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Exchanging third-party tokens in Dex MAKSIM NABOKIKH Platform Lead and how it helps you to build a secure cloud native environment

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Introduce yourself with a couple of jokes Tell what Dex is about Explain what Token Exchange is Show how applicable to the existing cloud-native infrastructure it is TODO LIST FOR THE TALK

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Introduce yourself with a couple of jokes Tell what Dex is about Explain what Token Exchange is Show how applicable to the existing cloud-native infrastructure it is TODO LIST FOR THE TALK

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Originally developed by CoreOS in 2015 (9 y.o.) FACTS CNCF Sandbox project since Jun 26, 2020 Community driven project since 2018 after CoreOS acquisition ~9K ~1.6K >25

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THE MAIN IDEA OF DEX

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THE MAIN IDEA OF DEX Dex acts as a portal to other identity providers through "connectors"; This lets Dex defer authentication to LDAP servers, SAML providers, or established identity providers like GitHub, Google, and Active Directory; Clients write their authentication logic once to talk to Dex, then Dex handles the protocols for a given backend.

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THE MAIN IDEA

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THE MAIN IDEA

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THE MAIN IDEA

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THE MAIN IDEA

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WHY DO ENGINEERS LOVE DEX?

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WHY DO ENGINEERS LOVE DEX? Ultra light: single binary in Go (~35 Mb) Simple: code that you can understand spending a couple of hours Kubernetes-native: integrates well with Kubernetes Community’s building block: used by projects like Argo CD or Sigstore True Open Source: community-driven project not owned by a company

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WHY DO ENGINEERS LOVE DEX? Ultra light: single binary in Go (~35 Mb) Simple: code that you can understand spending a couple of hours Kubernetes-native: integrates well with Kubernetes Community’s building block: used by projects like Argo CD or Sigstore True Open Source: community-driven project not owned by a company

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WHY DO ENGINEERS LOVE DEX? Ultra light: single binary in Go (~35 Mb) Simple: code that you can understand spending a couple of hours Kubernetes-native: integrates well with Kubernetes Community’s building block: used by projects like Argo CD or Sigstore True Open Source: community-driven project not owned by a company

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WHY DO ENGINEERS LOVE DEX? Ultra light: single binary in Go (~35 Mb) Simple: code that you can understand spending a couple of hours Kubernetes-native: integrates well with Kubernetes Community’s building block: used by projects like Argo CD or Sigstore True Open Source: community-driven project not owned by a company

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WHY DO ENGINEERS LOVE DEX? Ultra light: single binary in Go (~35 Mb) Simple: code that you can understand spending a couple of hours Kubernetes-native: integrates well with Kubernetes Community’s building block: used by projects like Argo CD or Sigstore True Open Source: community-driven project not owned by a company

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WHY DO ENGINEERS LOVE DEX? Ultra light: single binary in Go (~35 Mb) Simple: code that you can understand spending a couple of hours Kubernetes-native: integrates well with Kubernetes Community’s building block: used by projects like Argo CD or Sigstore True Open Source: community-driven project not owned by a company

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DEX ARCHITECTURE

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DEX ARCHITECTURE

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC USER AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage Connectors USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage Connectors USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage Connectors USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage Mock Connectors USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN Local

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DEX ARCHITECTURE OIDC Storage Mock Connectors USER AUTHN MACHINE AUTHN Local

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Introduce yourself with a couple of jokes Tell what Dex is about Explain what Token Exchange is Show how applicable to the existing cloud-native infrastructure it is TODO LIST FOR THE TALK

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Introduce yourself with a couple of jokes Tell what Dex is about Explain what Token Exchange is Show how applicable to the existing cloud-native infrastructure it is TODO LIST FOR THE TALK

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TOKEN EXCHANGE GRANT

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TOKEN EXCHANGE GRANT RFC8936: OAuth 2.0 Token Exchange Published in January 2020

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE Currency Exchange

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE Currency Exchange

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE Currency Exchange

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE Currency Exchange

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE Currency Exchange

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CURRENCY EXCHANGE

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JWT TOKEN EXCHANGE Token Exchange JWT JWT JWT

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TOKEN EXCHANGE IN DEX

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TOKEN EXCHANGE IN DEX Implemented by Sean Liao Merged in November 2023 Available in January 2024 (Dex v2.38.0) Works with JWT tokens Works with providers that have OIDC discovery endpoint github.com/seankhliao

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TOKEN EXCHANGE IN DEX Implemented by Sean Liao Merged in November 2023 Available in January 2024 (Dex v2.38.0) Works with JWT tokens Works with providers that have OIDC discovery endpoint github.com/seankhliao

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TOKEN EXCHANGE IN DEX dexidp.io/docs/token-exchange/ JWT sub: sys:s4:: exp: 1768243 sub: xxx name: sys:s4:: exp: 1769961 Signed by Signed by JWT

