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!Rome is known fundamentally as an urban civilization L"4+/&":&)3+&G0)9&":&R#,+(0$/&!"#+& "#$%&'!#(!)*+!,#--+$$! .#/%0!1$)234-!5+4)678!59!!

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Portrait Head of an Elder. Roman Republican, c.80 BCE. S+(0=#&

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Jean-Léon Gérôme. The Death of Caesar. 1859-67. Oil on canvas, 2`4z x 4`11z. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. a+$%B;+"%&b+("#+6&j+$)3&":&a-/0-=&G$+=$(6& ETWY?&

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Augustus of Primaporta, Roman Imperial 1st Century CE @.1.6)<"-"11.6)A5B")C,#-+,DE)!"#$%& !+,-./01$%&1?&TF&5G2?&&&

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2#,+("(&80)-=&$=&b+%+($/6&!"#+6&;$)+&E=)& G+%)-(9&G2& Augustus of Primaporta, Roman Imperial, early 1st century CE.

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Portrait Head of an Elder. Roman Republican, c.80 BCE. Augustus Primaporta, Roman Imperial 1st century CE.

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Augustus Primaporta, Roman Imperial 1st century CE. 5-=)&":&N1)$I0$%6&!"#$%&!+,-./01$%6&1?& A^&5G2& 'J+*&@C& 'J+*&YY&

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Roman soldier Cornucopia Parthian soldier Roman standard with sculpture of eagle Apollo on a griffin Diana on a stag Sol (Sun) on a chariot Luna (moon) @+7$#4&B'%C#4!#(! D#64)8!

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Arch of Titus E%'7+-!J%8!

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Arch of Titus, Aerial View, Rome, c. 81 CE.

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Arch of Titus, Aerial View, Rome, c. 81 CE. KL7&6/:*%

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Arch of Titus, Aerial View, Rome, c. 81 CE. 83+&[+%$)+&$%4&)3+&!"#$%&K+",/+& &)"&)3+&j0I0%+&80)-=6&="%&":&)3+&40I0%+& S+=,$=0$%&'-J-=)-=?&

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Arch of Titus, Aerial View, Rome, c. 81 CE.

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!+/0+:& G"k+(& 7-40, Arch of Titus, Aerial View, Rome, c. 81 CE.

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The Senate granted a triumph, or an event in which victorious troops left weapons outside the city and paraded through Rome Triumph of Titus, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE. \0%J+4&S01)"(9& 80)-=&

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Titus crowned by Victory, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE. ;$-(+/&\(+$)3& V("#&)3+&b+##$&'-J-=)+$6&EF&5G2BEF& G2&&

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Titus crowned by Victory, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE. N($)"(9&b+=)-(+& '-J-=)-=&":&K(0#$,"()$6&1?&E^&G2&

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The Senate granted a triumph, or an event in which victorious troops left weapons outside the city and paraded through Rome Triumph of Titus, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE. M&7)6$N.#/%! O#4#$!PO#4#7Q!

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Spoils from the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE. & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 5&)8!94)7%4'+!

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*Also paraded through the city was the spoils of military conquests Spoils from the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE. "+4#7%*! E)%4-%7-! E)%4-%7-! E)%4-%7-! ! ! ! ! ! E%'7+-!E&

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[,"0/=&":&\$(& Spoils from the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE.

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Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE. ',")3+"=0=& ":&80)-=&

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Apotheosis of Titus, Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE. 2$J/+&l&a-,0)+(&

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',,("g?&EAF&:++)&)$//& Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE

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Danube River River God (typically a reclining and perhaps monumental figure) Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE

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Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE

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Trajan Column of Trajan. Forum of Trajan. 113-116 or after 117 CE.

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Column of Trajan. Forum of Trajan. 113-116 or after 117 CE. Augustus of Primaporta, Copy of a original of c. 20 BCE. Trajan

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Battle between Romans and Dacians, Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, 113-116 or after 117 CE j$10$%& & & & !"#$%& !"#$% & &K$()30$%&

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Vanquished enemy

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Caracalla. c. 211-217 CE. L$(1-=&'-(+/0-=?& 1?&EWEBETF&G2?& Q$4(0$%?&&& 1?&&EEYBEAT&G2&&

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G"/"==$/&Q+$4&":&G"%=)$%H%+?&!"#+?& 1?&AE@BAED&5G2?& Augustus Primaporta, Roman Imperial 1st century CE.

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Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

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Arch of Titus. Rome. c.81 CE. Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

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8($U$%& O%-7&%4! O%-7&%4! L$(1-=&'-(+/0-=& Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

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Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

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O%-7&%4! Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

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Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

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Oration Scene, Arch of Constantine. Rome.312-315 CE. Triumphal arch Triumphal arch Constantine

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Constantine Oration Scene, Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

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Constantine Marcus Aurelius Hadrian Oration Scene, Arch of Constantine (south side). Rome. 312-315 CE.

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Arch of Constantine. Rome. 312-315 CE. Imperial procession. Detail of the relief on the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae. Rome. c. 19 BCE