Getting the most out of JavaScript errors

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Getting the most out of JavaScript errors Build better apps by being better informed when they break

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import * as Sentry from '@sentry/browser'; Sentry.init({ dsn: 'https://[email protected]/1337' }); throw new Error('lol'); // Error event is captured

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Uncaught [object Object]

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*no stack trace*

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“Script error”

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In this talk … • The Error object • Custom Errors • The Stack property • Throwing non-Errors • Reporting Errors & CORS

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The Error object

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new Error([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]]) “The Error constructor creates an error object. Instances of Error objects are thrown when runtime errors occur. The Error object can also be used as a base object for user- defined exceptions.” https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error

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Runtime Errors function c() { d(); // does not exist } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } a(); example.js:2 Uncaught ReferenceError: d is not defined at c (example.js:2) at b (example.js:6) at a (example.js:10) at example.js:13

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User-deﬁned Errors function c() { throw new ReferenceError('d is not defined'); } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } a(); example.js:2 Uncaught ReferenceError: d is not defined at c (example.js:2) at b (example.js:6) at a (example.js:10) at example.js:13

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User-deﬁned Errors function c() { throw new Error('this is super broken'); } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } a(); example.js:2 Uncaught Error: this is super broken at c (example.js:2) at b (example.js:6) at a (example.js:10) at example.js:13

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name message stack example.js:2 Uncaught Error: this is super broken at c (example.js:2) at b (example.js:6) at a (example.js:10) at example.js:13

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Error properties function c() { try { throw new Error('this is super broken'); } catch (err) { console.log(err.name); console.log(err.message); console.log(err.stack); } } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } a(); example.js:5 Error example.js:6 this is super broken example.js:7 Error: this is super broken at c (example.js:3) at b (example.js:12) at a (example.js:16) at example.js:19 1 2 3 1 2 3

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Standard Errors ReferenceError • dereference an invalid reference RangeError • numeric variable outside valid range InternalError • internal error from JS engine EvalError • error from global eval() SyntaxError • unparseable code TypeError • variable not a valid type URIError • encode/decodeURI passed invalid params

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Custom Errors example.js:2 Uncaught SuperBrokenError: nuff said at c (example.js:2:11) at b (example.js:6:5) at a (example.js:10:5) at example.js:13:1 class SuperBrokenError extends Error { constructor(...args) { super(...args); this.name = 'SuperBrokenError'; } }; throw new SuperBrokenError('nuff said');

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Custom Properties class APIError extends Error { constructor(message, status = null) { super(message); this.name = 'APIError'; this.status = status; } }; throw new APIError('Internal Service Error', 500); // ... try { someCode(); } catch (err) { if (err instanceof APIError) { console.log(err.status); } }

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Error.prototype.stack

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name message stack example.js:2 Uncaught Error: this is super broken at c (example.js:2) at b (example.js:6) at a (example.js:10) at example.js:13

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Rethrowing errors function c() { d(); // does not exist } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } try { a(); } catch (err) { // do some stuff, then ... throw err; // rethrow same object } Uncaught ReferenceError: d is not defined at c (example.js:2) at b (example.js:6) at a (example.js:10) at example.js:14 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 4

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Rethrowing errors cont’d function c() { d(); // does not exist } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } try { a(); } catch (err) { // do some stuff, then ... throw new CustomError(err.message); } 1 Uncaught CustomError: d is not defined at example.js:17 1

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Async stacks function c() { setTimeout(function () { try { d(); // does not exist } catch (err) { console.log(err); } }); } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } a(); ReferenceError: d is not defined at example.js:4 1 1 {

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Async w/ Chrome devtools Uncaught ReferenceError: d is not defined at example.js:3 (anonymous) @ example.js:3 setTimeout (async) c @ example.js:2 b @ example.js:8 a @ example.js:12 (anonymous) @ example.js:15 function c() { setTimeout(function () { d(); // does not exist }); } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } a(); 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 5

