Modern Testing on Android

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on Android Modern Testing Jolanda Verhoef Developer Relations Engineer Google she/her   @lojanda Jose Alcérreca Developer Relations Engineer Google he/him   @ppvi

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Agenda ANSI/IEEE 1059 A process of a software item analyzing in order to detect the discrepancies between actual and required conditions (that is errors/bugs/defects) and to estimate the software item features. ● Business process-based testing ● Operational profile testing ● Requirements-based testing ● Incident management tools ● Non-functional test design techniques ● Glass box testing

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Horror stories Modern Testing Strategies Regressions Manual QA Unit tests UI tests Screenshots Sync issues Using fakes Where to start

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Horror story I

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two months later...

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Germany Spain UK Netherlands

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Blimey! I can't log into the app. Rubbish. D. Turner July 6th, 2022

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fun isValid(emailAddress: String): Boolean { return Pattern.compile( "(?:[a-z0-9!#\$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+" + "(?:\\.[a-z0-9!#\$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+)*" + "|\"(?:[\\x01-\\x08\\x0b\\x0c\\x0e-\\x1f\\x21\\x23-\\x5b\\x5d-\\x7f]|\\" + "\\[\\x01-\\x09\\x0b\\x0c\\x0e-\\x7f])*\")@" + "(?:(?:[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?\\.)+" + "[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?|\\[(?:" + "(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\\.){3}" + "(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?|[a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9]:(?:" + "[\\x01-\\x08\\x0b\\x0c\\x0e-\\x1f\\x21-\\x5a\\x53-\\x7f]|\\" + "\\[\\x01-\\x09\\x0b\\x0c\\x0e-\\x7f])+)\\])" ).matcher(emailAddress).find() } Email validator fun isValid(emailAddress: String): Boolean { return Pattern.compile( "(?:[a-z0-9!#\$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+" + "(?:\\.[a-z0-9!#\$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+)*" + "|\"(?:[\\x01-\\x08\\x0b\\x0c\\x0e-\\x1f\\x21\\x23-\\x5b\\x5d-\\x7f]|\\" + "\\[\\x01-\\x09\\x0b\\x0c\\x0e-\\x7f])*\")@" + "(?:(?:[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?\\.)+" + "[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?|\\[(?:" + "(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\\.){3}" + "(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?|[a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9]:(?:" + "[\\x01-\\x08\\x0b\\x0c\\x0e-\\x1f\\x21-\\x5a\\x53-\\x7f]|\\" + "\\[\\x01-\\x09\\x0b\\x0c\\x0e-\\x7f])+)\\])" ).matcher(emailAddress).find() }

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three days later...

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1 2 3 4 5 Jul 2 Jul 3 Jul 4 Jul 5 Jul 6 Google Play Rating

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Can’t log in :( TJ Dahunsi July 9th, 2022

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REGRESSION

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Design Implementation QA Production Cost of a bug

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class EmailValidatorTest { @Test fun emailAddress_default_isValid() { assertTrue(EmailValidator().isValid("[email protected]")) } @Test fun emailAddress_withDotsInLocalPart_isValid() { assertTrue(EmailValidator().isValid("[email protected]")) } @Test fun emailAddress_withoutDomain_isInvalid() { assertFalse(EmailValidator().isValid("person@example")) } }

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Horror story II

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OK Vale Bestätigung

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Testing strategies

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Local tests Instrumented tests vs

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Local tests JVM Tests

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Local tests JVM T

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Instrumented tests Tests App code

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Instrumented tests Tests App APK

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Instrumented tests Tests APK Test APK

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Instrumented tests Tests APK Test APK

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Integration tests Semantic UI tests Screenshot UI tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Integration tests Semantic UI tests Screenshot UI tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests

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Email validator App

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Email validator Test: person@example [email protected] [email protected]

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class EmailValidatorTest { @Test fun emailAddress_default_isValid() { assertTrue(EmailValidator().isValid("[email protected]")) } }

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Email validator App LoginViewModel

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Email validator LoginViewModel

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Email validator Fake Email validator LoginViewModel

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Fakes or Mocks?

