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8FCϓϩτίϧ࠷લઢ େ௡ൟथɺޙ౻ͻΖΏ͖ $&%&$ ೥݄೔

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಺༰ w ͜Ε·Ͱͷ8FCϓϩτίϧ େ௡ w ͜Ε͔Βͷ8FCϓϩτίϧ ޙ౻

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ࣗݾ঺հ

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8FCϓϩτίϧ ͜Ε·ͰͷาΈ

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Πϯλʔωοτͷ ৘ใݕࡧɾίϛϡχέʔγϣϯϓϩτίϧࠓੲ ೥ ୅൒͹ ೥ ςΩετݕࡧ ωοτχϡʔε (6*ݕࡧ ϒϩʔυόϯυαʔϏεͰ͸, WebϓϩτίϧʢTCP:80, 443, UDP:443ʣͷར༻͕શ ମͷ75.5ˋΛ઎ΊɺϞόΠϧωοτϫʔΫͰ͸, ͦͷׂ߹͕87.5ˋʹ·Ͱ૿Ճɻ Internet Infrastructure Review, vol.36 Sep. 2017. https://www.iij.ad.jp/dev/report/iir/036.html 5$1 //51 )551 (PQIFS )5514 *3$ 8"*4 4.51 4.514 5$1 )551 )5514 *3$ 4.514 4.51 8FC 8FC νϟοτ ϝʔϧ ϝʔϧ 8FC 8FC

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4:/ 4:/"$, "$, 5$1ϋϯυγΣΠΫ (&5)551 )5510, (&5)551 )5510, )551௨৴ )5514௨৴ $ISPNF 4:/ 4:/"$, "$, 5$1ϋϯυγΣΠΫ )551ϦΫΤετɾϨεϙϯε )551ϦΫΤετɾϨεϙϯε 5-4ϋϯυγΣΠΫ ҉߸௨৴ ฏจ௨৴ ΫϥΠΞϯτ αʔό ΫϥΠΞϯτ )551ͱ)5514௨৴ͷҧ͍

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)551ϓϩτίϧͷ೥ද 8FCͷ ࢝·Γ )551 )551 3'$ )551 3'$ )551 3'$ )551/(தࢭ 41%: 41%: 41%: )551 3'$ )1"$, 3'$ )551 3'$ IUUQCJT8( ҉ࠇͷ࣌୅

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5-4ϓϩτίϧͷ೥ද 8FCͷ ࢝·Γ 44- 44- 3'$ 5-4 3'$ 5-4 3'$ 5-4 3'$ 5-4 3'$ ೥݄ൃߦ 1$5

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೥ͷ 8FCϓϩτίϧɾελοΫ w *&5'Ͱ)551ɺ)551੍͕ఆɻݱࡏͷσϑΝΫτʹɻ w 44-͸੬ऑੑ͕ݟ͔ͭΓഇࢭɺ44-ʹɻ w /FUTDBQFͱ.4ͷ߹ҙͰ*&5'Ͱ5-4͕ඪ४Խɻ 44-5-4 5$1 )551 IUUQT IUUQ

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೥ʙ೥ w 5-4 ೥ 5-4 ೥ ͕ඪ४Խ w ೥ɺ44-ʹ100%-&੬ऑੑ͕ݟ͔ͭΓഇࢭ w ೥͔Β(PPHMF͕41%:Λ։ൃɺ೥͔Β)551ͷඪ४Խ࡞ۀ ։࢝ 44-5-4 5-45-4 5$1 )551 IUUQT IUUQ 41%:

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)551

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HTTPసૹαΠζͱϦΫΤετ਺ͷભҠ
 (2012/6/1ʙ2018/6/1) 6೥Ͱதԝ஋͕ సૹαΠζ: 2.36ഒ(desktop), 5.37ഒ(mobile) ϦΫΤετ਺ɿ1.21ഒ(desktop), 2.17ഒ(modile) ʢ୯ҰWebαΠτͷ౷ܭฏۉʣ IUUQTIUUQBSDIJWFPSHSFQPSUTTUBUFPGUIFXFC TUBSU@@FOE@@

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ճઢଳҬΛ૿଎͍ͯ͘͠ͱ HTTPܦ༝ͷμ΢ϯϩʔυ ࣌ؒ[ms] 0 800 1600 2400 3200 ճઢଳҬ[MBps] 0 3 5 8 10 More Bandwidth does’nt matter ΑΓσʔλҾ༻http://docs.google.com/a/chromium.org/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=Y2hyb21pdW0ub3JnfGRldnxneDoxMzcyOWI1N2I4YzI3NzE2 ϖʔδͷදࣔ࣌ؒ͸ɺ͜ ΕҎ্୹ॖͰ͖ͳ͍ɻ Make the Web Faster: Google ͷࢼݧ

