MiFID II / MiFIR: Projected Impact on Trading Technology & QA Challenges Pavel Sigov, Exactpro Quality Assurance & Related Software Development for Innovative Trading Systems Tel: +7 495 640 2460, +1 415 830 38 49 www.exactpro.com

MiFID II / MiFIR Contents: • What is MiFID • The legislative process • Timeline • What is changing? • Commodity Derivatives • Transparency • High Frequency Trading • Market Structure • Organisational Requirements • Trade Reporting • Conduct of Business Rules • Transaction Reporting • Key challenges • Time synchronization • Calls to action • Acknowledgements and links

What is MiFID II What is MiFID and why is it changing? The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) is the framework of European Union (EU) legislation for: • investment intermediaries providing services to clients in relation to shares, bonds, units in collective investment schemes and derivatives (collectively ‘financial instruments’) and • the organised trading of financial instruments MiFID was applied in the UK from 1 November 2007. But it is now being comprehensively revised to improve the functioning of financial markets in light of the financial crisis and to strengthen investor protection. We expect the changes to take effect from 3 January 2017. It will be known as MiFID II.

The legislative process MiFID II comprises two levels of European legislation. The EU Parliament voted on MiFID II ‘Level 1’ in April 2014, the framework legislation comprised of two linked pieces of legislation: MiFID II and the Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (MiFIR). There is provision in a wide range of areas for the framework legislation to be supplemented by implementing measures, so-called ‘Level 2 legislation’, which takes two forms: • ‘delegated acts’ which are drafted by the European Commission (EC) on the basis of advice by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), and • ‘technical standards’ which are drafted by ESMA and approved by the EC

The legislative process (cont.) The legislative process involved the trialogue of the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the EU Member States

The legislative process (cont.) The legislative process involved the trialogue of the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the EU Member States

Timeline Sep- 2015 ESMA submits draft regulatory technical standards (RTS) to the Commission Jan- 2016 ESMA submits draft implementing technical standards (ITS) to the Commission Commission publishes final delegating acts Jul- 2016 MiFID II transposed into national law of member states Jan- 2017 MiFID II and MIFIR apply within Member States Delegated acts apply within Member States MiFID II was published in the EU Official Journal on the 12 June 2014 and entered into force on 2 July 2014 (20 days after publication). Member States now have two years to transpose the new rules which will be broadly applicable on 3 January 2017. The reforms in MiFID II are fundamental and wide-ranging and reflect a policy concern that technological development, increasing complexity of both products and services and the financial crisis all highlighted flaws in the MiFID I architecture. The requirements of MiFID II will profoundly reshape the market structure and framework in which regulated activities are carried out. Delegated acts transposed into national law of Member States

What is changing? Summary of the significant changes proposed to the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive: • Commodity Derivatives • Transparency • High Frequency Trading • Market Structure • Organisational Requirements • Trade Reporting • Conduct of Business Rules • Transaction Reporting

What is changing? Commodity Derivatives https://ijrnews.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/how-to-reenergize-the-hard-hit-oil-and-gas-industry.jpg

What is changing? Commodity Derivatives The revisions to MiFID are adapting some elements of the existing directive and introducing a new regime of position limits and position reporting. Key details of these provisions will be determined through ‘Level 2’ implementing measures. Exemptions: The current broad exemptions for commercial firms who trade commodity derivatives are being narrowed. In future such firms will only be exempt where their activity is ‘ancillary’ to their main business and their main business is not financial services. Financial instruments. Emission allowances will be financial instruments under the revised MiFID. Physically settled contracts traded on Organised Trading Facilities, a new category of trading venues, will be financial instruments except for electricity and gas contracts. Position limits. Contracts traded on trading venues and economically equivalent contracts will be subject to position limits set by us (FCA) using a methodology in an implementing measure. There will be exemptions for non-financial firms on positions which are objectively measurable as reducing risks directly related to their commercial activity Position reporting. Details of positions will need to be reported to trading venues on a daily basis. Once a week this information will need to be sent by the trading venues to the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) who will publish aggregated reports distinguishing between positions held by commercial firms and financial firms. Investment firms will be required to report OTC positions to their competent authority. Firms trading commodity derivatives who are not currently authorised under MiFID will need to examine whether they can continue to remain exempt from authorisation. Trading venues and members of trading venues (and their clients) will need to consider how the implications of the regime of position limits and position reporting.

