Learn C# Programming - Decision Making & Loops

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Learn C# Programming Decision Making & Loops Eng Teong Cheah Microsoft MVP in Visual Studio & Development Technologies

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Agenda •Decision Making •Loops

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C# - Decision Making

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C# - Decision Making Decision making structures requires the programmer to specify one or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be false.

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C# - Decision Making Following is the general form of a typical making structure found in most of the programming languages:

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C# - Decision Making C# provides following types of decision making statements. - if statement - if … else statement - nested if statement - switch statement - nested switch statements

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if statement

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C# - Decision Making if statement An if statement consists of a Boolean expression followed by one or more statements. Syntax The syntax of an if statement in C# is: if(boolean_expression) { /* statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is true */ }

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C# - Decision Making If the Boolean expression evaluates to true, then the block of code inside the if statement is executed. If Boolean expression evaluates to false, then the first set of code after the end of the if statement(after the closing curly brace) is executed.

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Demo

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if … else statement

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C# - Decision Making if … else statement An if statement can followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the Boolean expression is false.

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C# - Decision Making Syntax The syntax of an if … else statement in C# is if(boolean_expression) { /* statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is true */ } else { /* statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is false */ }

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C# - Decision Making If the Boolean expression evaluates to true, then the if block of code is executed, otherwise else block of code is executed.

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C# - Decision Making if … else if … else statement An if statement can followed by an optional else if … else statement, which is very useful to test various conditions using single if … else if statement. When using if , else if , else statements there are few points to keep in mind. - An if can have zero or one else’s and it must come after any else if’s. - An if can have zero to many else if’s and they must come before the else. - Once an else if succeeds, none of the remaining else if’s or else’s will be tested.

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C# - Decision Making Syntax The syntax of an if … else if …else statement in C# is if(boolean_expression 1) { /* Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true */ } else if( boolean_expression 2) { /* Executes when the boolean expression 2 is true */ } else if( boolean_expression 3) { /* Executes when the boolean expression 3 is true */ } else { /* executes when the none of the above condition is true */ }

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Demo

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nested … if statements

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C# - Decision Making nested if statements You can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if statement(s). It is always legal in C# to nest if-else statements, which means you can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if statement(s).

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C# - Decision Making Syntax The syntax of a nested if statement in C# is if( boolean_expression 1) { /* Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true */ if(boolean_expression 2) { /* Executes when the boolean expression 2 is true */ } } You can nest else if … else in the similar way as you have nested if statement.

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Demo

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switch statement

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C# - Decision Making switch statement A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each switch case.

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C# - Decision Making Syntax The syntax of a switch statement in C# is as follows: switch(expression) { case constant-expression : statement(s); break; /* optional */ case constant-expression : statement(s); break; /* optional */ /* you can have any number of case statements */ default : /* Optional */ statement(s); }

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C# - Decision Making The following rules apply to a switch statement: - The expression used in a switch statement must have an integral or enumerated type, or be of a class type in which the class has a single conversion function to an integral or enumerated type. - You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is followed by the value to be compared to an a colon. - The constant-expression for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch, and it must be a constant or a literal. - When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute until a break statement is reached.

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C# - Decision Making - When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of control jumps to the next line following the switch statement. - Not every case needs to contain a break. If no break appears, the flow of control will fall through to subsequent cases until a break is reached. - A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the switch. The default case can be used for performing a task when none of the cases is true. No break is needed in the default case.

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Demo

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nested switch statements

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C# - Decision Making nested switch statement You can uses one switch statement inside another switch statement(s). It is possible to have a switch as part of the statement sequence of an outer switch. Even if the case constants of the inner and outer switch contain common values, no conflicts will arise.

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C# - Decision Making Syntax The syntax of a nested switch statement in C# is as follows: switch(ch1) { case 'A': Console.WriteLine("This A is part of outer switch" ); switch(ch2) { case 'A': Console.WriteLine("This A is part of inner switch" ); break; case 'B': /* inner B case code */ } break; case 'B': /* outer B case code */ }

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Demo

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C# - Loops

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C# - Loops There may be a situation, when you need to execute a block of code several number of times. In general, the statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on. Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated execution paths.

