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Facebook’s GraphQL Stack Dan Schafer

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No content

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{ me { name } }

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{ "me": { "name": "Daniel Schafer" } } { me { name } }

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{ me { name profilePicture { width height url } } }

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{ "me": { "name": "Daniel Schafer", "profilePicture": { "width": 50, "height": 50, "url": "https://cdn/50.jpg" } } } { me { name profilePicture { width height url } } }

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query Q { me { name birthday teammates { name birthday } } }

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query Q { me { name birthday teammates { name birthday } } } { "me": { "name": "Daniel Schafer", "birthday": "Jan 17", "teammates": [ { "name": "Lee Byron", "birthday": "Dec 18" }, { "name": "Laney Kuenzel", "birthday": "Jan 25" } ] } }

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query Q { me { ...BasicInfo teammates { ...BasicInfo } } } fragment BasicInfo on User { name birthday } { "me": { "name": "Daniel Schafer", "birthday": "Jan 17", "teammates": [ { "name": "Lee Byron", "birthday": "Dec 18" }, { "name": "Laney Kuenzel", "birthday": "Jan 25" } ] } }

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graphql.org

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GraphQL: How?

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How do I implement authorization? How do I make GraphQL efficient? How do I cache my results?

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How do I implement authorization? How do I make GraphQL efficient? How do I cache my results?

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How do I implement authorization? How do I make GraphQL efficient? How do I cache my results?

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Facebook’s GraphQL Stack

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No content

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Think Graphs, not Endpoints

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Single Source of Truth

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Thin API layer

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Authorization

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“A Todo Item can only be seen by its creator.”

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What is a Todo Item?

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http://api.todoapp.com/todo/4

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http://api.todoapp.com/todo/4 Too interface-specific

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SELECT * FROM todoitems WHERE id = 4

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SELECT * FROM todoitems WHERE id = 4 GET todoitem:4

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SELECT * FROM todoitems WHERE id = 4 Storage Detail GET todoitem:4

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External Interfaces Storage Layer

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External Interfaces Business Logic Storage Layer

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External Interfaces Business Logic Storage Layer

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GraphQL Business Logic Storage Layer

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What is a Todo Item?

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class TodoItem { constructor(id: number, title: string, isDone: boolean) { this.id = id; this.title = title; this.isDone = isDone; } };

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http://sujaytrivedi.blogspot.com/2015/03/object-oriented-programming-oop-in-c.html

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Policy_Admin_Component_Diagram.PNG

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class TodoItem { constructor(id: number, title: string, isDone: boolean) { this.id = id; this.title = title; this.isDone = isDone; } };

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Single Source of Truth

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class TodoItem { constructor(data: TodoItemData) { this.id = data.id; this.title = data.title; this.isDone = data.isDone; } // Single source of truth for fetching static async gen(id: number): Promise { const data = await Redis.get("ti:" + id); // Nullable return data ? new TodoItem(data) : null; } }

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Implementing Authorization

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class TodoItem { // Single source of truth for fetching static async gen(id: number): Promise { const data = await Redis.get("ti:" + id); // Nullable return data ? new TodoItem(data) : null; } }

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class TodoItem { // Single source of truth for fetching static async gen(id: number): Promise { const data = await Redis.get("ti:" + id); // Nullable // Single source of truth for authorization return data ? new TodoItem(data) : null; } }

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class TodoItem { // Single source of truth for fetching static async gen(id: number): Promise { const data = await Redis.get("ti:" + id); // Nullable if (data === null) return null; const canSee = checkCanSee(data); return canSee ? new TodoItem(data) : null; } }

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class TodoItem { // Single source of truth for fetching static async gen(id: number): Promise { const data = await Redis.get("ti:" + id); // Nullable if (data === null) return null; const canSee = checkCanSee(data); return canSee ? new TodoItem(data) : null; } } function checkCanSee(data: Object) { // A Todo Item can only be seen by its creator }

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class TodoItem { // Single source of truth for fetching static async gen(id: number): Promise { const data = await Redis.get("ti:" + id); // Nullable if (data === null) return null; const canSee = checkCanSee(data); return canSee ? new TodoItem(data) : null; } } function checkCanSee(data: Object) { return (data.creatorID === /* authenticated user ID */); }

