component({ selector: 'sd-game', template: `...`, styles: [...] }) export class GameComponent { constructor(private _model: GameModel) {} changeHandler(data: string) { this._model.onProgress(data); } }

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game.component.ts @Component({ selector: 'sd-game', template: `...`, styles: [...] }) export class GameComponent { constructor(private _model: GameModel) {} changeHandler(data: string) { this._model.onProgress(data); } }

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game.component.ts @Component({ selector: 'sd-game', template: `...`, styles: [...] }) export class GameComponent { constructor(private _model: GameModel) {} changeHandler(data: string) { this._model.onProgress(data); } }

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UI components • Simple presentational logic • As stateless as possible • Delegate business logic to models

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UI components Façade (Active Record-like) (provides simplified interface to the components) State management Async services Gateways (HTTP, WS, WebRTC) Commands (RESTful, RPC) Payloads (BERT, JSON) Store Reducers

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class GameModel extends Model { game$: Observable; constructor(protected _store: Store, @Inject(AsyncService) _services: AsyncService[]) { super(_services || []); this.game$ = this._store.select('game'); } completeGame(time: number, text: string) { const action = GameActions.completeGame(time, text); this.performAsyncAction(action) .subscribe(() => this._store.dispatch(action)); } } game.model.ts

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game.model.ts class GameModel extends Model { game$: Observable; constructor(protected _store: Store, @Inject(AsyncService) _services: AsyncService[]) { super(_services || []); this.game$ = this._store.select('game'); } completeGame(time: number, text: string) { const action = GameActions.completeGame(time, text); this.performAsyncAction(action) .subscribe(() => this._store.dispatch(action)); } }

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class GameModel extends Model { game$: Observable; constructor(protected _store: Store, @Inject(AsyncService) _services: AsyncService[]) { super(_services || []); this.game$ = this._store.select('game'); } completeGame(time: number, text: string) { const action = GameActions.completeGame(time, text); this.performAsyncAction(action) .subscribe(() => this._store.dispatch(action)); } } game.model.ts

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BaseModel Model B Model A State tree Component tree state stream (game$) references (store.select(…))

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class GameModel extends Model { game$: Observable; constructor(protected _store: Store, @Inject(AsyncService) _services: AsyncService[]) { super(_services || []); this.game$ = this._store.select('game'); } completeGame(time: number, text: string) { const action = GameActions.completeGame(time, text); this.performAsyncAction(action) .subscribe(() => this._store.dispatch(action)); } } game.model.ts

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class GameModel extends Model { game$: Observable; constructor(protected _store: Store, @Inject(AsyncService) _services: AsyncService[]) { super(_services || []); this.game$ = this._store.select('game'); } completeGame(time: number, text: string) { const action = GameActions.completeGame(time, text); this.performAsyncAction(action) .subscribe(() => this._store.dispatch(action)); } } game.model.ts

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Component Model ngrx

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Component Model completeGame() ngrx

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Component Model dispatch(action) ngrx completeGame()

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Component Model ngrx stateObserver.next(state) dispatch(action) completeGame()

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Component Model stateObserver.next(state) dispatch(action) ngrx completeGame()

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class GameModel extends Model { game$: Observable; constructor(protected _store: Store, @Inject(AsyncService) _services: AsyncService[]) { super(_services || []); this.game$ = this._store.select('game'); } completeGame(time: number, text: string) { const action = GameActions.completeGame(time, text); this.performAsyncAction(action) .subscribe(() => this._store.dispatch(action)); } } game.model.ts

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Models (Façade) • Map the state stream • Delegate business logic to reducers • Delegate data-access logic to async services

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Beware for violations of the SRP

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UI components Façade (Active Record-like) (provides simplified interface to the components) State management Async services Gateways (HTTP, WS, WebRTC) Commands (RESTful, RPC) Payloads (BERT, JSON) Store Reducers

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Component Model stateObserver.next(state) dispatch(action) ngrx onProgress()

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ngrx reducers dispatch(action) State tree Action New state New state

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game.reducer.ts export const gameReducer = (state: any = initialState.get('game'), action: Action) => { switch (action.type) { case START_GAME: state = fromJS({}); break; case GAME_PROGRESS: state = state.set('currentText', action.payload.text); break; } return state; };

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game.reducer.ts export const gameReducer = (state: any = initialState.get('game'), action: Action) => { switch (action.type) { case START_GAME: state = fromJS({}); break; case GAME_PROGRESS: state = state.set('currentText', action.payload.text); break; } return state; };

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game.reducer.ts export const gameReducer = (state: any = initialState.get('game'), action: Action) => { switch (action.type) { case START_GAME: state = fromJS({}); break; case GAME_PROGRESS: state = state.set('currentText', action.payload.text); break; } return state; };