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Email validator LoginViewModel Fake Email validator Test: Login is successful

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class FakeEmailValidator(val alwaysValid: Boolean): EmailValidator { override fun isValid(emailAddress: String): Boolean { return alwaysValid } }

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class LoginViewModelTest { @Test fun login_withValidEmail_returnsValidEmailUIState() { val viewModel = LoginViewModel( FakeEmailValidator(alwaysValid = true) ) } }

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class LoginViewModelTest { @Test fun login_withValidEmail_returnsValidEmailUIState() { val viewModel = LoginViewModel( FakeEmailValidator(alwaysValid = true) ) viewModel.login(email = "whatevs", passwd = "hunter2") Assert.assertTrue(viewModel.uiState.validEmail) } }

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App AuthManager

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AuthManager

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AuthManager

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Fake Notification Manager? AuthManager

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Robolectric ? AuthManager

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Semantic UI tests Screenshot UI tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests Integration tests

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Semantic UI tests Screenshot UI tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests Integration tests

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App

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App System under test Library

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System under test Library

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MainActivity Navigation Library

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MainActivity Navigation Library Test Navigation Library

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UserRepository Room in-memory DB MainActivity Navigation Library Test Navigation Library

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d.android.com/kotlin/coroutines/test

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API 27 3.19.4 API 28 3.22.0 API 30 3.28.0 API 33 3.32.2 Integration test: SQLite compatibility

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Screenshot UI tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests Integration tests Semantic UI tests

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Screenshot UI tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests Integration tests Semantic UI tests

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Render UI

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Render UI Validate properties is enabled

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Render UI Interact Click! Validate properties

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Render UI Validate properties Interact is disabled error shows

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Render UI Validate properties Interact is disabled error shows

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Small • Render part of UI • Verify properties Large • Render app • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties Medium • Render one screen • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties

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Small • Render part of UI • Verify properties

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Medium • Render one screen • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties

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Large • Render app • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties

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Compose View system test APIs Espresso

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class LoginScreenTest { @get:Rule val composeTestRule = createComposeRule() @Test fun invalidEmail_disablesButton() { //.. } }

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class LoginScreenTest { @get:Rule val composeTestRule = createComposeRule() @Test fun invalidEmail_disablesButton() { composeTestRule.setContent { MySootheTheme { LoginScreen() } } } }

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val composeTestRule = createComposeRule() @Test fun invalidEmail_disablesButton() { composeTestRule.setContent { MySootheTheme { LoginScreen() } } composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsEnabled() } }

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composeTestRule.setContent { MySootheTheme { LoginScreen() } } composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsEnabled() composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("Email address") .performTextInput("person@example") } }

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} composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsEnabled() composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("Email address") .performTextInput("person@example") composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsNotEnabled() } }

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class LoginScreenTest { @get:Rule val composeTestRule = createComposeRule() @Test fun invalidEmail_disablesButton() { composeTestRule.setContent { MySootheTheme { LoginScreen() } } composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsEnabled() // src/androidTest/java/com/example/soothe

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Local Instrumented Integration tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Semantic UI tests Screenshot UI tests Unit tests Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Robolectric Compose Test APIs Espresso

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests Integration tests Semantic UI tests Screenshot UI tests

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// Espresso onView(withBackgroundColor(Color.Red)).perform(click())

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// Espresso onView(withBackgroundColor(Color.Red)).perform(click()) // Compose? onNode(hasBackgroundColor(Color.Red)).performClick()

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@Composable fun MyCard() { Surface( color = Color.Red, modifier = Modifier.testTag("Green background") // Lies ) { } }

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@Composable fun MyCard() { Surface( color = Color.Red, modifier = Modifier.testTag("Green background") // Lies ) { } } // LoginScreenTest.kt @Test fun loginButton_onStart_backgroundIsGreen() { composeTestRule.onNodeWithTag("Green background") }

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@Composable fun MyCard() { Surface( color = Color.Red, modifier = Modifier.semantics { customBackgroundProperty = Color.Green // Lies } ) { } }

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Button( onClick = {}, modifier = Modifier ) { Text("LOG IN") }

