See Python, See Python Go, Go Python Go Presented by Andrey Petrov at PyCon 2016 Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Andrey Petrov @shazow urllib3, ssh-chat, briefmetrics, colorblendy, tweepsect, funny tweets, and more Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Do you Go? Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Cross-compiles to ~every platform Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Cross-compiles to ~every platform Easy concurrency Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Cross-compiles to ~every platform Easy concurrency Great standard library Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Do you Go? Simple syntax that is easy to learn Compiles superfast Statically typed Statically linked binaries Cross-compiles to ~every platform Easy concurrency Great standard library Gophers! Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Python Go Andrey Petrov · @shazow Credit: Renee French & Alice Tribuleva

Go in Python i m p o r t o s o s . s y s t e m ( " g o r u n m a i n . g o " ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Go in Python i m p o r t o s o s . s y s t e m ( " g o r u n m a i n . g o " ) lol just kidding Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Fun Facts Python speaks with C Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Fun Facts Python speaks with C Go speaks with C Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Fun Facts Python speaks with C Go speaks with C Therefore, Python speaks with Go? Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Garbage Collectors (GC) Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) Just In Time compiling (JIT) Resource Pools (Threads) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Garbage Collectors (GC) Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) Just In Time compiling (JIT) Resource Pools (Threads) 2. Syntax and feature barriers Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Garbage Collectors (GC) Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) Just In Time compiling (JIT) Resource Pools (Threads) 2. Syntax and feature barriers Go: Interface, Goroutines, etc. Python: Classes, Generators, etc. Oodles of other language-specific constructs Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Go runtime Python runtime C GIL GC Interpreter Ponies GC Goroutines Gophers Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Let's take a moment and imagine... Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Running a webserver in Go p a c k a g e m a i n i m p o r t ( " f m t " " n e t / h t t p " ) f u n c i n d e x ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { f m t . F p r i n t f ( w , " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) } f u n c m a i n ( ) { h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( " / " , i n d e x ) h t t p . L i s t e n A n d S e r v e ( " 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 : 5 0 0 0 " , n i l ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Running a webserver in Python f r o m f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k a p p = F l a s k ( _ _ n a m e _ _ ) @ a p p . r o u t e ( ' / ' ) d e f i n d e x ( ) : r e t u r n ' H e l l o , w o r l d ! \ n ' i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = ' _ _ m a i n _ _ ' : a p p . r u n ( h o s t = ' 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ' , p o r t = 5 0 0 0 ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Running a Go webserver in Python?? f r o m g o h t t p i m p o r t r o u t e , r u n @ r o u t e ( ' / ' ) d e f i n d e x ( w , r e q ) : w . w r i t e ( " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = ' _ _ m a i n _ _ ' : r u n ( h o s t = ' 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ' , p o r t = 5 0 0 0 ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Running a Go webserver in Python?? f r o m g o h t t p i m p o r t r o u t e , r u n @ r o u t e ( ' / ' ) d e f i n d e x ( w , r e q ) : w . w r i t e ( " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = ' _ _ m a i n _ _ ' : r u n ( h o s t = ' 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ' , p o r t = 5 0 0 0 ) Compare f r o m f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k a p p = F l a s k ( _ _ n a m e _ _ ) @ a p p . r o u t e ( ' / ' ) d e f i n d e x ( ) : r e t u r n ' H e l l o , w o r l d ! \ n ' i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = ' _ _ m a i n _ _ ' : a p p . r u n ( h o s t = ' 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ' , p o r t = 5 0 0 0 ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Comparing handlers Go (net/http) f u n c i n d e x ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { f m t . F p r i n t f ( w , " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) } Go in Python (gohttplib) d e f i n d e x ( w , r e q ) : w . w r i t e ( " H e l l o , w o r l d . \ n " ) Python (flask) d e f i n d e x ( ) : r e t u r n ' H e l l o , w o r l d ! \ n ' Andrey Petrov · @shazow

gohttplib This is an actual functioning thing. github.com/shazow/gohttplib Andrey Petrov · @shazow

gohttplib This is an actual functioning thing. github.com/shazow/gohttplib Sponsored by Glider Labs Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Here's how it works... Andrey Petrov · @shazow

