U is for Unicode Greg Back July 30, 2017 /gtback @gtback

U is for Unicode (With apologies to Sue Grafton) Undertow

What is Unicode?

What is an encoding?

ASCII (RFC 20) 32 40 ( 48 0 56 8 64 @ 72 H 80 P 88 X 96 ` 104 h 112 p 120 x 33 ! 41 ) 49 1 57 9 65 A 73 I 81 Q 89 Y 97 a 105 i 113 q 121 y 34 " 42 * 50 2 58 : 66 B 74 J 82 R 90 Z 98 b 106 j 114 r 122 z 35 # 43 + 51 3 59 ; 67 C 75 K 83 S 91 [ 99 c 107 k 115 s 123 { 36 $ 44 , 52 4 60 < 68 D 76 L 84 T 92 \ 100 d 108 l 116 t 124 | 37 % 45 - 53 5 61 = 69 E 77 M 85 U 93 ] 101 e 109 m 117 u 125 } 38 & 46 . 54 6 62 > 70 F 78 N 86 V 94 ^ 102 f 110 n 118 v 126 ~ 39 ' 47 / 55 7 63 ? 71 G 79 O 87 W 95 _ 103 g 111 o 119 w 127 

Latin-1 32 40 ( 48 0 56 8 64 @ 72 H 80 P 88 X 96 ` 104 h 112 p 120 x 33 ! 41 ) 49 1 57 9 65 A 73 I 81 Q 89 Y 97 a 105 i 113 q 121 y 34 " 42 * 50 2 58 : 66 B 74 J 82 R 90 Z 98 b 106 j 114 r 122 z 35 # 43 + 51 3 59 ; 67 C 75 K 83 S 91 [ 99 c 107 k 115 s 123 { 36 $ 44 , 52 4 60 < 68 D 76 L 84 T 92 \ 100 d 108 l 116 t 124 | 37 % 45 - 53 5 61 = 69 E 77 M 85 U 93 ] 101 e 109 m 117 u 125 } 38 & 46 . 54 6 62 > 70 F 78 N 86 V 94 ^ 102 f 110 n 118 v 126 ~ 39 ' 47 / 55 7 63 ? 71 G 79 O 87 W 95 _ 103 g 111 o 119 w 127  160 168 ¨ 176 ° 184 ¸ 192 À 200 È 208 Ð 216 Ø 224 à 232 è 240 ð 248 ø 161 ¡ 169 © 177 ± 185 ¹ 193 Á 201 É 209 Ñ 217 Ù 225 á 233 é 241 ñ 249 ù 162 ¢ 170 ª 178 ² 186 º 194 Â 202 Ê 210 Ò 218 Ú 226 â 234 ê 242 ò 250 ú 163 £ 171 « 179 ³ 187 » 195 Ã 203 Ë 211 Ó 219 Û 227 ã 235 ë 243 ó 251 û 164 ¤ 172 ¬ 180 ´ 188 ¼ 196 Ä 204 Ì 212 Ô 220 Ü 228 ä 236 ì 244 ô 252 ü 165 ¥ 173 - 181 µ 189 ½ 197 Å 205 Í 213 Õ 221 Ý 229 å 237 í 245 õ 253 ý 166 ¦ 174 ® 182 ¶ 190 ¾ 198 Æ 206 Î 214 Ö 222 Þ 230 æ 238 î 246 ö 254 þ 167 § 175 ¯ 183 · 191 ¿ 199 Ç 207 Ï 215 × 223 ß 231 ç 239 ï 247 ÷ 255 ÿ