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game.reducer.ts export const gameReducer = (state: any = initialState.get('game'), action: Action) => { switch (action.type) { case START_GAME: state = fromJS({}); break; case GAME_PROGRESS: state = state.set('currentText', action.payload.text); break; } return state; };

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game.component.ts … get currentText$() { return this._model.game$ .map((game: Game) => game.currentText); } …

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game.component.ts … get currentText$() { return this._model.game$ .map((game: Game) => game.currentText); } …

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game.component.ts … get currentText$() { return this._model.game$ .map((game: Game) => game.currentText); } …

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game.component.html …
{{ currentText$ | async }}
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game.component.html …
{{ currentText$ | async }}
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Reducers • Pure functions of the state and an action • Implement the business logic

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Async Services

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UI components Façade (Active Record-like) (provides simplified interface to the components) State management Async services Gateways (HTTP, WS, WebRTC) Commands (RESTful, RPC) Payloads (BERT, JSON) Store Reducers

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Remote Service App

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Remote Service App

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Remote Service App

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export abstract class AsyncService { abstract process(data: Action): Observable; } base.async-service.ts

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export class GameP2PService extends AsyncService { constructor(private _rtcGateway: WebRTCGateway, private _store: Store) { _rtcGateway.dataStream .map((data: any) => JSON.parse(data.toString())) .subscribe((command: any) => { command.method === PROGRESS && _store.dispatch(P2PActions.progress(command.payload.text)); }); } process(action: Action) { const commandBuilder = buildP2PCommand(action); if (commandBuilder) return commandBuilder().invoke(); } } game-p2p.async-service.ts

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export class GameP2PService extends AsyncService { constructor(private _rtcGateway: WebRTCGateway, private _store: Store) { _rtcGateway.dataStream .map((data: any) => JSON.parse(data.toString())) .subscribe((command: any) => { command.method === PROGRESS && _store.dispatch(P2PActions.progress(command.payload.text)); }); } process(action: Action) { const commandBuilder = buildP2PCommand(action); if (commandBuilder) return commandBuilder().invoke(); } } game-p2p.async-service.ts

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export class GameP2PService extends AsyncService { constructor(private _rtcGateway: WebRTCGateway, private _store: Store) { _rtcGateway.dataStream .map((data: any) => JSON.parse(data.toString())) .subscribe((command: any) => { command.method === PROGRESS && _store.dispatch(P2PActions.progress(command.payload.text)); }); } process(action: Action) { const commandBuilder = buildP2PCommand(action); if (commandBuilder) return commandBuilder().invoke(); } } game-p2p.async-service.ts

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Async services • Map actions to commands • Map responses/messages to actions • Use an abstract gateway

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Recap

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator signup(data) signup(data) RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name uses as user$

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator signup(data) RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name signup(data) uses as user$

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name signup(data) signup(data) uses as user$

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name signup(data) signup(data) uses as user$

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name signup(data) signup(data) uses as user$

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name signup(data) signup(data) uses as user$

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name signup(data) signup(data) uses as user$

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name signup(data) signup(data) uses as user$

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name signup(data) signup(data) uses as user$

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Async services Business facade Business logic Communication logic Immutable app state Component tree root cmp sign-up form user UserModel User Action Creator signup(data) RESTful Async Service process(action) userReducer register() RESTful CommandBuilder build(action) Restful Command Restful Gateway invoke() send() creates() uses as user$ uses user$ Stream Dependency Action (manipulation/method call) User registration user.email = email user.name = name signup(data)

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Properties… • Predictable state management • Testable (easy to mock services thanks to DI) • Not coupled to any remote service • Serializable state usable offline • Model can use different services based on context • Easy management of async events

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Properties… • Predictable state management • Testable (easy to mock services thanks to DI) • Not coupled to any remote service • Serializable state usable offline • Model can use different services based on context • Easy management of async events

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Properties… • Predictable state management • Testable (easy to mock services thanks to DI) • Not coupled to any remote service • Serializable state usable offline • Model can use different services based on context • Easy management of async events

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Properties… • Predictable state management • Testable (easy to mock services thanks to DI) • Not coupled to any remote service • Serializable state usable offline • Model can use different services based on context • Easy management of async events

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Properties… • Predictable state management • Testable (easy to mock services thanks to DI) • Not coupled to any remote service • Serializable state usable offline • Model can use different services based on context • Easy management of async events

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Properties… • Predictable state management • Testable (easy to mock services thanks to DI) • Not coupled to any remote service • Serializable state usable offline • Model can use different services based on context • Easy management of async events

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Properties… • Predictable state management • Testable (easy to mock services thanks to DI) • Not coupled to any remote service • Serializable state usable offline • Model can use different services based on context • Easy management of async events

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Resources • redux • ngrx • mgv.io/scalable-architecture • mgv.io/scalable-architecture-demo

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Thank you! github.com/mgechev twitter.com/mgechev blog.mgechev.com