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class TodoItem { // Single source of truth for fetching static async gen(id: number): Promise { const data = await Redis.get("ti:" + id); // Nullable if (data === null) return null; const canSee = checkCanSee(data); return canSee ? new TodoItem(data) : null; } } function checkCanSee(data: Object) { return (data.creatorID === /* authenticated user ID */); }

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class TodoItem { // Single source of truth for fetching static async gen( viewer: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const data = await Redis.get("ti:" + id); // Nullable if (data === null) return null; const canSee = checkCanSee(data); return canSee ? new TodoItem(data) : null; } } function checkCanSee(data: Object) { return (data.creatorID === /* authenticated user ID */); }

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class TodoItem { // Single source of truth for fetching static async gen( viewer: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const data = await Redis.get("ti:" + id); // Nullable if (data === null) return null; const canSee = checkCanSee(viewer, data); return canSee ? new TodoItem(data) : null; } } function checkCanSee(viewer: Viewer, data: Object) { return (data.creatorID === viewer.userID); }

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class TodoItem { static async gen( viewer: Viewer, id: number): Promise; // No other public constructors } class TodoList { static async gen( viewer: Viewer, id: number): Promise; // No other public constructors }

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Authorization in GraphQL

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todoItem: { type: TodoItemType, resolve: (obj) => /* ??? */ }

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todoItem: { type: TodoItemType, resolve: (obj) => /* ??? */ } // ... graphql(schema, "{todoItem}");

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todoItem: { type: TodoItemType, resolve: (obj) => TodoItem.gen(viewer, id) } // ... graphql(schema, "{todoItem}");

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todoItem: { type: TodoItemType, args: { id: { type: GraphQLID } }, resolve: (obj, {id}) => TodoItem.gen(viewer, id) } // ... graphql(schema, "{todoItem(id: 4)}");

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todoItem: { type: TodoItemType, args: { id: { type: GraphQLID } }, resolve: (obj, {id}, viewer) => TodoItem.gen(viewer, id) } // ... graphql(schema, "{todoItem(id: $id)}", viewer);

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todoItem: { type: TodoItemType, args: { id: { type: GraphQLID } }, resolve: (obj, {id}, viewer) => TodoItem.gen(viewer, id) } // ... graphql(schema, "{todoItem(id: $id)}", viewer);

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todoItem: { type: TodoItemType, args: { id: { type: GraphQLID } }, resolve: (obj, {id}, viewer) => TodoItem.gen(viewer, id) } // ... const viewer = Viewer.fromAuthToken(request.auth_token); graphql(schema, "{todoItem(id: $id)}", viewer);

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Efficiency

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } }

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 GET u:3 GET u:4 GET u:5 GET u:6 GET u:7 GET u:8 GET u:9 GET u:10 GET u:11 GET u:12 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 GET u:3 GET u:4 GET u:5 GET u:6 GET u:7 GET u:8 GET u:9 GET u:10 GET u:11 GET u:12 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 GET u:3 GET u:4 GET u:5 GET u:6 GET u:7 GET u:8 GET u:9 GET u:10 GET u:11 GET u:12 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 GET u:3 GET u:4 GET u:5 GET u:6 GET u:7 GET u:8 GET u:9 GET u:10 GET u:11 GET u:12 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 GET u:2 GET u:3 GET u:4 GET u:5 GET u:6 GET u:8 GET u:9 GET u:10 GET u:11 GET u:12 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 GET u:2 GET u:3 GET u:4 GET u:5 GET u:6 GET u:1 GET u:5 GET u:7 GET u:8 GET u:9 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 -1 GET u:3 GET u:4 GET u:5 GET u:6 GET u:7 GET u:8 GET u:9 GET u:10 GET u:11 GET u:12 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 GET u:3 GET u:4 GET u:5 GET u:6 GET u:7 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 MGET u:2 u:3 u:4 u:5 u:6 MGET u:8 u:9 u:10 u:11 u:12 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 MGET u:2 u:3 u:4 u:5 u:6 MGET u:1 u:5 u:7 u:8 u:9 redis.log

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Implementing Batching in GraphQL

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Implementing Batching in GraphQL

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DataLoader

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https://github.com/facebook/dataloader