Latin-2 32 40 ( 48 0 56 8 64 @ 72 H 80 P 88 X 96 ` 104 h 112 p 120 x 33 ! 41 ) 49 1 57 9 65 A 73 I 81 Q 89 Y 97 a 105 i 113 q 121 y 34 " 42 * 50 2 58 : 66 B 74 J 82 R 90 Z 98 b 106 j 114 r 122 z 35 # 43 + 51 3 59 ; 67 C 75 K 83 S 91 [ 99 c 107 k 115 s 123 { 36 $ 44 , 52 4 60 < 68 D 76 L 84 T 92 \ 100 d 108 l 116 t 124 | 37 % 45 - 53 5 61 = 69 E 77 M 85 U 93 ] 101 e 109 m 117 u 125 } 38 & 46 . 54 6 62 > 70 F 78 N 86 V 94 ^ 102 f 110 n 118 v 126 ~ 39 ' 47 / 55 7 63 ? 71 G 79 O 87 W 95 _ 103 g 111 o 119 w 127  160 168 ¨ 176 ° 184 ¸ 192 Ŕ 200 Č 208 Đ 216 Ř 224 ŕ 232 č 240 đ 248 ř 161 Ą 169 Š 177 ą 185 š 193 Á 201 É 209 Ń 217 Ů 225 á 233 é 241 ń 249 ů 162 ˘ 170 Ş 178 ˛ 186 ş 194 Â 202 Ę 210 Ň 218 Ú 226 â 234 ę 242 ň 250 ú 163 Ł 171 Ť 179 ł 187 ť 195 Ă 203 Ë 211 Ó 219 Ű 227 ă 235 ë 243 ó 251 ű 164 ¤ 172 Ź 180 ´ 188 ź 196 Ä 204 Ě 212 Ô 220 Ü 228 ä 236 ě 244 ô 252 ü 165 Ľ 173 - 181 ľ 189 ˝ 197 Ĺ 205 Í 213 Ő 221 Ý 229 ĺ 237 í 245 ő 253 ý 166 Ś 174 Ž 182 ś 190 ž 198 Ć 206 Î 214 Ö 222 Ţ 230 ć 238 î 246 ö 254 ţ 167 § 175 Ż 183 ˇ 191 ż 199 Ç 207 Ď 215 × 223 ß 231 ç 239 ď 247 ÷ 255 ˙

Greek (ISO/IEC 8859-7) 32 40 ( 48 0 56 8 64 @ 72 H 80 P 88 X 96 ` 104 h 112 p 120 x 33 ! 41 ) 49 1 57 9 65 A 73 I 81 Q 89 Y 97 a 105 i 113 q 121 y 34 " 42 * 50 2 58 : 66 B 74 J 82 R 90 Z 98 b 106 j 114 r 122 z 35 # 43 + 51 3 59 ; 67 C 75 K 83 S 91 [ 99 c 107 k 115 s 123 { 36 $ 44 , 52 4 60 < 68 D 76 L 84 T 92 \ 100 d 108 l 116 t 124 | 37 % 45 - 53 5 61 = 69 E 77 M 85 U 93 ] 101 e 109 m 117 u 125 } 38 & 46 . 54 6 62 > 70 F 78 N 86 V 94 ^ 102 f 110 n 118 v 126 ~ 39 ' 47 / 55 7 63 ? 71 G 79 O 87 W 95 _ 103 g 111 o 119 w 127  160 168 ¨ 176 ° 184 Έ 192 ΐ 200 Θ 208 Π 216 Ψ 224 ΰ 232 θ 240 π 248 ψ 161 ‘ 169 © 177 ± 185 Ή 193 Α 201 Ι 209 Ρ 217 Ω 225 α 233 ι 241 ρ 249 ω 162 ’ 170 ͺ 178 ² 186 Ί 194 Β 202 Κ 210 218 Ϊ 226 β 234 κ 242 ς 250 ϊ 163 £ 171 « 179 ³ 187 » 195 Γ 203 Λ 211 Σ 219 Ϋ 227 γ 235 λ 243 σ 251 ϋ 164 € 172 ¬ 180 ΄ 188 Ό 196 Δ 204 Μ 212 Τ 220 ά 228 δ 236 μ 244 τ 252 ό 165 ₯ 173 - 181 ΅ 189 ½ 197 Ε 205 Ν 213 Υ 221 έ 229 ε 237 ν 245 υ 253 ύ 166 ¦ 174 182 Ά 190 Ύ 198 Ζ 206 Ξ 214 Φ 222 ή 230 ζ 238 ξ 246 φ 254 ώ 167 § 175 ― 183 · 191 Ώ 199 Η 207 Ο 215 Χ 223 ί 231 η 239 ο 247 χ 255