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RTT(Round Trip Time)Λখ͍ͯ͘͘͞͠ͱ HTTPܦ༝ͷμ΢ϯϩʔυ࣌ؒ [ms] 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 RTT[ms] 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 ͪΌΜͱԼ͕Δ More Bandwidth does’nt matter ΑΓσʔλҾ༻http://docs.google.com/a/chromium.org/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=Y2hyb21pdW0ub3JnfGRldnxneDoxMzcyOWI1N2I4YzI3NzE2 Webϖʔδͷදࣔ଎౓Λ଎͘͢Δʹ͸ɺճઢ଎౓૿ڧΑΓ RTTʢͷӨڹʣΛখ͘͢͞Δ͔͕ॏཁɻͰ΋෺ཧతͳ੍ݶ Ͱ೉͍͠ɻ Make the Web Faster: Google ͷࢼݧ

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HTTP/1.1 ͷ໰୊఺ HTTP Head of Line Blocking ΫϥΠΞϯτ αʔό HTTP/1.1 1ຊͷTCP઀ଓ HTTP ϦΫΤετ HTTPϨεϙϯε ଴ͪ࣌ؒ HTTP ϦΫΤετ

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)551͸)551)FBEPG -JOF#MPDLJOHΛղফ ΫϥΠΞϯτ αʔό HTTP/2 1ຊͷTCP઀ଓ HTTP ϦΫΤετ HTTPϨεϙϯε Ծ૝తʹଟॏԽ ଴͕ͪଞͷ ϦΫΤετ ʹҾ͖ͣΒ Εͳ͍

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HTTP/1.1
 ϒϥ΢β͸࠷େಉ࣌4ʙ6TCP઀ଓʹ੍ݶ ࠷େಉ࣌ฒྻ6

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HTTP/2
 100Ҏ্ͷಉ࣌ϦΫΤετ͕Մೳ શ෦ಉ࣌

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೥ͷ 8FCϓϩτίϧɾελοΫ 5$1 5-4 5-4 )551 IUUQT IUUQ )551 )551 ηϚϯςΟΫε w ೥)551࢓༷Խ׬ྃ w ࣮࣭)5514 5-4 ͚ͩʹར༻੍ݶ w େखΠϯλʔωοταʔϏεΛத৺ʹಋೖ

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೥ʙ શ෦)5514ʹ

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ͳͥશ෦)5514ʹ͠ͳ͍ͱ ͍͚ͳ͍ͷʁ w /4" $()2ʹΑΔࠃՈϨϕϧͷ޿ൣғͳ౪ௌߦҝ͕໌Β͔ʹ w ௨৴ΩϟϦΞͱڠྗ͠ɺ%$಺΍ΠϯλʔωοτόοΫϘʔϯ ʹ౪ௌɾվ͟Μͷ࢓ֻ͚Λ഑ஔ w ฏจ௨৴Λ.J5.Ͱվ͟Μ͠ະ஌ͷϚϧ΢ΣΞΛײછͤ͞Δ w ҉߸ͷඪ४Խ࢓༷ʹόοΫυΞΛ࢓ֻ͚͍ͯΔͱͷ࿩΋ CC BY 3.0 https://www.youtube.com/user/TheWikiLeaksChannel ೥݄ɿΤυϫʔυɾεϊʔσϯࣄ݅

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/4"ʹΑΔαΠόʔ߈ܸͷҰྫ 26"/56. '09"$*% IUUQXXXFYBNQMFDPN XXXFYBNQMFDPN Ϛϧ΢ΣΞΛૹΓࠐΉ ్தܦ࿏Ͱվ͟ΜίϯςϯπΛૹ৴ '09"$*%ʹ༠ಋ վ͟Μίϯςϯπ IUUQTXXXTDIOFJFSDPNCMPHBSDIJWFTIPX@UIF@OTB@BUUIUNM

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*"# ʹΑΔΠϯλʔωοτͷ ৴པੑʹؔ͢Δએݴ w ৽͘͠ϓϩτίϧΛઃܭ͢Δࡍʹ͸ɺ҉߸ԽػೳΛඞ ਢͱ͢΂͖ɻ w ωοτϫʔΫӡ༻ऀ΍αʔϏεఏڙऀʹ҉߸Խ௨৴ͷ ಋೖΛਪਐ͢ΔΑ͏ڧ͘ٻΊΔɻ w ίϯςϯπϑΟϧλʔ΍*%4౳ฏจ௨৴͕ඞཁͳػೳ ʹ͍ͭͯ͸কདྷతʹ୅ସٕज़ͷ։ൃʹऔΓ૊Ήɻ *OUFSOFU"SDIJUFDUVSF#PBSE IUUQTXXXJBCPSHJBCTUBUFNFOUPOJOUFSOFUDPOpEFOUJBMJUZ