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TOKEN EXCHANGE IN DEX dexidp.io/docs/token-exchange/ JWT sub: sys:s4:: exp: 1768243 sub: xxx name: sys:s4:: exp: 1769961 Signed by Signed by JWT

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TOKEN EXCHANGE IN DEX dexidp.io/docs/token-exchange/ outh2: grantTypes: # ensure grantTypes includes the token-exchange grant (default) - "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange"

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TOKEN EXCHANGE IN DEX dexidp.io/docs/token-exchange/ connectors: - name: Exchange Provider type: oidc id: exchange config: issuer: https://oidc.example.com scopes: - profile - groups - federated:id userNameKey: sub claimMappings: groups: roles

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TOKEN EXCHANGE IN DEX Easy to understand Easy to configure Easy to start A field for experiments!

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Introduce yourself with a couple of jokes Tell what Dex is about Explain what Token Exchange is Show how applicable to the existing cloud-native infrastructure it is TODO LIST FOR THE TALK

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Introduce yourself with a couple of jokes Tell what Dex is about Explain what Token Exchange is Show how applicable to the existing cloud-native infrastructure it is TODO LIST FOR THE TALK

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CASE 1: CI/CD INTEGRATION

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CI/CD INTEGRATION The goal: to deploy to a Kubernetes cluster Common anti-patterns: Save admin kubeconfig with certificates in the CI/CD system Use ServiceAccount token with an infinite lifetime

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CI/CD INTEGRATION The goal: to deploy to a Kubernetes cluster Common anti-patterns: Save admin kubeconfig with certificates in the CI/CD system Use ServiceAccount token with an infinite lifetime

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CI/CD INTEGRATION Actors: ● GitLab CI/CD ● Dex ● Kubernetes DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN

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CI/CD INTEGRATION Kubernetes comes to Dex and discovers its JWKS endpoint DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN

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CI/CD INTEGRATION GitLab pipeline is triggered. But there is NO ACCESS to Kubernetes DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN

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CI/CD INTEGRATION Dex comes to GitLab and discovers its JWKS endpoint DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN

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CI/CD INTEGRATION GitLab EXCHANGES tokens with Dex DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN

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CI/CD INTEGRATION DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN Finally, using the Dex token, GitLab can access Kubernetes

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CI/CD INTEGRATION DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN Finally, using the Dex token, GitLab can access Kubernetes

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It’s not only GitLab that can be used. It will work with other CI/CD systems (GitHub Actions, etc.) as well CI/CD INTEGRATION

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It’s not only GitLab that can be used. It will work with other CI/CD systems (GitHub Actions, etc.) as well CI/CD INTEGRATION All major cloud providers allow authenticating using the CI/CD tokens, and, thanks to Dex, so does K8s

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It’s not only GitLab that can be used. It will work with other CI/CD systems (GitHub Actions, etc.) as well CI/CD INTEGRATION All major cloud providers allow authenticating using the CI/CD tokens, and, thanks to Dex, so does K8s No more anti-patterns!

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CASE 2: KUBERNETES AUTHMESH

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH The goal: to give access to a service from one cluster to another

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH The goal: to give access to a service from one cluster to another

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH The goal: to give access to a service from one cluster to another

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The goal: to give access to a service from one cluster to another KUBERNETES AUTHMESH Common anti-patterns: Save admin kubeconfig with the certificates in another cluster Use ServiceAccount token with an infinite lifetime

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS Actors: ● Dex ● Kubernetes-1 ● Kubernetes-2 ● Kubernetes-3 DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 1 2 3

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS One by one, Kubernetes clusters come to Dex and discover its JWKS endpoint (#1) DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 2 3 1

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS One by one, Kubernetes clusters come to Dex and discover its JWKS endpoint (#2) DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 3 1 2

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS One by one, Kubernetes clusters come to Dex and discover its JWKS endpoint (#3) DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 1 2 3

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS Then, Dex discovers Kubernetes each JWKS endpoint, one by one again DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 1 2 3

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS Then, Dex discovers Kubernetes each JWKS endpoint, one by one again (#1) DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 2 3 1

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3 KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS Then, Dex discovers Kubernetes each JWKS endpoint, one by one again (#2) DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 1 2

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS Then, Dex discovers Kubernetes each JWKS endpoint, one by one again (#3) DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 1 2 3

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS Then, Dex discovers Kubernetes each JWKS endpoint, one by one again (#3) DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 1 2 3

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS Kubernetes-1 workloads have NO DIRECT ACCESS to the Kubernetes-3 API DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 1 2 3

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS However, they can EXCHANGE their Service Account tokens to a Dex token DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 2 3 1

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS Finally, the access is provided DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 1 2 3

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH DISCOVERY KEYS Finally, the access is provided DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS TOKEN TOKEN 1 2 3