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⚠ Error.prototype.stack

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Error: this is super broken at c (http://localhost:5000/example.js:2:17) at b (http://localhost:5000/example.js:6:5) at a (http://localhost:5000/example.js:10:5) at http://localhost:5000/example.js:13:1 c@http://localhost:5000/example.js:2:17 b@http://localhost:5000/example.js:6:5 a@http://localhost:5000/example.js:10:5 @http://localhost:5000/example.js:13:1 c@http://localhost:5000/example.js:2:20 b@http://localhost:5000/example.js:6:6 a@http://localhost:5000/example.js:10:6 global code@http://localhost:5000/example.js:13:2

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Error.prototype.stack • Generated at instantiation (i.e. new Error()) • Re-throwing the same error will not generate a new stack • First frame is top-most asynchronous execution • Is just a string • Is non-standard

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Non-Error exceptions

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Raising non-errors in Python $ python -c "raise 'lol'"   Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in TypeError: exceptions must be old-style classes or derived from BaseException, not str

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Raising non-errors in JavaScript function c() { throw "oops"; } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } try { a(); } catch (err) { console.log(err); } ❌ oops 1 1

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Promise rejections let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { reject("oops"); }, 100); }); promise.catch((err) => { console.log(err); }); ❌ oops 1 1

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Promise rejections Promise.reject("something bad happened"); Promise.reject(5); Promise.reject(); new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { reject("something bad happened"); }); new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { reject(); }); Promise.reject(new Error("something bad happened")); Promise.reject(new TypeError("something bad happened")); new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { reject(new Error("something bad happened")); }); var foo = getUnknownValue(); Promise.reject(foo);

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Synthetic trace for non-errors function c() { throw "oops"; } function b() { c(); } function a() { b(); } try { a(); } catch (err) { if (!(err instanceof Error)) { throw new Error(err); } } Uncaught Error: oops at example.js:17 1 1

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Non-Error exceptions • Caused when throwing any non-Error • Make determining root cause difficult (no stack trace) • Promises are a common source of them • Can use Error object to add missing context to thrown non- errors

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Reporting Errors

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Try/catch + report try { doesNotExist(); // throws } catch (err) { fetch('/internal/error-reporter', { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify({ name: err.name, message: err.message, stack: err.stack }) }); }

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window.onerror window.onerror = function(msg, url, line, col, err) {  fetch("/internal/error-reporter", { method: "POST", body: JSON.stringify({ name: err.name, message: err.message, stack: err.stack }) });  };

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onerror cont’d window.onerror = function (msg, url, line, col, err) { console.log(msg, url, line, col, err); } // cdn.example.com/example.js doesNotExist(); // throws ❌

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Same-Origin Policy • onerror cannot listen to errors thrown from scripts on other origins (domain, port, protocol) • Error messages could leak session-specific data • Solution: CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)

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1. Set crossorigin=“anonymous”

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2. Set Access-Control-Allow-Header $ curl http://cdn.example.com/example.js -I HTTP/1.1 200 OK Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Range Accept-Ranges: bytes Cache-Control: public, max-age=0 Last-Modified: Tue, 07 May 2019 04:10:15 GMT ETag: W/"be-16a907c2113" Content-Type: application/javascript; charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 190 Vary: Accept-Encoding Date: Tue, 07 May 2019 16:47:47 GMT Connection: keep-alive

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Uncaught ReferenceError: doesNotExist is not defined http://cdn.example.com/example.js 1 1 example.js:1 ReferenceError: doesNotExist is not defined at example.js:1 window.onerror = function (msg, url, line, col, err) { console.log(msg, url, line, col, err); } // cdn.example.com/example.js doesNotExist(); // throws

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Wrapping up …

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Errors are your friend • Use custom errors to add meaning to failures • Keep in mind how stack traces are generated • Don’t throw strings, objects, or other non-errors • Use global exception handlers to report errors

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Resources • sentry.io/welcome • github.com/getsentry/sentry • github.com/getsentry/sentry-javascript • What the heck is “Script error”?  https://blog.sentry.io/2016/05/17/what-is-script-error • Capture and report errors w/ window.onerror  https://blog.sentry.io/2016/01/04/client-javascript-reporting- window-onerror @bentlegen