Kotlin Native for CLIs - Speaker Deck

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Kotlin/Native CLIs Ryan Harter @[email protected]

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Differ

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• Kotlin Multiplatform image dif f ing library • Like diff, but for images • Comparator backing Dropshots Differ

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Differ interface ImageComparator { data class ComparisonResult( val pixelDifferences: Int, val pixelCount: Int, val width: Int, val height: Int, ) fun compare(left: Image, right: Image, diff: Mask? = null): ComparisonResult }

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/ / Common interface Image { val width: Int val height: Int fun getPixel(x: Int, y: Int): Color } Differ

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/ / JVM private class BufferedImageWrapper( private val delegate: BufferedImage ) : Image { override val width: Int = delegate.width override val height: Int = delegate.height override fun getPixel(x: Int, y: Int): Color = delegate.getRGB(x, y).let( :: Color) } Differ

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private class BufferedImageWrapper( / / Android internal class BitmapImage( private val src: Bitmap ) : Image { override val width: Int get() = src.width override val height: Int get() = src.height override fun getPixel(x: Int, y: Int): Color = Color(src.getPixel(x, y)) }

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Differ

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Differ

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Differ Di ff er

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Differ Di ff er Dropshots

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Differ Di ff er Dropshots differ CLI

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Differ Di ff er Dropshots differ rharter $ ./differ

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Differ ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png

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Differ ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png Images are different 222407 pixels are different Time: 338ms Differences: 222407 (8.044234%) FAIL ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$

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Differ ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png

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Differ ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ $JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java -classpath ?? ? \   com.dropbox.differ.cli.MainKt -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png

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Differ ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ brew install java ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ $JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java -classpath

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Differ ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ brew install java ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ unzip all_the_jars.zip ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ $JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java -classpath

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Kotlin/Native for CLIs?

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• Can we make it feel native? • How do we handle dependencies? Single binary? • Can we make distribution easier? • Can we get better performance? Kotlin/Native for CLIs?

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Migrating Differ CLI to Kotlin/Native

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dependencies { implementation(libs.kotlinx.cli) implementation(libs.kotlinx.io) implementation(project(":differ")) } application { mainClass.set("com.dropbox.differ.cli.MainKt") } plugins { alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.jvm) id("application") }

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kotlin { jvm { withJava() } macosX64() macosArm64() linuxX64() sourceSets { val commonMain by getting { dependencies { implementation(libs.kotlinx.cli) implementation(libs.kotlinx.io) implementation(project(":differ")) } application { } } } }

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dependencies { implementation(libs.kotlinx.cli) implementation(libs.kotlinx.io) implementation(project(":differ")) } } application { mainClass.set("com.dropbox.differ.cli.MainKt") } } } targets.withType { binaries { executable { baseName = "differ" entryPoint = "com.dropbox.differ.cli.main" } } }

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Dependencies

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Dependencies differ CLI

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Dependencies Di ff er differ CLI

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Dependencies Di ff er differ CLI kotlinx-cli

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Dependencies Di ff er differ CLI kotlinx-cli image loading?

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Dependencies

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Dependencies

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Dependencies Static

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Dependencies Static Dynamic

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Dependencies Static Dynamic

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Executable Executable Dependencies Static Dynamic

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Executable Executable Dependencies Static Dynamic

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Executable Executable Dependencies Static Dynamic Operating System

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Executable Executable Dependencies Static Dynamic

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Dependencies Static Dynamic Executable Executable Executable Executable Executable Executable Executable Executable

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Dependencies Static Dynamic stb_image libpng