Japanese (IBM Code Page 932) 32 40 ( 48 0 56 8 64 @ 72 H 80 P 88 X 96 ` 104 h 112 p 120 x 33 ! 41 ) 49 1 57 9 65 A 73 I 81 Q 89 Y 97 a 105 i 113 q 121 y 34 " 42 * 50 2 58 : 66 B 74 J 82 R 90 Z 98 b 106 j 114 r 122 z 35 # 43 + 51 3 59 ; 67 C 75 K 83 S 91 [ 99 c 107 k 115 s 123 { 36 $ 44 , 52 4 60 < 68 D 76 L 84 T 92 \ 100 d 108 l 116 t 124 | 37 % 45 - 53 5 61 = 69 E 77 M 85 U 93 ] 101 e 109 m 117 u 125 } 38 & 46 . 54 6 62 > 70 F 78 N 86 V 94 ^ 102 f 110 n 118 v 126 ~ 39 ' 47 / 55 7 63 ? 71 G 79 O 87 W 95 _ 103 g 111 o 119 w 127  160 168 ｨ 176 ｰ 184 ｸ 192 ﾀ 200 ﾈ 208 ﾐ 216 ﾘ 161 ｡ 169 ｩ 177 ｱ 185 ｹ 193 ﾁ 201 ﾉ 209 ﾑ 217 ﾙ 162 ｢ 170 ｪ 178 ｲ 186 ｺ 194 ﾂ 202 ﾊ 210 ﾒ 218 ﾚ 163 ｣ 171 ｫ 179 ｳ 187 ｻ 195 ﾃ 203 ﾋ 211 ﾓ 219 ﾛ 164 ､ 172 ｬ 180 ｴ 188 ｼ 196 ﾄ 204 ﾌ 212 ﾔ 220 ﾜ 165 ･ 173 ｭ 181 ｵ 189 ｽ 197 ﾅ 205 ﾍ 213 ﾕ 221 ﾝ 166 ｦ 174 ｮ 182 ｶ 190 ｾ 198 ﾆ 206 ﾎ 214 ﾖ 222 ﾞ 167 ｧ 175 ｯ 183 ｷ 191 ｿ 199 ﾇ 207 ﾏ 215 ﾗ 223 ﾟ

Japanese (IBM Code Page 932) 32 40 ( 48 0 56 8 64 @ 72 H 80 P 88 X 96 ` 104 h 112 p 120 x 33 ! 41 ) 49 1 57 9 65 A 73 I 81 Q 89 Y 97 a 105 i 113 q 121 y 34 " 42 * 50 2 58 : 66 B 74 J 82 R 90 Z 98 b 106 j 114 r 122 z 35 # 43 + 51 3 59 ; 67 C 75 K 83 S 91 [ 99 c 107 k 115 s 123 { 36 $ 44 , 52 4 60 < 68 D 76 L 84 T 92 \ 100 d 108 l 116 t 124 | 37 % 45 - 53 5 61 = 69 E 77 M 85 U 93 ] 101 e 109 m 117 u 125 } 38 & 46 . 54 6 62 > 70 F 78 N 86 V 94 ^ 102 f 110 n 118 v 126 ~ 39 ' 47 / 55 7 63 ? 71 G 79 O 87 W 95 _ 103 g 111 o 119 w 127  160 168 ｨ 176 ｰ 184 ｸ 192 ﾀ 200 ﾈ 208 ﾐ 216 ﾘ 161 ｡ 169 ｩ 177 ｱ 185 ｹ 193 ﾁ 201 ﾉ 209 ﾑ 217 ﾙ 162 ｢ 170 ｪ 178 ｲ 186 ｺ 194 ﾂ 202 ﾊ 210 ﾒ 218 ﾚ 163 ｣ 171 ｫ 179 ｳ 187 ｻ 195 ﾃ 203 ﾋ 211 ﾓ 219 ﾛ 164 ､ 172 ｬ 180 ｴ 188 ｼ 196 ﾄ 204 ﾌ 212 ﾔ 220 ﾜ 165 ･ 173 ｭ 181 ｵ 189 ｽ 197 ﾅ 205 ﾍ 213 ﾕ 221 ﾝ 166 ｦ 174 ｮ 182 ｶ 190 ｾ 198 ﾆ 206 ﾎ 214 ﾖ 222 ﾞ 167 ｧ 175 ｯ 183 ｷ 191 ｿ 199 ﾇ 207 ﾏ 215 ﾗ 223 ﾟ Plus some 2-byte forms!!

Clue #1: Humans deal with characters. Computers deal with bytes.