The Plan 1. Go: Export Go functions to a C shared library 2. C: 3. Python: Call C and wrap it in a Python-shaped bow 4. Make it actually work ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling C from Go p a c k a g e m a i n / * i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } * / i m p o r t " C " i m p o r t " f m t " f u n c m a i n ( ) { r : = C . t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) f m t . P r i n t l n ( r ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling C from Go p a c k a g e m a i n / * i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } * / i m p o r t " C " i m p o r t " f m t " f u n c m a i n ( ) { r : = C . t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) f m t . P r i n t l n ( r ) } $ g o b u i l d - o a n s w e r $ . / a n s w e r 4 2 Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling Go from C p a c k a g e m a i n i m p o r t " C " / / e x p o r t T h e A n s w e r f u n c T h e A n s w e r ( ) C . i n t { r e t u r n C . i n t ( 4 2 ) } f u n c m a i n ( ) { } Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling Go from C p a c k a g e m a i n i m p o r t " C " / / e x p o r t T h e A n s w e r f u n c T h e A n s w e r ( ) C . i n t { r e t u r n C . i n t ( 4 2 ) } f u n c m a i n ( ) { } $ g o b u i l d - b u i l d m o d e = c - s h a r e d - o l i b a n s w e r . s o Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling Go from C p a c k a g e m a i n i m p o r t " C " / / e x p o r t T h e A n s w e r f u n c T h e A n s w e r ( ) C . i n t { r e t u r n C . i n t ( 4 2 ) } f u n c m a i n ( ) { } $ g o b u i l d - b u i l d m o d e = c - s h a r e d - o l i b a n s w e r . s o # i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h > # i n c l u d e " l i b a n s w e r . h " i n t m a i n ( ) { i n t r = T h e A n s w e r ( ) ; p r i n t f ( " % d \ n " , r ) ; r e t u r n 0 ; } Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Andrey Petrov · @shazow