What is changing? Transparency http://bgfons.com/upload/drops_texture523.jpg

What is changing? Transparency The existing pre and post trade transparency regime in MIFID applies only to shares admitted to trading on a regulated market. That regime is being revised and a regime will be applied to non-equities. The details of the equity and non-equity transparency regimes will be determined through ‘Level 2’ implementing measures. Scope of regime for equities. The pre and post-trade transparency regime for shares is being extended to cover depositary receipts, ETFs, certificates and other similar financial instruments traded on a RM or MTF. Caps on equity waivers. Trading under the reference price waiver and negotiated transactions made within the current weighted spread on the order book will not be able to exceed 8 per cent of total trading in a given share on all EU trading venues where the share trades. There is also a cap at 4 per cent for use of these waivers by an individual trading venue. Non-equity pre-trade transparency. Trading venues will need to make information about trading interest publicly available. This obligation will not apply where there is not a liquid market for an instrument, an order is large-in-scale compared with normal market size, is held in an order management facility or is trading interest above a size that that would expose liquidity providers to undue risk (as long as indicative prices are publicly disseminated). Non-equity post-trade transparency. Details of transactions conducted on trading venues will need to be made public as close to real-time as possible. Deferred publication will be possible for under certain circumstances including when a transaction is large in scale compared to normal market size. For sovereign debt instruments once the period of deferral ends, the volume of transactions can be published on an aggregated rather than transaction-by-transaction basis. Trading venues will need to implement the rule and systems changes necessary to comply with the transparency requirements. Members of trading venues will have to consider what impact the revised transparency regime will have on their trading activities.

What is changing? High Frequency Trading http://dnpmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1011.jpg

What is changing? High Frequency Trading The revised MiFID will introduce specific provisions designed to ensure that high frequency trading (HFT) does not have an adverse effect on market quality or integrity. The details of the provisions will be determined through ‘Level 2’ implementing measures. Authorisation: The revisions will require HFT firms engaging in proprietary trading to be authorised under MiFID. Market making. In addition to systems and controls requirements on the use of algorithms, HFT firms who use market making strategies on trading venues will be required to enter into market making agreements with the venues. This is designed to ensure they provide liquidity on a consistent basis. Order to trade ratios. Trading venues will be required to set limits on the maximum number of order messages that a market participant can send relative to the number of transactions they undertake. Tick sizes. Equity exchanges in Europe currently voluntarily set minimum increments, ‘tick sizes’, by which prices can change. Implementing measures will set minimum tick sizes in shares and other similar financial instruments. Venue pricing. There will be controls on venue pricing to ensure that it is transparent, fair and non- discriminatory and can be used to penalise excessive order messaging. The HFT provisions build on ESMA's 2012 Automated Trading Guidelines. They have implications both for members of trading venues and for the venues themselves. They will require systems changes and, for firms, enhanced governance of HFT activities.

What is changing? Market Structure http://blog.moneyfarm.com/it/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/quotazione-in-Borsa-dei-fondi-comuni.jpg

What is changing? Market Structure The revisions to market structure are designed to produce comprehensive regulation of secondary trading that is fair, efficient and safe. Detail of these provisions will be set out in Level 2 implementing measures. Organised Trading Facilities. A new category of venues, alongside the existing categories of regulated markets (RMs) and multilateral trading facilities (MTFs), organised trading facilities (OTFs). OTFs will only be able to trade non-equity instruments. They will be able to exercise discretion in order execution, such as playing a role in negotiations between market participants. OTF operators will be able to trade on a proprietary basis on their own platform in illiquid sovereign bonds and trade on a matched principal basis in all bonds. Systematic internalisers (SIs). Currently firms dealing outside a trading venue in liquid shares on an organised, frequent, systematic and substantial basis are subject to certain pre-trade transparency requirements. The revised MiFID will introduce a pre-trade transparency regime for SIs in other liquid financial instruments. Firms will be identified as SIs on the basis of quantitative criteria based on the frequency and scale of their trading. Derivatives trading obligation. In line with G20 commitments, transactions in derivatives subject to the clearing obligation under the so-called European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) will be required to take place on an RM, MTF or OTF where the instrument is sufficiently liquid. Trading obligation in shares. Where a share is admitted to trading on a trading venue it will be required to be traded on a RM, MTF or SI unless certain criteria apply, such as the transaction does not involve a retail client and does not contribute to the price formation process. Firms currently operating multilateral trading systems will need to decide how they fit into the new trading landscape. This will include firms whose systems are not currently regulated as a trading venue, and firms operating MTFs which involve discretionary and non-discretionary trading processes. Firms currently operating bilateral trading systems will need to consider whether their activity will lead to them becoming SIs. Market participants will need to consider the impact of the two trading obligations on their trading activity.