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#configuration

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#configuration $ initial_token=$(cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token)

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#configuration $ initial_token=$(cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token) $ token=$(curl $dex_url/token \ … \ –data_urlencode grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange \ –data_urlencode subject_token=$initial_token | jq .access_token)

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#configuration $ initial_token=$(cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token) $ token=$(curl $dex_url/token \ … \ –data_urlencode grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange \ –data_urlencode subject_token=$initial_token | jq .access_token) $ cat <

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KUBERNETES AUTHMESH kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#configuration Save to /bin/token-exchange Use in your kubeconfigs: users: - name: kubernetes-exchange user: exec: command: token-exchange apiVersion: "client.authentication.k8s.io/v1" interactiveMode: Never This is an example NOT for production use

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CASE 3: SPIFFE TOKENS

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SPIFFE TOKENS The goal: to use SPIFFE tokens to have an access to a Kubernetes API

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SPIFFE TOKENS The goal: to use SPIFFE tokens to have an access to a Kubernetes API We already have IDs of all our services. Why cannot we reuse them to access Kubernetes?

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DISCOVERY DISCOVERY KEYS KEYS REGISTRATION UNIX SOCKET SPIFFE TOKEN SPIFFE TOKENS Actors: ● Dex ● SPIRE server ● SPIRE agent ● Application ● Kubernetes SERVER AGENT APP SPIFFE TOKEN TOKEN

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DISCOVERY DISCOVERY KEYS KEYS REGISTRATION UNIX SOCKET SPIFFE TOKEN SPIFFE TOKENS SPIRE agent on a node connects to the SPIRE server SERVER AGENT APP SPIFFE TOKEN TOKEN

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DISCOVERY KEYS KEYS REGISTRATION UNIX SOCKET SPIFFE TOKEN SPIFFE TOKENS Dex comes to SPIRE server and discovers its JWKS endpoint SERVER AGENT APP SPIFFE TOKEN TOKEN DISCOVERY

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DISCOVERY KEYS KEYS REGISTRATION UNIX SOCKET SPIFFE TOKEN SPIFFE TOKENS Kubernetes comes to Dex and discovers its JWKS endpoint SERVER AGENT APP SPIFFE TOKEN TOKEN DISCOVERY

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DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS REGISTRATION UNIX SOCKET SPIFFE TOKEN SPIFFE TOKENS Application on a node comes to the SPIRE agent and requests its SPIRE JWT token SERVER AGENT APP SPIFFE TOKEN TOKEN

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DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS REGISTRATION UNIX SOCKET SPIFFE TOKEN SPIFFE TOKENS Using this token, Application cannot access Kubernetes API SERVER AGENT APP SPIFFE TOKEN TOKEN

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DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS REGISTRATION UNIX SOCKET SPIFFE TOKEN SPIFFE TOKENS Application makes an EXCHANGE and gets the Dex token SERVER AGENT APP SPIFFE TOKEN TOKEN

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SPIFFE TOKENS DISCOVERY KEYS DISCOVERY KEYS SERVER AGENT APP REGISTRATION UNIX SOCKET SPIFFE TOKEN SPIFFE TOKEN TOKEN Finally, our Application can access Kubernetes API

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SPIFFE TOKENS SPIFFE ID can be used in RBAC as a username subjects: - kind: User name: spiffe://example.org/reports It makes Service Accounts in Kubernetes obsolete

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Introduce yourself with a couple of jokes Tell what Dex is about Explain what Token Exchange is Show how applicable to the existing cloud-native infrastructure it is TODO LIST FOR THE TALK

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Introduce yourself with a couple of jokes Tell what Dex is about Explain what Token Exchange is Show how applicable to the existing cloud-native infrastructure it is TODO LIST FOR THE TALK We finally made it to the finals!

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The Token Exchange feature is a glue between different authentication providers WRAPPING UP

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WRAPPING UP Dex is lightweight and can be used to add this capability to any Kubernetes cluster with literally no overhead The Token Exchange feature is a glue between different authentication providers

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WRAPPING UP Not only Dex benefits from it, yet the whole ecosystem Dex is lightweight and can be used to add this capability to any Kubernetes cluster with literally no overhead The Token Exchange feature is a glue between different authentication providers

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WRAPPING UP If security features are convenient, it improves the security in the world in general Not only Dex benefits from it, yet the whole ecosystem Dex is lightweight and can be used to add this capability to any Kubernetes cluster with literally no overhead The Token Exchange feature is a glue between different authentication providers

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github.com/werf github.com/palark GOTTA AUTHENTICATE ‘EM ALL! THANK YOU! @nabokihms [email protected] OPEN SOURCE TOOLS OUR BLOGS AND SOCIAL MEDIA palark.com twitter.com/palark_com MAKSIM NABOKIKH Platform Lead dexidp.io github.com/dexidp/dex DEX SOURCES