See CPython C CPython Extension Interface: no dependencies, but lots of boilerplate CFFI: a little more magic but does more work for us and more portable Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling C from Python # a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y : f r o m c f f i i m p o r t F F I f f i = F F I ( ) f f i . c d e f ( " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) ; " ) f f i . s e t _ s o u r c e ( " _ a n s w e r " , " " " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } " " " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = " _ _ m a i n _ _ " : f f i . c o m p i l e ( ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling C from Python # a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y : f r o m c f f i i m p o r t F F I f f i = F F I ( ) f f i . c d e f ( " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) ; " ) f f i . s e t _ s o u r c e ( " _ a n s w e r " , " " " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } " " " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = " _ _ m a i n _ _ " : f f i . c o m p i l e ( ) $ p y t h o n a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y $ l s _ a n s w e r . c _ a n s w e r . o _ a n s w e r . s o a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling C from Python # a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y : f r o m c f f i i m p o r t F F I f f i = F F I ( ) f f i . c d e f ( " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) ; " ) f f i . s e t _ s o u r c e ( " _ a n s w e r " , " " " i n t t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) { r e t u r n 4 2 ; } " " " ) i f _ _ n a m e _ _ = = " _ _ m a i n _ _ " : f f i . c o m p i l e ( ) $ p y t h o n a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y $ l s _ a n s w e r . c _ a n s w e r . o _ a n s w e r . s o a n s w e r _ b u i l d . p y # a n s w e r . p y : f r o m _ a n s w e r i m p o r t l i b p r i n t ( l i b . t h e _ a n s w e r ( ) ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling Python from C Simple function pointer that can be used in C: @ f f i . c a l l b a c k ( " i n t ( i n t , i n t ) " ) d e f a d d ( x , y ) : r e t u r n x + y Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling Python from C Simple function pointer that can be used in C: @ f f i . c a l l b a c k ( " i n t ( i n t , i n t ) " ) d e f a d d ( x , y ) : r e t u r n x + y ~handwaving~ Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Calling Python from C Simple function pointer that can be used in C: @ f f i . c a l l b a c k ( " i n t ( i n t , i n t ) " ) d e f a d d ( x , y ) : r e t u r n x + y ~handwaving~ s t a t i c i n t ( * a d d ) ( i n t x , i n t b ) ; That's all we need for now. More on CFFI embedding here. Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenges 1. Runtime barriers Garbage Collectors (GC) Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) Just In Time compiling in PyPy (JIT) Thread Pools 2. Syntax and feature barriers Go: Interface, Goroutines, etc. Python: Classes, Generators, etc. Oodles of other language-specific constructs Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Overcoming Challenges 1. Don't share memory Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Go runtime Python runtime C GIL GC Interpreter Ponies GC Goroutines Gophers Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 1: Don't share memory h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to provide this callback, but we can't pass * h t t p . R e q u e s t to Python. Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 1: Don't share memory h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to provide this callback, but we can't pass * h t t p . R e q u e s t to Python. t y p e d e f s t r u c t R e q u e s t _ { c o n s t c h a r * M e t h o d ; c o n s t c h a r * H o s t ; . . . } R e q u e s t ; Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 1: Don't share memory h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to provide this callback, but we can't pass * h t t p . R e q u e s t to Python. t y p e d e f s t r u c t R e q u e s t _ { c o n s t c h a r * M e t h o d ; c o n s t c h a r * H o s t ; . . . } R e q u e s t ; h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { / / W r a p r e l e v a n t r e q u e s t f i e l d s i n a C - f r i e n d l y d a t a s t r u c t u r e . c r e q : = C . R e q u e s t { M e t h o d : C . C S t r i n g ( r e q . M e t h o d ) , H o s t : C . C S t r i n g ( r e q . H o s t ) , . . . } . . . Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Overcoming Challenges 1. Don't share memory 2. Translation layer Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 2: Translation layer h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to use the h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r interface. Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 2: Translation layer h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to use the h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r interface. R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . W r i t e ( [ ] b y t e ) ( i n t , e r r o r ) R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 2: Translation layer h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { . . . } ) Our Python code will need to use the h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r interface. R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . W r i t e ( [ ] b y t e ) ( i n t , e r r o r ) R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) / / e x p o r t R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e ( w P t r C . u i n t , c b u f * C . c h a r , l e n g t h C . i n t ) C . i n t { b u f : = C . G o B y t e s ( u n s a f e . P o i n t e r ( c b u f ) , l e n g t h ) . . . n , _ : = ( * ( * h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r ) ( w ) ) . W r i t e ( b u f ) r e t u r n C . i n t ( n ) } / / e x p o r t R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) { . . . ( * ( * h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r ) ( w ) ) . W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ( h e a d e r ) ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) We exported these functions in Go R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e ( w P t r C . u i n t , c b u f * C . c h a r , l e n g t h C . i n t ) C . i n t R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) Now we can wrap them in Python l i b = f f i . d l o p e n ( . . . ) c l a s s R e s p o n s e W r i t e r : d e f _ _ i n i t _ _ ( s e l f , w ) : s e l f . _ w = w d e f w r i t e ( s e l f , b o d y ) : n = l i b . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e ( s e l f . _ w , b o d y , l e n ( b o d y ) ) i f n ! = l e n ( b o d y ) : r a i s e I O E r r o r ( " F a i l e d t o w r i t e t o R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . " ) d e f s e t _ s t a t u s ( s e l f , c o d e ) : l i b . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( s e l f . _ w , c o d e ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Exported interface from Go: f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Exported interface from Go: f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) C header: v o i d R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( u n s i g n e d i n t p 0 , i n t p 1 ) ; Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Exported interface from Go: f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) C header: v o i d R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( u n s i g n e d i n t p 0 , i n t p 1 ) ; Accessing C from Python: R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w , h e a d e r ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 2: Translation layer (Cont.) Original interface in Go: t y p e h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r i n t e r f a c e { W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ) } Exported interface from Go: f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) C header: v o i d R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( u n s i g n e d i n t p 0 , i n t p 1 ) ; Accessing C from Python: R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w , h e a d e r ) Python wrapper: R e s p o n s e W r i t e r . s e t _ s t a t u s ( s e l f , c o d e ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Overcoming Challenges 1. Don't share memory 2. Translation layer 3. Seriously, don't share memory Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 3: Seriously, don't share memory Wait, what's a Go interface? Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 3: Seriously, don't share memory Wait, what's a Go interface? To use it, we need to pass a pointer through ☞ Go ⇢ C ⇢ Python ⇢ C ⇢ Go ☞ Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Challenge 3: Seriously, don't share memory Wait, what's a Go interface? To use it, we need to pass a pointer through ☞ Go ⇢ C ⇢ Python ⇢ C ⇢ Go ☞ Solution: Pointer Proxy! Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Pointer Proxy PtrProxy ResponseWriter 0xd34db33f PtrId 1234 Ref Deref Free Safe for Go Safe for C Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Pointer Proxy t y p e p t r P r o x y s t r u c t { s y n c . M u t e x c o u n t u i n t l o o k u p m a p [ u i n t ] u n s a f e . P o i n t e r } f u n c ( p * p t r P r o x y ) R e f ( p t r u n s a f e . P o i n t e r ) C . u i n t { . . . } f u n c ( p * p t r P r o x y ) D e r e f ( i d C . u i n t ) ( u n s a f e . P o i n t e r , b o o l ) { . . . } f u n c ( p * p t r P r o x y ) F r e e ( i d C . u i n t ) { . . . } Now we can pass an opaque uint across enemy lines and it's perfectly safe. Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Quick flashback: Translation layer One pointer proxy to rule them all. v a r c p o i n t e r s = P t r P r o x y ( ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Quick flashback: Translation layer One pointer proxy to rule them all. v a r c p o i n t e r s = P t r P r o x y ( ) In the callback, reference to bind them. ⛓ h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { / / W r a p r e l e v a n t r e q u e s t f i e l d s i n a C - f r i e n d l y d a t a s t r u c t u r e . c r e q : = C . R e q u e s t { . . . } w P t r : = c p o i n t e r s . R e f ( u n s a f e . P o i n t e r ( & w ) ) . . . c p o i n t e r s . F r e e ( w P t r ) } ) Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Quick flashback: Translation layer One pointer proxy to rule them all. v a r c p o i n t e r s = P t r P r o x y ( ) In the callback, reference to bind them. ⛓ h t t p . H a n d l e F u n c ( p a t t e r n , f u n c ( w h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r , r e q * h t t p . R e q u e s t ) { / / W r a p r e l e v a n t r e q u e s t f i e l d s i n a C - f r i e n d l y d a t a s t r u c t u r e . c r e q : = C . R e q u e s t { . . . } w P t r : = c p o i n t e r s . R e f ( u n s a f e . P o i n t e r ( & w ) ) . . . c p o i n t e r s . F r e e ( w P t r ) } ) With pointer proxy, dereference to find them. f u n c R e s p o n s e W r i t e r _ W r i t e H e a d e r ( w P t r C . u i n t , h e a d e r C . i n t ) { w , _ : = c p o i n t e r s . D e r e f ( w P t r ) ( * ( * h t t p . R e s p o n s e W r i t e r ) ( w ) ) . W r i t e H e a d e r ( i n t ( h e a d e r ) ) } Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Recap If our languages can speak with C, they can speak with each other. Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Recap If our languages can speak with C, they can speak with each other. Be careful going in and out of runtimes. Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Recap If our languages can speak with C, they can speak with each other. Be careful going in and out of runtimes. Be super-careful with sharing memory. Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Recap If our languages can speak with C, they can speak with each other. Be careful going in and out of runtimes. Be super-careful with sharing memory. We'll need a translation layer to use non-trivial language constructs. Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Other Considerations Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Other Considerations Memory leaks Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Other Considerations Memory leaks Race conditions Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Other Considerations Memory leaks Race conditions Context switching overhead Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Other Considerations Memory leaks Race conditions Context switching overhead Probably security issues because C is hard Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Other Considerations Memory leaks Race conditions Context switching overhead Probably security issues because C is hard Architecture campanelle Andrey Petrov · @shazow

A Palate Cleanser Andrey Petrov · @shazow

A Palate Cleanser ✨ LOLBENCHMARKS! Andrey Petrov · @shazow

LOLBENCHMARKS Andrey Petrov · @shazow

LOLBENCHMARKS Name Total Req/Sec Time/Req go-net/http 1.115 8969.89 0.111 gohttp-c 1.181 8470.97 0.118 gohttp-python 1.285 7779.87 0.129 gunicorn-flask 7.826 1277.73 0.783 werkzeug-flask 15.029 665.37 1.503 Conditions: a b doing 10,000 requests with 10 concurrency on my . Andrey Petrov · @shazow

Thank you github.com/shazow/gohttplib hrku.co/gopythongo twitter.com/shazow shazow.net Andrey Petrov · @shazow