What is changing? Organisational Requirements https://extranet.fnaim.fr/PublishingImages/Images%20pour%20Article%20(287x287px)/10bonnesraisons-A.jpg

What is changing? Organisational Requirements The revised MiFID will introduce expanded requirements in respect of the management of firms, explicit organisational and conduct requirements relating to product governance arrangements and a prohibition on title transfer collateral agreements involving retail clients. Management bodies. Provisions which were imposed on banks in the Capital Requirements Directive are now being extended to investment firms. These require members of management bodies to be of the requisite calibre, to be limited in the number of appointments they take on and to act with honesty and integrity. Larger firms have to have nomination committees. The management body is to be held responsible for the firm having governance arrangements that ensure effective and prudent management of a firm. Product governance. As part of organisational requirements and conduct rules firms will be expected to have explicit arrangements for product governance. Product governance arrangements will apply to firms who manufacture products and to those selling them and are designed to try and ensure that firms understand the nature of the products they are manufacturing and/or selling and that they are sold to clients for whom they are likely to be suitable. Sales targets and remuneration. Requirements on remuneration build on the European Securities and Markets Authority’s Guidelines on Remuneration Policies and Practices (MiFID) and aimed at ensuring that the staff incentives do not cause conflicts of interest or cut across firms’ obligation to act in the best interests of their clients. Title transfer collateral arrangements. We (FCA) have restricted title transfer collateral arrangements in relation to retail clients’ dealings in foreign exchange derivatives. The revised MiFID will extend this prohibition to all of retail clients’ dealings in financial instruments. So firms will be required to treat all monies put up by retail clients as client money. All investment firms will be affected by the provisions relating to management bodies and will need to consider how their existing governance arrangements match up to them. Most investment firms will be affected by the product governance and remuneration requirements and will need to review their existing arrangements in these areas.

What is changing? Trade Reporting http://www.risk.net/IMG/315/283315/shu-148316156-binarydata.jpg

What is changing? Trade Reporting The provisions in the revised legislation on trade reporting are designed to resolve problems with the quality and availability of data that have been observed since the original directive was introduced. Level 2 implementing measures will provide more detail on how these provisions will work. Consolidated tape. The revised MiFID envisages that there should be a consolidated tape of trade reports for shares, depositary receipts, ETFs, certificates and other similar financial instruments from when the revised legislation takes effect from 3 January 2017. Two years later it is envisaged that there will be a consolidated tape for non-equity instruments. The consolidated tape will be available free of charge 15 minutes after publication. Consolidated tape providers (CTPs). The consolidated tape will be produced by firms who seek authorisation as consolidated tape providers. They will have to meet certain organisational requirements and make the consolidated tape available on reasonable commercial terms. The model of having multiple CTPs will be reviewed after the legislation takes effect with a view to a single provider being appointed if the model of having multiple CTPs is not judged to have been a success. Approved publication arrangements (APAs). MiFID allowed trade reports to be published through trading venues, a third party or proprietary arrangements. We (FCA) established a Trade Data Monitors (TDM) regime to ensure that third parties publishing data had adequate arrangements in place to ensure the quality of the data. The revised MiFID has a similar regime which requires third parties publishing data to meet certain organisational requirements and be authorised as APAs. Firms who are currently offering consolidated data services will need to decide whether or not to become authorised under the CTP regime. TDMs will need to decide whether they wish to become APAs and investment firms will need to decide of those firms who become APAs which they want to use to publish their transactions.