What is Unicode? One ring to rule them all “encoding” https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unico_Anello.png

A Character U+0041 Code Point Glyph(s) A A A A A

Encoding Unicode Code Points - UCS-2: Fixed-width (2 bytes per code point) - UTF-16: Variable-width (2 or 4 bytes per code point) - UTF-32: Fixed-width (4 bytes per code point) - UTF-8: Variable-width (1-4 bytes per code point)

Encoding Code Points - UCS-2: Fixed-width (2 bytes per code point) - UTF-16: Variable-width (2 or 4 bytes per code point) - UTF-32: Fixed-width (4 bytes per code point) - UTF-8: Variable width (1-4 bytes per code point)

Unicode and Python Python 2 (“two blue”) Python 3 (“three green”)

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Python 3 Unicode Bytes Python 2 Unicode Bytes Text Types

Python 3 Unicode Bytes Python 2 Unicode Bytes Text Types ✔ ✔

Python 3 Unicode Bytes Python 2 Unicode Bytes Text Types ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

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Python 3 CANNOT add and Python 2 CAN add and (in most cases) Adding Text Types

Python 3 CANNOT add and Python 2 CAN add and (in most cases) Adding Text Types ✔ ✘

Python 3 CANNOT add and Python 2 CAN add and (in most cases) Adding Text Types

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Clue #2: - Unicode → Bytes : encode() - Bytes → Unicode : decode()

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>>> latin1_string.encode('ascii') UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xdc in position 0: ordinal not in range(128) System Default Encodings

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>>> latin1_string.encode('ascii') AttributeError: 'bytes' object has no attribute 'encode' >>> latin1_string.encode('ascii') UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xdc in position 0: ordinal not in range(128) Encoding Errors

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Clue #2: - Unicode → Bytes : encode() - Bytes → Unicode : decode() Clue #3: In Python, - Unicode is not an encoding. - UTF-8 is an encoding.

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>>> latin1_string.encode('utf-8') UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xdc in position 0: ordinal not in range(128) System Default Encodings

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Python 3 UTF-8 Python 2 ascii (?) System Default Encodings sys.getdefaultencoding()

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Clue #4: Unicode “Sandwich” 1. Decode (Bytes → Unicode) as soon as possible 2. Encode (Unicode → Bytes) as late as possible 3. Deal with Unicode everywhere in the middle.

Detecting Encodings Q: How do I know the encoding of a stream of bytes? A1: You don’t. A2: Unless you’re told. A3: But even then you can’t be sure. A4: Fortunately, you can “guess”.

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Clue #5: Be prepared for anything.

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Python 2 and 3 Compatibility six.text_type - Always Unicode six.binary_type - Always Bytes six.string_types - Possible string data

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Python 2 and 3 Compatibility six.text_type - Always Unicode six.binary_type - Always Bytes six.string_types - Possible string data from __future__ import unicode_literals - All string literals in source code are Unicode.

Clue #6: Use six and unicode_literals for Python 2 / Python 3 compatibility

Mystery Solved (Conclusion) Clue #1: Humans:Characters :: Computers:Bytes Clue #2: U→B: encode() B → U: decode() Clue #3: “Unicode” isn’t an encoding. “UTF-8” is. Clue #4: Unicode Sandwich Clue #5: Be prepared for anything. Clue #6: Use six and unicode_literals

Resources http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html (“Spolsky Unicode”) http://nedbatchelder.com/text/unipain.html (“Unipain Python”) https://speakerdeck.com/ramalho/unicode-solutions-in-python-2-and-python-3 (“Speakerdeck Unicode Python”) https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/fluent-python/9781491946237/ch0 4.html (“Fluent Python Unicode”) Thank you! Questions? /gtback @gtback

Unicode Zoo → U+2192 RIGHTWARDS ARROW ✔ U+2714 HEAVY CHECK MARK ✘ U+2718 HEAVY BALLOT X U+1F44D THUMBS UP SIGN U+1F44E THUMBS DOWN SIGN

Unicode Zoo Ü U+00DC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS ñ U+00F1 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE î U+00EE LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX ç U+00E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA ø U+00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE d U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D é U+00E9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

Unicode Zoo ¯ U+00AF MACRON \ U+005C REVERSE SOLIDUS _ U+005F LOW LINE ( U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS ツ U+30C4 KATAKANA LETTER TU ) U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS / U+002F SOLIDUS