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stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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single- f ile public domain (or MIT licensed) libraries for C/C++ stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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# stbimage.def headers = stb_image.h headerFilter = stb_image.h package = stb.image - -- #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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# stbimage.def headers = stb_image.h headerFilter = stb_image.h package = stb.image - -- #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" headers = stb_image.h stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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# stbimage.def headers = stb_image.h headerFilter = stb_image.h package = stb.image - -- #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" headerFilter = stb_image.h stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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# stbimage.def headers = stb_image.h headerFilter = stb_image.h package = stb.image - -- #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" package = stb.image stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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# stbimage.def headers = stb_image.h headerFilter = stb_image.h package = stb.image - -- #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" - -- stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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# stbimage.def headers = stb_image.h headerFilter = stb_image.h package = stb.image - -- #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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/ * stb_image - v2.27 - public domain image loader - http: // nothings.org/stb no warranty implied; use at your own risk Do this: #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION before you include this file in *one* C or C ++ file to create the implementation. / / i.e. it should look like this: #include .. . #include .. . #include .. . #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" You can #define STBI_ASSERT(x) before the #include to avoid using assert.h. And #define STBI_MALLOC, STBI_REALLOC, and STBI_FREE to avoid using malloc,realloc,free stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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/ / Basic usage (see HDR discussion below for HDR usage): / / int x,y,n; / / unsigned char *data = stbi_load(filename, &x, &y, &n, 0); / / // ... process data if not NULL ... / / // ... x = width, y = height, n = # 8-bit components per pixel ... / / // ... replace '0' with '1' .. '4' to force that many components per pixel / / // ... but 'n' will always be the number that it would have been if you said 0 / / stbi_image_free(data) stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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class StbImage internal constructor(filePath: String) : Image { } stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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class StbImage internal constructor(filePath: String) : Image { } override val width: Int override val height: Int stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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class StbImage internal constructor(filePath: String) : Image { } override val width: Int override val height: Int private val pointer: CPointer / / unsigned char * stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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class StbImage internal constructor(filePath: String) : Image { } override val width: Int override val height: Int private val pointer: CPointer / / unsigned char * init { } stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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class StbImage internal constructor(filePath: String) : Image { } override val width: Int override val height: Int private val pointer: CPointer / / unsigned char * init { } val data = stbi_load(filePath, ? ? ? , , , 0) stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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class StbImage internal constructor(filePath: String) : Image { } override val width: Int override val height: Int private val pointer: CPointer / / unsigned char * init { } pointer = data ?. reinterpret() ?: throw Exception("Failed to read image from file: $filePath") val data = stbi_load(filePath, ? ? ? , , , 0) stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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class StbImage internal constructor(filePath: String) : Image { } override val width: Int :

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class StbImage internal constructor(filePath: String) : Image { } override val width: Int override val height: Int private val pointer: CPointer / / unsigned char * init { } pointer = data ?. reinterpret() ?: throw Exception("Failed to read image from file: $filePath") val arena = Arena() try { } finally { arena.clear() } val data = stbi_load(filePath, ? ? ? , , , 0) stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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} private val pointer: CPointer / / unsigned char * init { } pointer = data ?. reinterpret() ?: throw Exception("Failed to read image from file: $filePath") val arena = Arena() try { } finally { arena.clear() } val x = arena.alloc() val y = arena.alloc() val n = arena.alloc() val data = stbi_load(filePath, ? ? ? , , , 0) stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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} private val pointer: CPointer / / unsigned char * init { } val data = stbi_load(filePath, pointer = data ?. reinterpret() ?: throw Exception("Failed to read image from file: $filePath") val arena = Arena() try { } finally { arena.clear() } val x = arena.alloc() val y = arena.alloc() val n = arena.alloc() , , , 0) x.ptr y.ptr n.ptr stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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} } val data = stbi_load(filePath, pointer = data ?. reinterpret() ?: throw Exception("Failed to read image from file: $filePath") } finally { arena.clear() } val x = arena.alloc() val y = arena.alloc() val n = arena.alloc() , , , 0) x.ptr y.ptr n.ptr width = x.value height = y.value channels = n.value stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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} } ?: throw Exception("Failed to read image from file: $filePath") } finally { arena.clear() } width = x.value height = y.value channels = n.value override fun getPixel(x: Int, y: Int): Color { } stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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} } } finally { arena.clear() } height = y.value channels = n.value override fun getPixel(x: Int, y: Int): Color { } val pixelOffset = (x + y * width) * channels return Color( r = pointer[pixelOffset + 0], g = pointer[pixelOffset + 1], b = pointer[pixelOffset + 2], a = pointer[pixelOffset + 3], ) stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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} } val pixelOffset = (x + y * width) * channels return Color( r = pointer[pixelOffset + 0], g = pointer[pixelOffset + 1], b = pointer[pixelOffset + 2], a = pointer[pixelOffset + 3], ) stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb fun close() { stbi_image_free(pointer) }

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class StbImage internal constructor(filePath: String) : Image { override val width: Int override val height: Int private val pointer: CPointer / / unsigned char * init { val data = stbi_load(filePath, pointer = data ?. reinterpret() ?: throw Exception("Failed to read image from file: $filePath") val arena = Arena() try { val x = arena.alloc() val y = arena.alloc() val n = arena.alloc() , , , 0) x.ptr y.ptr n.ptr width = x.value height = y.value stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb

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Dependencies Static Dynamic stb_image libpng

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libpng http://www.libpng.org/

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libpng http://www.libpng.org/ libpng is the of f icial PNG reference library.