What is changing? Conduct of Business Rules http://fotodes.ru/upload/img1350076415.jpg

What is changing? Conduct of Business Rules The revised legislation seeks to enhance the levels of protection granted to different categories of clients. A lot of the detail of the provisions, as is currently the case, will be provided in Level 2 implementing measures. Inducements. The existing legislation places restrictions on payments that firms providing services to clients can receive or make in relation to the provision of the service. The revised legislation goes beyond the existing provisions in prohibiting firms providing independent advice or portfolio management from receiving and retaining payments from third parties. Goldplating. As under the existing legislation, countries will be able to impose, in limited circumstances, requirements that go beyond those in MiFID. As part of this existing notifications of additional measures, such as those the UK has made in relation to the Retail Distribution Review (RDR), can be carried forward when the revised legislation takes effect. Execution-only. Under the current directive firms can only allow clients to buy and sell a certain range of products on an execution-only basis. The revised legislation is narrowing the list of execution-only products, in particular structured UCITS will no longer be able to be sold on an execution-only basis. Structured deposits – which are newly being brought into MiFID – will also be affected; no longer being allowed to be sold on an execution-only basis if, for example, it is difficult to understand the cost of exiting before term. Best execution. Additional information will need to be provided in relation to best execution. Brokers will need to provide details of the main 5 execution venues for each of the main categories of financial instruments they provide services in relation to. We (FCA) would expect to maintain the current RDR restrictions on payments to all investment advisers. The main impact of the new restrictions on inducements is therefore likely to be on portfolio managers, who are not currently subject to the RDR unless they offer advisory services. Firms offering execution-only services will need to review their offerings in the light of the changed list of products that can be sold on an execution-only basis. Brokers will also need to develop the systems to publish information on the execution venues they use.

What is changing? Transaction Reporting http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OIWe5XYJrFE/VcvpNvBSSJI/AAAAAAAAA_c/KisygZkwHaU/s1600/informatica-e-internet.jpg

What is changing? Transaction Reporting The scope of the transaction reporting obligation is being extended, the scope of the reports is being enhanced and an EU-wide system of Approved Reporting Mechanisms (ARMs) is being introduced. Scope. The scope of the MiFID transaction reporting obligation is being extended beyond instruments admitted to trading on regulated markets to include instruments trading on MTFs and OTFs and financial instruments which have instruments trading on trading venues as an underlying. Existing requirements in the UK go beyond those in MiFID but the revised legislation has an even wider scope. Flags. The revised legislation will require additional information to be included in transaction reports, in particular whether a transaction in shares or sovereign bonds is a short sale and whether a transaction took place under an applicable waiver. Approved Reporting Mechanisms (ARMs). The UK established a regime for ARMs in implementing the existing directive. The revised MiFID introduces an EU-wide ARMs regime under which investment firms can make transaction reports through firms authorised to act as ARMs and subject to certain organisational requirements to ensure they are organised to discharge their responsibilities. Trading venues. Operators of trading venues will have to report transactions executed through their systems by firms not subject to MiFIR. Investment firms who execute transactions will need to review their transactions to understand whether they will need to report a wider range of transactions than they currently do and how, if necessary, to report the wider range of information required.

Key challenges http://www.mijnhardloopschoen.nl/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/foto-floris-1.jpg

Key challenges Robert Rosenberg “Half of Firms Won’t Be Ready for MiFID II Requirements” http://tabbforum.com/opinions/half-of-firms-wont-be-ready-for-mifid-ii-requirements Given the immense scope of MiFID II and the uncertainty around some rules, only 7% of firms report that they are ready to meet MiFID II’s requirements, while nearly 50% said they will not be prepared by the January 2017 implementation deadline, according to a Bloomberg survey. Other key challenges cited by those participating in the survey included: • Talent shortage: high demand and tighter supply of legal/compliance and tech talent are slowing the efforts of many firms. • Technology rollout and adoption: many are working to find the right solutions, in particular with regard to the changes in pre-trade transparency requirements. • Understanding the details: finding a way to understand the nuances of these requirements and implementing effective procedures to disaggregate the data will be a high priority. • Time-clock synchronization: firms with global operations may have difficulty with the requirement for clock synchronization in the markets. • Data volume: the massive amount of records generated is resulting in many firms struggling to process and retain records. • Engagement with regulators: most firms had encountered pushback from officials when they asked for greater clarity. • Resolving conflict laws: global firms will have to reconcile differences between financial regulation and local laws in Europe, e.g., privacy laws.