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ͳͥશ෦)5514ʹ͠ͳ͍ͱ ͍͚ͳ͍ͷʁ w Πϯλʔωοτͷ݈શੑΛ֬อ͢ΔͨΊɻ͕͜͜༳Β͙ ͱେखͷ8FCαʔϏεͷ৴པੑ͕ͳ͘ͳΔɻ w Ұ෦Ͱ΋ฏจ௨৴͕࢒͍ͬͯΔͱͦ͜Λಥ͔ΕΔՄೳੑ͕ ͋Δɻ w ࣗ෼͸ؔ܎ͳ͍ͱࢥ͍ͬͯͯ΋஌Βͳ͍͏ͪʹ࢓ࠐ·Εͯ ར༻͞ΕΔڪΕ΋ɻ w ௕ظతͳࢹ఺Ͱ͸IUUQ͸ϑΣʔζΞ΢τͷํ޲Ͱ͢ɻ

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IUUQTMFUTFODSZQUPSHTUBUTQFSDFOUQBHFMPBET IUUQTUSBOTQBSFODZSFQPSUHPPHMFDPNIUUQTPWFSWJFX 'JSFGPY $ISPNF +BQBO )5514ͷಋೖঢ়گ ಡΈࠐΈϖʔδׂ߹ +BQBO

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)551 4 දࣔͷมߋ w )5514ͷ྘৭ද͕ࣔഇࢭ w ʮอޢ͞Εͨ௨৴ʯͷද͕ࣔഇࢭ w )551 ฏจ ௨৴ͰσʔλೖྗΛߦ͏ͱ੺৭ܯࠂ ݱࡏ $ISPNF དྷ݄Ҏ߱ $ISPNF

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೥ʙ 5-4

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5-4͕ٻΊΒΕͨഎܠ ৗ࣌5-4࣌୅Λܴ͑Δʹ͋ͨͬͯɺ͔ͬ͠Γͨ͠ϓ ϩτίϧ͕ඞཁ 5-4ͷݶք w ༷ʑͳٕज़ෛ࠴ͷ஝ੵ ௕ظʹ࢖͑ΔΑΓ҆શͰߴੑೳͳ5-4ϓϩτίϧΛ࡞Δ

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5-4ͷݶք w ݱࡏͷ5-4Ͱఆٛ͞Ε͍ͯΔػೳͷ Ұ෦͸ɺطʹར༻͢ΔͱةݥͰ͋Δɻ w աڈ༷ʑͳ5-4ͷ߈ܸख๏΍੬ऑੑ͕ެ ։͞Εɺͦͷ౎౓ରࡦ͕औΒΕ͖ͯͨɻ w ͔͠͠Ұ࣌తͳରԠͰࠜຊతɾൈຊతͳ ରࡦʹͳ͍ͬͯͳ͍΋ͷ΋ଟ͍ɻ ຊདྷ͜ͷΑ͏ͳΨΠυϥΠ ϯ͕ͳͯ͘ࡁΉͷ͕๬·͍͠

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5-4ͷಛ௃ ༷ʑͳػೳɺ߲໨ͷݟ௚͠ɾഇࢭ ࣌୅ʹ߹Θͳ͘ͳͬͨ΋ͷɺΑΓޮ཰తʹมߋमਖ਼Ͱ͖Δ΋ͷΛ5-4 ͔Βػೳɾ߲໨Λ਺ଟ͘ഇࢭ ΑΓηΩϡΞʹ ฏจ௨৴͕ඞཁͳ෦෼Λۃྗগͳͯ͘͠৘ใΛൿಗ ͜Ε·Ͱ߈ܸର৅ͱͳͬͨػೳΛۃྗഉআ͠কདྷతͳ߈ܸʹඋ͑Δ ੑೳ޲্ ॳظ઀ଓͷ୹ॖʹΑΔੑೳ޲্ த਎తʹ͸5-4Ϩϕϧͷେมߋ

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5-4ͱ5-4ͷҧ͍ 5$1 ϋϯυγΣΠΫ 5-4 ΫϥΠΞϯτ αʔό ΫϥΠΞϯτ αʔό )551 ϦΫΤετ Ϩεϙϯε 5-4 )5510, $MJFOU)FMMP 4FSWFS)FMMP $FSUJpDBUF $FSUJpDBUF7FSJGZ 'JOJTIFE 'JOJTIFE (&5)551 5-4 ϋϯυγΣΠΫ 4:/ 4:/"$, "$, )5510, (&5)551 $MJFOU)FMMP $IBOHF$JQIFS4QFD 'JOJTIFE 4FSWFS)FMMP $FSUJpDBUF 4FSWFS,FZ&YDIBOHF 4FSWFS)FMMP%POF $MJFOU,FZ&YDIBOHF $IBOHF$JQIFS4QFD 'JOJTIFE 355 355 4:/ 4:/"$, "$, ૣ͍ϋϯυγΣΠΫ

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೥݄ͷ 8FCϓϩτίϧɾελοΫ 5$1 5-4 5-4 )551 IUUQT IUUQ )551 )551 ηϚϯςΟΫε

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ͦͯ͠ɺ͜Ε͔Β

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কདྷͷ8FCϓϩτίϧɾελοΫ )551ηϚϯςΟΫε 5$1 5-4 )551 26*$ 6%1 5-4 )551 IUUQT IUUQ %/4 ޙ൒ɺޙ౻͞ΜͷϓϨθϯʹଓ͘ʜ