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Are you consulting, collaborating, or co-designing? And why it matters. Bec Purser Senior Manager Service Design Transport for NSW

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Part one What & why Part two From where Part three How & when WHAT TO EXPECT

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By conflating terms and purposes we diminish the value of all these concepts. WHAT & WHY Image: Post-it notes as part of an analysis process

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A design approach that involved including end users of the design outcome as active co-designers (Martin & Hanington, 2012). “Co-design is an approach to designing with, not for, people. It involves sharing power, prioritising relationships and using participatory means and building capacity.” (McKercher, 2020). CO-DESIGN PARTICIPATORY DESIGN CO-CREATION COOPERATIVE DESIGN OPEN DESIGN

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“We co-designed the solution with our internal stakeholders.” “Our internal co-design workshops had great results.” THAT IS NOT CO-DESIGN “We presented the concepts to participants in our co-design sessions.”

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“We COLLABORATED to design the solution with our internal stakeholders.” “Our internal COLLABORATION workshops had great results.” THAT IS NOT CO-DESIGN “We presented the concepts to participants in our CONSULTATION sessions.”

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None of those represent bad design or design processes, but they are not co-design. By conflating these concepts and terms we diminish the value of them all. Consultation is an important part of design and democracy. Collaboration is a radical act and should be celebrated.

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DESIGN RESEARCH IS ALSO NOT CO-DESIGN Making exactly what the end-user or participant says - This isn’t even design or research. Asking an end-user or participant to describe their ultimate X - That's a research question and should be analysed accordingly. Image: Homer Simpson Designed Car (George, 2014)

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FIREMAN ≠ FIRE + MAN

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Consultation is keeping informed and finding use/key issues. Collaboration is sharing the process with other professionals. Co-Design is sharing the process with those who will be most impacted. Consultation, Collaboration and Co-Design are all valuable.

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There are many claimed origins from Plato, to Russia to Germany but, the most widely accepted origin in a design context is Scandinavian in the 1970s and 1980s. FROM WHERE Image: Computer from the 1970s Utopia Project (Sundblad, 2010)

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Kristen Nygaard is the father of worker involvement in workplace for computer development and use. 01 PROJECT UTOPIA Image: Photo of Kristen Nygaard (Sundblad, 2010)

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Consultation and the sharing of information was crucial during and after the project. Collaboration with Xerox PARC, Stanford University, and others on the forefront of Human-Certred Design. Co-Design was achieved through trust and also need – the industry was changing dramatically. Driven by ideology, Project Utopia lead the way for Co-Design within a work context.

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The largest manufacturing company in Denmark, producing industrial products such as flow meters, temperature sensors, and other equipment. 02 DANFOSS Image: Danfoss cooling system in a workshop (Danfoss, 2022)

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Myth 1: Researchers must be impartial. Myth 2: Designers cannot be let near test subjects, or they will influence the results. Myth 3: End-users do not have the skill or impartiality to be part of the act of design. Driven by efficiency and a drive for commercial advantage, Danfoss continued the work focus.

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The world leaders for co-design in placemaking - designing and managing public spaces with the people who use them daily. 03 PROJECT FOR PUBLIC SPACES Image: Photo of the Perth Cultural Centre (Kent, 2016)

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Consultation still a key part. Not every community member can or wants to be committed. Collaboration needed as there are not just experts but multiple landowners often. Co-Design is built over time, must be careful about only including ‘squeaky wheels’. Away from ‘experts’ and work, Project for Public Spaces lead the way for Co-Design within the everyday.

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Co-design is a particularly suitable methodology when designing for (not with) complex systems. WHEN & HOW Image: Photo of toy trains being used in a design workshop

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Designing for (not with) complex systems. You can be humble, not impartial. Long-term relationships can be cultivated and valued. 01 02 03 Co-design is particularly suitable when:

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Designing for (not with) complex systems COMPLEXITY OF USE COMPLEXITY OF PRODUCT 01

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Designing for (not with) complex systems COMPLEXITY OF USE COMPLEXITY OF PRODUCT HOME LOANS SAVINGS ACCOUNTS PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES PUBLIC TRANSPORT ADJACENT SPACES

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Be humble, but not impartial. Co-design is not a set of tools, it is an approach to share the power of the design process with those most impacted. This is a process which is not for every organisation or everyone. 02

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The onboarding process is long and difficult. Particularly, when the best co-design participants are those with unique lived experiences. Co-design works best when you can build the engagement over time and multiple projects. 03 The value of long-term relationships

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Recruiting - Lived experience and commitment. Onboarding and Facilitating – Be a great host. Start small and then keep it going. 01 02 03 Some how of Co-Design:

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This isn’t new for Design Research. We often get pushed to demonstrate how our sample is representative even when that is an impossibility with qualitative research. This is a harder process though, due to the level of commitment Co-Design engagements may require. Have the mindset of employing co-workers rather than recruiting participants. Lived experience over demographic representation.

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Onboarding and Facilitating Be a great host. Think event planning, experience design and wedding planning all rolled into one. You are responsible for people’s engagement, safety, fun and output.

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Find a design problem, maybe a product type which could be suitable to Co-Design. Consider participants who you have already engaged – would any of them be suitable to join the design process for this problem? Design the engagement in a way which leaves the door open to further engagements and builds relationships. Start small and keep it going.

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Where to look for more information? Beyond Sticky Notes: Doing Co-design for Real book by KA McKercher. maketools.com by Liz Sanders. Anything by Jacob Buur. Image: Photo of a person holding up the Beyond Sticky Notes book (McKercher, 2022)

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Do you have any questions? Bec Purser [email protected] Transport for NSW Thank you.

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Danfoss. (2022). CO₂ Chillers [Image]. Retrieved 1 March 2022, from https://www.danfoss.com/en-us/service-and-support/case-stories/dcs/co-chillers-give-pro-refrigeration-a -future-proof-solution/. George, A. (2014). Fox Homer Simpson Car [Image]. Retrieved 1 March 2022, from https://www.wired.com/2014/07/homer-simpson-car/. Kent, E. (2016). Perth's Cultural Centre [Image]. Retrieved 20 February 2022, from https://www.pps.org/article/australia-placemaking. Martin, B., & Hanington, B. (2012). Universal methods of design. Rockport Publishers. McKercher, K. (2022). Person holding book [Image]. Retrieved 29 February 2022, from https://www.beyondstickynotes.com/tellmemore. McKercher, K. (2021). Beyond Sticky Notes. PublishDrive. Sundblad, Y. (2010). UTOPIA: Participatory Design from Scandinavia to the World. History of Nordic Computing. References