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C# -Loops A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or a group of statements multiple times and following is the general from of a loop statement in most of the programming languages:

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C# - Loops C# provides following types of loop to handle looping requirements. - while loop - for loop - do … while loop - nested loops

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while loop

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C# - Loops while loop It repeats a statement or a group of statements while a given condition is true. It tests the condition before executing the loop body. A while loop statement in C# repeatedly executes a target statement as long as a given condition is true.

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C# - Loops Syntax The syntax of a while loop in C# is while(condition) { statement(s); } Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements. The condition may be any expression, and true is any non-zero value. The loop iterates while the condition is true. When the condition become false, program control passes to the line immediately following the loop.

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C# - Loops Here, key point of the while loop is that the loop might not ever run. When the condition is tested and the result is false, the loop body is skipped and the first statement after the while loop is executed.

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Demo

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for loop

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C# - Loops for loop It executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable. A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiency write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.

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C# - Loops Syntax The syntax of a for loop in C# is for ( init; condition; increment ) { statement(s); }

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C# - Loops Here is the flow of control in a for loop: - The init step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare and initialize any loop control variables. You are not required to put a statement here, as long as a semicolon appears. - Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is executed. If it is false, the body of the loop does not execute and flow of control jumps to the next statement just after the for loop.

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C# - Loops - After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up to the increment statement. This statement allows you to update any loop control variables. This statement can be left blank, as long as a semicolon appears after the condition. - The condition is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and the process repeats itself (body of loop, then increment step, and then again testing for a condition). After the condition becomes false, the for loop terminates.

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Demo

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do … while loop

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C# - Loops do … while loop It is similar to a while statement, except that it tests the condition at the end of the loop body. Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop condition at the start of the loop, the do … while loop checks its condition at the end of the loop. A do … while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do … while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time.

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C# - Loops Syntax The syntax of a do … while loop in C# is do { statement(s); }while( condition );

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C# - Loops Notice that the conditional expression appears at the end of the loop, so the statement(s) in the loop execute once before the condition is tested. If the condition is true, the flow of control jumps back up to do, and the statement(s) in the loop execute again. The process repeats until the given condition becomes false.

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Demo

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nested loops

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C# - Loops nested loop You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for or do … while loop. C# allows to use one loop inside another loop. Following section shows few example to illustrate the concept.

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C# - Loops Syntax The syntax of a nested for loop statement in C# is as follows for ( init; condition; increment ) { for ( init; condition; increment ) { statement(s); } statement(s); }

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C# - Loops Syntax The syntax of a nested while for loop statement in C# is as follows while(condition) { while(condition) { statement(s); } statement(s); }

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C# - Loops Syntax The syntax of a nested do … while loop statement in C# is as follows do { statement(s); do { statement(s); } while( condition ); } while( condition );

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C# - Loops A final note on loop nesting is that you can put any type of loop inside of any other type of loop. For example a for loop can be inside a while loop or a vice versa.

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Demo

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Loop Control Statements

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Loop Control Statements Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.

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break statement

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Loop Control Statements break statement The break statement in C# has following two usage: - When the break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately terminated and program control resumes at the next statement following the loop. - It can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement. If you are using nested loops(i.e., one loop inside another loop), the break statement will stop the execution of the innermost loop and start executing the next line of code after the block.

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C# - Loops Syntax The syntax of a break statement in C# is break;

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Demo

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continue statement

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Loop Control Statements continue statement Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating. The continue statement in C# works somewhat like the break statement. Instead of forcing termination, however, continue forces the next iteration of the loop to take place, skipping any code in between, For the for loop, continue statement causes the conditional test and increment portions of the loop to execute. For the while and do … while loops, continue statement causes the program control passes to the conditional tests.

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C# - Loops Syntax The syntax of a break statement in C# is continue;

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Demo

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Infinite loop

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Loops infinite loop A loop becomes infinite loop if a condition never become false. The for loop is traditionally used for this purpose. Since none of the three expressions that form the for loop are required, you can make an endless loop by leaving the conditional expression empty.

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C# - Loops Syntax The syntax of a infinite loop in C# is using System; namespace Loops { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { for (; ; ) { Console.WriteLine("Hey! I am Trapped"); } } } }

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C# - Loops When the conditional expression is absent, it is assumed to be true. You may have an initialization and increment expression, but programmers more commonly use the for(;;) construct to signify an infinite loop.