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libpng http://www.libpng.org/

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libpng http://www.libpng.org/ # libpng.def headers = png.h headerFilter = png.h package = libpng compilerOpts.osx = -I/usr/local/include -I/opt/homebrew/include/libpng16 compilerOpts.linux = -I/usr/include/libpng -I/usr/include/libpng16 linkerOpts.osx = -L/usr/local/lib -L/opt/homebrew/lib -lpng linkerOpts.linux = -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -lpng

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class PNGImage(val filePath: String) : Image { private val arena = Arena() private val data: CPointer override val width: Int override val height: Int init { val loadArena = Arena() try { val realPath = memScoped { val tmp = allocArray(PATH_MAX) realpath(filePath, tmp) tmp.toKString() } val fp = fopen(realPath, "rb") ?: error("Failed to open file pointer at $realPath") libpng http://www.libpng.org/

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private fun getChannel(x: Int, y: Int, channel: Int): UByte { val pixelOffset = (x + y * width) * 4 return data[pixelOffset + channel] } override fun getPixel(x: Int, y: Int): Color = Color( r = getChannel(x, y, 0), g = getChannel(x, y, 0), b = getChannel(x, y, 0), a = getChannel(x, y, 0), ) fun close() { arena.clear() } } libpng http://www.libpng.org/

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Dependencies Static Dynamic stb_image libpng

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Dependencies Static Dynamic stb_image libpng JVM ImageIO

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ImageIO javax.image

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ImageIO javax.image private class BufferedImageWrapper( override fun getPixel(x: Int, y: Int): Color = delegate.getRGB(x, y).let( :: Color) ) : Image { private val delegate: BufferedImage / / JVM override val width: Int = delegate.width override val height: Int = delegate.height }

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Dependencies Static Dynamic stb_image libpng JVM ImageIO

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Performance

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Performance Static Dynamic stb_image libpng

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stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png Starting to load first image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 96ms Starting to load second image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 95ms Starting comparison Finished comparison in 1609ms Images are different 222407 pixels are different Time: 1811ms Differences: 222407 (8.044234%) FAIL

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Performance Static Dynamic stb_image libpng

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Performance Static Dynamic stb_image libpng Load: 95ms Comparison: 1609ms

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⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png Starting to load first image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 43ms Starting to load second image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 43ms Starting comparison Finished comparison in 1602ms Images are different 149973 pixels are different Time: 1712ms Differences: 149973 (5.424371%) FAIL libpng http://www.libpng.org/

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Performance Static Dynamic stb_image libpng Load: 95ms Comparison: 1609ms

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Performance Static Dynamic stb_image libpng Load: 95ms Comparison: 1609ms Load: 43ms Comparison: 1602ms

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Performance Static Dynamic JVM ImageIO stb_image libpng Load: 95ms Comparison: 1609ms Load: 43ms Comparison: 1602ms

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⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png Starting to load first image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 136ms Starting to load second image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 77ms Starting comparison Finished comparison in 188ms Images are different 222407 pixels are different Time: 407ms Differences: 222407 (8.044234%) FAIL ImageIO javax.image

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⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png Starting to load first image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 136ms Starting to load second image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 77ms Starting comparison Finished comparison in 188ms Images are different 222407 pixels are different Time: 407ms Differences: 222407 (8.044234%) FAIL ImageIO javax.image Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 136ms Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 77ms

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⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png Starting to load first image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 136ms Starting to load second image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 77ms Starting comparison Finished comparison in 188ms Images are different 222407 pixels are different Time: 407ms Differences: 222407 (8.044234%) FAIL ImageIO javax.image Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 136ms Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 77ms Finished comparison in 188ms