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const userDataLoader = new DataLoader( ids => Redis.mget(ids.map(id => "m:" + id)) ); class User { static async gen(v: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const rawData = await Redis.get("u:" + id); // Do authorization ... return rawData === null ? new TodoItem(rawData) : null; } }

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const userDataLoader = new DataLoader( ids => Redis.mget(ids.map(id => "m:" + id)) ); class User { static async gen(v: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const rawData = await Redis.get("u:" + id); // Do authorization ... return rawData === null ? new TodoItem(rawData) : null; } }

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const userDataLoader = new DataLoader( ids => Redis.mget(ids.map(id => "u:" + id)) ); class User { static async gen(v: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const rawData = await Redis.get("u:" + id); // Do authorization ... return rawData === null ? new TodoItem(rawData) : null; } }

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const userDataLoader = new DataLoader( ids => Redis.mget(ids.map(id => "u:" + id)) ); class User { static async gen(v: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const rawData = await userDataLoader.load(id); // Do authorization ... return rawData === null ? new TodoItem(rawData) : null; } }

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 MGET u:2 u:3 u:4 u:5 u:6 MGET u:1 u:5 u:7 u:8 u:9 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 MGET u:2 u:3 u:4 u:5 u:6 MGET u:1 u:5 u:7 u:8 u:9 redis.log

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Caching

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const userDataLoader = new DataLoader( ids => Redis.mget(ids.map(id => "u:" + id)) ); class User { static async gen(v: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const rawData = await userDataLoader.load(id); // Do authorization ... return rawData === null ? new TodoItem(rawData) : null; } }

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const userDataLoader = new DataLoader( ids => Redis.mget(ids.map(id => "u:" + id)) ); class User { static async gen(v: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const rawData = await userDataLoader.load(id); // Do authorization ... return rawData === null ? new TodoItem(rawData) : null; } }

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 MGET u:2 u:3 u:4 u:5 u:6 MGET u:1 u:5 u:7 u:8 u:9 redis.log

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{ me { name bestFriend { name } friends(first: 5) { name bestFriend { name } } } } GET u:1 GET u:2 LRANGE friends:1 0 5 MGET u:2 u:3 u:4 u:5 u:6 MGET u:1 u:5 u:7 u:8 u:9 redis.log

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Clients?

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const userDataLoader = new DataLoader( ids => Redis.mget(ids.map(id => "m:" + id)) ); class User { static async gen(v: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const rawData = await userDataLoader.load(id); // Do authorization ... return rawData === null ? new TodoItem(rawData) : null; } getID(): number { return this.id; } }

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const userDataLoader = new DataLoader( ids => Redis.mget(ids.map(id => "m:" + id)) ); class User { static async gen(v: Viewer, id: number): Promise { const rawData = await userDataLoader.load(id); // Do authorization ... return rawData === null ? new TodoItem(rawData) : null; } getID(): number { return this.id; } }

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const userType = new GraphQLObjectType({ name: 'User', fields: () => ({ id: { type: GraphQLID, resolve: (user) => user.getID() } }) });

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{ me { id profilePhoto { id } } }

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{ me { id profilePhoto { id } } } { me: { id: "1", profilePhoto: { id: "1" } } }

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What do we want in IDs?

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Unique Cache Key

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Globally Unique Cache Key

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Globally Unique Cache Key Refetch Identifier

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Globally Unique Cache Key Refetch Identifier Client Comprehension?

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Globally Unique Cache Key Refetch Identifier Client Comprehension?

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Globally Unique Cache Key Refetch Identifier Opaque to Clients

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const userType = new GraphQLObjectType({ name: 'User', fields: () => ({ id: { type: GraphQLID, resolve: (user) => user.getID() } }) });

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const userType = new GraphQLObjectType({ name: 'User', fields: () => ({ id: { type: GraphQLID, resolve: (user) => base64("user:" + user.getID()) } }) });

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{ me { id profilePhoto { id } } }

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{ me { id profilePhoto { id } } } { me: { id: "dXNlcjoxCg==", profilePhoto: { id: "cGhvdG86MQo=" } } }

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Facebook’s GraphQL Stack

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Think Graphs, not Endpoints

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Single Source of Truth

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Thin API layer

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graphql.org