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Button( onClick = {}, modifier = Modifier .fillMaxWidth() ) { Text("LOG IN") }

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Golden screenshot New screenshot Difference

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Screenshot UI tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests Integration tests Semantic UI tests Compatibility testing

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github.com/pedrovgs/Shot github.com/dropbox/dropshots

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class TopicScreenScreenshotTests { @get:Rule val composeTestRule = createAndroidComposeRule() @Test fun test1() { composeTestRule.setContent { LoginScreen() } } }

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class TopicScreenScreenshotTests { @get:Rule val composeTestRule = createAndroidComposeRule() @get:Rule val dropshots = Dropshots() @Test fun test1() { composeTestRule.setContent { LoginScreen() } } }

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Screenshot UI tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests Integration tests Semantic UI tests Compatibility testing

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Local Instrumented Smaller, faster Bigger, higher fidelity Screenshot UI tests Performance tests Accessibility tests Unit tests Integration tests Semantic UI tests Regression testing

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github.com/cashapp/paparazzi/

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Sync issues

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Email validator App LoginViewModel

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Email validator App LoginViewModel Server

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@Test fun invalidEmail_disablesButton() { composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsEnabled() composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("Email address") .performTextInput("person@example") composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsNotEnabled() } }

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IDLE IDLE BUSY BUSY IDLE ?

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 1. Idling Resources class AuthRepository(val authService: AuthService) { suspend fun login(email: String, password: String) { authService.login(email, password) } }

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 1. Idling Resources class AuthRepository(val authService: AuthService) { private val idlingResource = SimpleIdlingResource() suspend fun login(email: String, password: String) { authService.login(email, password) } }

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 1. Idling Resources

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 2. Waiting for things composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .performClick()

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 2. Waiting for things composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .performClick() // wait... composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsNotEnabled()

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 2. Waiting for things composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .performClick() Thread.sleep(2000) // don't do this composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsNotEnabled()

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 2. Waiting for things composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .performClick() // Wait until there's one element with a "LOG IN" text composeTestRule.waitUntil { composeTestRule .onAllNodesWithText("LOG IN") .fetchSemanticsNodes().size == 1 } composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsNotEnabled()

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 2. Waiting for things composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .performClick() composeTestRule.waitUntilExists(hasText("LOG IN")) composeTestRule .onNodeWithText("LOG IN") .assertIsNotEnabled() goo.gle/compose-test-sync

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 3. Replace components Server Email validator LoginViewModel

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 3. Replace components LoginViewModel

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components 3. Replace components LoginViewModel Fake Email validator

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1. Idling Resources 2. Waiting for things 3. Replace components d.android.com/training/testing

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Replacing production modules with fakes

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class MyTestSuite { @get:Rule var activityScenarioRule = activityScenarioRule() @Test fun testEvent() { val scenario = activityScenarioRule.scenario ... } }

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Hilt

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@HiltAndroidTest class LoginScreenTest { @get:Rule var hiltRule = HiltAndroidRule(this) // UI tests here. }

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@Module @InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class) abstract class AuthenticationModule { @Singleton @Binds abstract fun bindAuthService( AuthServiceImpl: AuthServiceImpl ): AuthService }

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abstract class FakeAuthenticationModule { @Singleton @Binds abstract fun bindAuthService( fakeAuthService: FakeAuthService ): AuthService }

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@Module @TestInstallIn( components = [SingletonComponent::class], replaces = [AuthenticationModule::class] ) abstract class FakeAuthenticationModule { @Singleton @Binds abstract fun bindAuthService( fakeAuthService: FakeAuthService ): AuthService }

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d.android.com/training/dependency-injection/hilt-testing

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Next steps

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 1. Implement app architecture d.android.com/topic/architecture

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 2. Configure CI service Build Local tests Instrumented tests CI Service

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 3. Write unit tests UI Layer UI elements State holders Data Layer Repositories Data sources Domain Layer Use cases

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 4. Screenshot tests for Previews Golden New Difference

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 5. Write smoke tests Large • Render app • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties • Interact • Verify properties

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 6. Write tests for bugs Blimey! I can't log into the app. Rubbish. D. Turner July 6th, 2022