Time synchronization http://orig08.deviantart.net/3476/f/2007/224/b/e/sand_clock_sand_uhr_blau_by_gehrminator.jpg

Time synchronization Victor Yodaiken “MiFID II: 10 Things You Need to Know About Time Synchronization” http://tabbforum.com/opinions/mifid-ii-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-time-synchronization • Operators of trading venues have to use timestamps accurate to 100 microseconds if their gateway-to- gateway speed is under 1 millisecond and can relax timestamp accuracy to 1 millisecond if gateway-to- gateway is longer than that. • HFT market participants have to meet the 100-microsecond standard. • Algorithmic, but not HFT, participants have to be at 1 millisecond. • Human-powered trading needs a clock that is accurate to 1 second. In brief, MIFD II appears to transform accurate time synchronization from a “nice to have” to a “must have.” Managers concerned with the behavior of these systems might want to know: 1. What is the accuracy of time at the point of use where timestamps are created? Excellent accuracy in the data center, for example, does not make up for errors in application servers running trading platforms. 2. How clear is the management capability of the time synchronization system – how does IT staff know that it has set up things correctly? 3. Does the time synchronization mechanism incorporate checks at the application server that can detect errors? 4. How long can an error condition persist before it is detected? 5. Is there some automatic fail-over process, and how long does it take to operate? 6. Is there automatic notification of both software and human management systems? 7. Can IT rely on documentation of proper operation? 8. Is time recordkeeping compatible with the corporate data governance? 9. Is the whole chain from time source (GPS clock or terrestrial feed) monitored and cross checked? 10.Is there a management process in place to respond to problems along the time distribution chain?

Calls to action http://www.socialmediaproject.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/CALL-TO-ACTION.png

Calls to action “FCA Warns on MiFID II Timetable” http://marketsmedia.com/fca-warns-on-mifid-ii-timetable/ David Lawton, director of markets policy and international at the Financial Conduct Authority, warned that senior management and firms should already be preparing for the challenging January 2017 deadline for Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II, sweeping new regulations covering financial markets in Europe. "Pressure builds to delay MiFID II reforms“ http://www.finextra.com/news/fullstory.aspx?newsitemid=28106 Pressure is mounting on the European Commission to postpone the implementation of securities market reforms under MiFID II by a year, as banks and brokers struggle to adapt their IT systems to meet the 2017 timetable. Speaking to the European Parliament's economic affairs committee, Esma chairman Steven Maijoor described the January 2017 timetable as "unfeasible", given the scope of the changes needed in market participant's IT shops. Maijoor's words have also been echoed by Commission FS director Martin Merlin, who told the committee that an extension of the deadline was advisable to ensure a smooth implementation.

Acknowledgements and links FCA's "Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II" Portal https://www.fca.org.uk/firms/markets/international-markets/mifid-ii/ Ashurst MiFID II Portal https://www.ashurst.com/MiFID/timeline/ Streetwiseprofessor (a.k.a. Craig Pirrong) "Day of the Mifid" http://streetwiseprofessor.com/?p=8012 (Warning: dissenting views and strong language) Rebecca Healey "Done Deal for MiFID II. What You Need to Know" http://tabbforum.com/opinions/done-deal-for-mifid-ii-what-you-need-to-know-now Robert Rosenberg "Half of Firms Won’t Be Ready for MiFID II Requirements" http://tabbforum.com/opinions/half-of-firms-wont-be-ready-for-mifid-ii-requirements Victor Yodaiken "MiFID II: 10 Things You Need to Know About Time Synchronization" http://tabbforum.com/opinions/mifid-ii-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-time-synchronization “FCA Warns on MiFID II Timetable” http://marketsmedia.com/fca-warns-on-mifid-ii-timetable/ Finextra "Pressure builds to delay MiFID II reforms“ http://www.finextra.com/news/fullstory.aspx?newsitemid=28106 UNAVISTA MIFIR AND MIFID http://www.lseg.com/markets-products-and-services/post-trade-services/unavista/unavista- solutions/unavista-mifir-and-mifid