Ü is for Üñîçødé Greg Back July 30, 2017 /gtback @gtback

℉◎υя ṧ¢øяℯ @ηⅾ ṧε♥εᾔ ¥ε@ґṧ αℊø øüя ḟ@т♄εґṧ ßґ☺υℊ♄☂ ḟ☺ґ⊥н øη ⊥ℌ☤ṧ ¢øη☂☤ᾔℯηт, @ η℮ẘ ηα⊥☤øη, ¢☺ηḉℯїṽ℮ḓ їᾔ ℒ☤♭ℯя☂ƴ, αηḓ ⅾℯḓḯ¢ α⊥℮ⅾ ⊥◎ т♄℮ ρґ◎℘øṧ☤тїøᾔ тнα☂ αʟʟ μεη @яℯ ¢я℮α☂ε∂ εⓠü@ʟ▪ Ⓕⓞⓤⓡ ⓢⓒⓞⓡⓔ ⓐⓝⓓ ⓢⓔⓥⓔⓝ ⓨⓔⓐⓡⓢ ⓐⓖⓞ ⓞⓤⓡ ⓕⓐⓣⓗⓔⓡⓢ ⓑⓡⓞⓤⓖⓗⓣ ⓕⓞⓡⓣⓗ ⓞⓝ ⓣⓗⓘⓢ ⓒⓞⓝⓣⓘⓝⓔⓝⓣ , ⓐ ⓝⓔⓦ ⓝⓐⓣⓘⓞⓝ, ⓒⓞⓝⓒⓔⓘⓥⓔⓓ ⓘⓝ Ⓛⓘⓑⓔⓡⓣⓨ, ⓐⓝⓓ ⓓⓔⓓⓘⓒⓐⓣⓔⓓ ⓣⓞ ⓣⓗⓔ ⓟⓡⓞⓟⓞⓢⓘⓣⓘⓞⓝ ⓣⓗⓐⓣ ⓐⓛⓛ ⓜⓔⓝ ⓐⓡⓔ ⓒⓡⓔⓐⓣⓔⓓ ⓔⓠⓤⓐⓛ◎ , , , . Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

℉◎υя ṧ¢øяℯ @ηⅾ ṧε♥εᾔ ¥ε@ґṧ αℊø øüя ḟ@т♄εґṧ ßґ☺υℊ♄☂ ḟ☺ґ⊥н øη ⊥ℌ☤ṧ ¢øη☂☤ᾔℯηт, @ η℮ẘ ηα⊥☤øη, ¢☺ηḉℯїṽ℮ḓ їᾔ ℒ☤♭ℯя☂ƴ, αηḓ ⅾℯḓḯ¢ α⊥℮ⅾ ⊥◎ т♄℮ ρґ◎℘øṧ☤тїøᾔ тнα☂ αʟʟ μεη @яℯ ¢я℮α☂ε∂ εⓠü@ʟ▪ Ⓕⓞⓤⓡ ⓢⓒⓞⓡⓔ ⓐⓝⓓ ⓢⓔⓥⓔⓝ ⓨⓔⓐⓡⓢ ⓐⓖⓞ ⓞⓤⓡ ⓕⓐⓣⓗⓔⓡⓢ ⓑⓡⓞⓤⓖⓗⓣ ⓕⓞⓡⓣⓗ ⓞⓝ ⓣⓗⓘⓢ ⓒⓞⓝⓣⓘⓝⓔⓝⓣ , ⓐ ⓝⓔⓦ ⓝⓐⓣⓘⓞⓝ, ⓒⓞⓝⓒⓔⓘⓥⓔⓓ ⓘⓝ Ⓛⓘⓑⓔⓡⓣⓨ, ⓐⓝⓓ ⓓⓔⓓⓘⓒⓐⓣⓔⓓ ⓣⓞ ⓣⓗⓔ ⓟⓡⓞⓟⓞⓢⓘⓣⓘⓞⓝ ⓣⓗⓐⓣ ⓐⓛⓛ ⓜⓔⓝ ⓐⓡⓔ ⓒⓡⓔⓐⓣⓔⓓ ⓔⓠⓤⓐⓛ◎ , , , . Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Final Clue: DO NOT use non-standard code points for stylistic effect. But for comedic effect, it's encouraged! ☺