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 6. Write tests for bugs class EmailValidatorTest { emailAddress_withMultiplePartsDomain_isValid() { assertTrue( EmailValidator().isValid(“[email protected]") ) } }

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 6. Write tests for bugs class EmailValidatorTest { emailAddress_withMultiplePartsDomain_isValid() { assertTrue( EmailValidator().isValid(“[email protected]") ) } }

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 7. Test everything else Step 1: Draw circles and lines Step 2: Finish drawing

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1. Implement app architecture 2. Configure CI service 3. Write unit tests 4. Screenshot tests for Previews 5. Write smoke tests 6. Write tests for bugs 7. Test everything else 7. Test everything else Element Class Method Line home 80% 78% 69% login 95% 92% 88% profile 90% 83% 79% ui 75% 75% 70% Test coverage

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Learning about testing

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d.android.com/training/testing Testing documentation Testing tools documentation Testing Compose Compose testing cheat sheet Espresso cheat sheet Compose testing codelab Other testing code labs Testing documentation

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d.android.com/studio/test Testing documentation Testing tools documentation Testing Compose Compose testing cheat sheet Espresso cheat sheet Compose testing codelab Other testing code labs Testing tools documentation

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d.android.com/jetpack/compose/testing Testing documentation Testing tools documentation Testing your Compose layout Compose testing cheat sheet Espresso cheat sheet Compose testing codelab Other testing code labs Testing Compose

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Testing documentation Testing tools documentation Testing your Compose layout Compose testing cheat sheet Espresso cheat sheet Compose testing codelab Other testing code labs Compose testing cheat sheet

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onView(ViewMatcher) .perform(ViewAction) .check(ViewAssertion); isDisplayed() isCompletelyDisplayed() isEnabled() hasFocus() isClickable() isChecked() isNotChecked() withEffectiveVisibility(...) isSelected() UI PROPERTIES allOf(Matchers) anyOf(Matchers) is(...) not(...) endsWith(String) startsWith(String) OBJECT MATCHER withId(...) withText(...) withTagKey(...) withTagValue(...) hasContentDescription(...) withContentDescription(...) withHint(...) withSpinnerText(...) hasLinks() hasEllipsizedText() hasMultilineTest() View Matchers USER PROPERTIES withParent(Matcher) withChild(Matcher) hasDescendant(Matcher) isDescendantOfA(Matcher) hasSibling(Matcher) isRoot() HIERARCHY supportsInputMethods(...) hasIMEAction(...) INPUT isAssignableFrom(...) withClassName(...) CLASS isFocusable() isTouchable() isDialog() withDecorView() isPlatformPopup() ROOT MATCHERS Preference matchers Cursor matchers Layout matchers SEE ALSO click() doubleClick() longClick() pressBack() pressIMEActionButton() pressKey([int/EspressoKey]) pressMenuKey() closeSoftKeyboard() openLink() View Actions CLICK/PRESS scrollTo() swipeLeft() swipeRight() swipeUp() swipeDown() GESTURES clearText() typeText(String) typeTextIntoFocusedView(String) replaceText(String) TEXT matches(Matcher) doesNotExist() View Assertions POSITION ASSERTIONS onData(ObjectMatcher) .DataOptions .perform(ViewAction) .check(ViewAssertion); inAdapterView(Matcher) atPosition(Integer) onChildView(Matcher) Data Options Testing documentation Testing tools documentation Testing your Compose layout Compose testing cheat sheet Espresso cheat sheet Compose testing codelab Other testing code labs Espresso cheat sheet

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Testing documentation Testing tools documentation Testing your Compose layout Compose testing cheat sheet Espresso cheat sheet Compose testing codelab Other testing code labs Compose testing codelab

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Testing documentation Testing tools documentation Testing your Compose layout Compose testing cheat sheet Espresso cheat sheet Compose testing codelab Other testing code labs Other testing codelabs

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Now what?

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when(developer) { Developer.BEGINNER -> developer.test() Developer.SKEPTIC -> developer.tryAgain() Developer.EXPERT -> developer.becomeTestingHero() }

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Happy Testing!