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Performance Static Dynamic JVM ImageIO stb_image libpng Load: 95ms Comparison: 1609ms Load: 43ms Comparison: 1602ms

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Performance Static Dynamic JVM ImageIO stb_image libpng Load: 95ms Comparison: 1609ms Load: 43ms Comparison: 1602ms Load: ~110ms Comparison: 188ms

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Distribution

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Executable Executable Distribution Static Dynamic Operating System

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stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ curl -o ./differ https: // example.com/differ

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stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ curl -o ./differ https: // example.com/differ |====================================================>| 100%

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stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ curl -o ./differ https: // example.com/differ |====================================================>| 100% ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png Starting to load first image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 96ms Starting to load second image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 95ms Starting comparison Finished comparison in 1609ms Images are different 222407 pixels are different Time: 1811ms Differences: 222407 (8.044234%)

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stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ curl -o ./differ https: // example.com/differ

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stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ curl -o ./differ https: // example.com/differ-macosArm64

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stb_image https://github.com/nothings/stb ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ curl -o ./differ https: // example.com/differ-macosArm64 ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ curl -o ./differ https: // example.com/differ-macosX86 or

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Executable Executable Distribution Static Dynamic Operating System

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⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png libpng http://www.libpng.org/

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⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png ./differ: error while loading shared libraries: libpng16.so.16: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ libpng http://www.libpng.org/ sudo dnf install -y libpng Doing things and working hard ... ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ -- verbose cat.png cat-bad.png Starting to load first image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 43ms Starting to load second image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 43ms Starting comparison Finished comparison in 1602ms Images are different

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Executable Executable Distribution Static Dynamic Operating System

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Distribution Static JVM Executable Operating System Executable Dynamic

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Distribution Static Dynamic JVM Executable Operating System Executable Executable

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ImageIO javax.image ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ java \

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ImageIO javax.image ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ java \ -classpath $APP_HOME/lib/cli-jvm-0.0.2-SNAPSHOT.jar:$APP_HOME/lib/ kotlinx-io-0.1.16.jar:$APP_HOME/lib/differ-jvm-0.0.2-SNAPSHOT.jar: $APP_HOME/lib/kotlinx-cli-jvm-0.3.4.jar:$APP_HOME/lib/kotlin-stdlib- jdk8-1.8.0.jar:$APP_HOME/lib/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7-1.8.0.jar:$APP_HOME/lib/ kotlin-stdlib-1.8.0.jar:$APP_HOME/lib/kotlin-stdlib-common-1.8.0.jar: $APP_HOME/lib/atomicfu-common-0.14.1.jar:$APP_HOME/lib/ annotations-13.0.jar \

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ImageIO javax.image ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ java -jar cli-jvm-0.0.2.jar \ - - verbose cat.png cat-bad.png

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ImageIO javax.image ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./gradlew tasks

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ImageIO javax.image ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./gradlew tasks . . . Distribution tasks ------------------ assembleDist - Assembles the main distributions distTar - Bundles the project as a distribution. distZip - Bundles the project as a distribution. installDist - Installs the project as a distribution as-is. . . .

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ImageIO javax.image

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ImageIO javax.image

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- - verbose cat.png cat-bad.png ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./differ ImageIO javax.image

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- - verbose cat.png cat-bad.png ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./bin/cli ImageIO javax.image

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- - verbose cat.png cat-bad.png ⬢[rharter@toolbox differ]$ ./bin/cli Starting to load first image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat.png in 136ms Starting to load second image: ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png Loaded ./differ/src/commonTest/resources/cat-bad.png in 77ms Starting comparison Finished comparison in 188ms Images are different 222407 pixels are different Time: 407ms Differences: 222407 (8.044234%) FAIL ImageIO javax.image

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Conclusion

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Conclusion

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Conclusion • Native dependencies are easier

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Conclusion • Native dependencies are easier

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Conclusion • Native dependencies are easier • Native performance is always better

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Conclusion • Native dependencies are easier • Native performance is always better

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Conclusion • Native dependencies are easier • Native performance is always better • Native distribution is easier

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Conclusion • Native dependencies are easier • Native performance is always better • Native distribution is easier

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Conclusion • Native dependencies are easier • Native performance is always better • Native distribution is easier • You should test your assumptions to see what works for you

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Kotlin/Native CLIs Ryan Harter @[email protected]