Demystifying Co, Contra, In Kotlin A Lightning Presentation (support slides 2023) By João Esperancinha (2024/03/15) 

Who am I? ● Software Engineer for 10+ years ● Java, Kotlin, Scala, Groovy, Clojure ● Studied at ISEL Lisboa in Computer Science and Telecom Engineering ● Spring Professional 2020 ● OCP11 ● Kong Champion 

Variances The ability to establish hierarchies between complex types. Example: is a list of credit cards the same as a list of cards and vice-versa? Sounds logic that a list of credit cards is also a list of cards, but is it? 

Covariance ● Easy to understand ● Intuitive ● Restrictive 

Covariance abstract class DrinksService { protected val database by lazy { HashMap() } fun sendDrink(drink: DRINK) = run { database[UUID.randomUUID()] = drink } abstract fun getBox(): BOX } open class Box open class CardboardBox : Box() open class PlasticBox : Box() DrinkService is covariant to Box! 

Covariance val coldDrinksBoxService: DrinksService = object: DrinksService() { override fun getBox(): FamilyBox { TODO("Not yet implemented") } } DrinkService is covariant to Box! Will this compile? Yes! Because of covariance DrinksService Is seen as a subclass of: DrinksService 👍 

Covariance val coldDrinksFamilyBoxService: DrinksService = object: DrinksService() { override fun getBox(): Box { TODO("Not yet implemented") } } DrinkService is covariant to Box! Will this compile? No! Because of covariance DrinksService Is NOT seen as a subclass of: DrinksService 👎 

Contravariance ● Hard to understand ● Counter intuitive ● Restrictive 

Covariance abstract class DrinksService { protected val database by lazy { HashMap() } fun sendDrink(drink: DRINK) = run { database[UUID.randomUUID()] = drink } abstract fun getBox(): BOX } open class Drink open class WarmDrink : Drink() open class ColdDrink : Drink() DrinkService is contravariant to Drink! 

Contravariance val drinksFamilyBoxService: DrinksService = object : DrinksService() { override fun getBox(): FamilyBox { TODO("Not yet implemented") } } DrinkService is contravariant to Drink! Will this compile? Yes! Because of contravariance DrinksService Is seen as a subclass of: DrinksService 👍 

Covariance val coldDrinksFamilyBoxService: DrinksService = object : DrinksService() { override fun getBox(): FamilyBox { TODO("Not yet implemented") } } DrinkService is contravariant to Drink! Will this compile? No! Because of contravariance DrinksService Is not seen as a subclass of: DrinksService 👎 

Contravariance can be very counterintuitive to understand but essentially in common words, it means that the combination with a certain complex type will still result in a composed generic type in this case a DrinksService. The idea is that the resulting composed type will have its own hierarchy and that can move along or against the original hierarchy of its individual contained types. And so Drinks service is covariant to BOX, but contravariant to DRINK. Therefore naturally if covariant, then the type makes only sense to use as an output and thus the modifier out. In the same if contravariant, then it only make sense to use that generic type as input and thus in. 

In Java ● Same implementation ● Same rules ● A bit more code 

In Java - The Drinks Service public class DrinksServiceJava { private final Map database = new HashMap<>(); public void sendDrink(DRINK drink) { database.put(UUID.randomUUID(), drink); } @SuppressWarnings("unused") public BOX getBox(Function drinks) { return drinks.apply(database.remove(database.keySet().stream().findFirst().orElseThrow())); } } 

In Java - Service initialization DrinksServiceJava drinksFamilyBoxService = new DrinksServiceJava(); DrinkService is contravariant to Drink! DrinkService is covariant to Box! Different Language Different Syntax The same stuff 

Resources ● https://kotlinlang.org ● https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin.re flect/-k-type-projection/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D50Cluc2Vp4 

Resources ● Source Repository ○ https://github.com/jesperancinha/asnsei-the-right-waf ● Location Directory: ○ https://github.com/jesperancinha/asnsei-the-right-waf/tree/main/demo-projects/drinks-manager Use git clone from the command prompt to download the full code base: > git clone https://github.com/jesperancinha/asnsei-the-right-waf.git You’ll be prompted for a username and password which should be your github account. > cd /demo-projects/drinks-manager The easy way: > make b > make run The manual way: > gradle build > ./gradlew run 

About me ● Homepage - https://joaofilipesabinoesperancinha.nl ● LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/joaoesperancinha/ ● YouTube - JESPROTECH ■ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzS_JK7QsZ7ZH-zTc5kBX_g ■ https://www.youtube.com/@jesprotech ● Bluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/jesperancinha.bsky.social ● Mastodon - https://masto.ai/@jesperancinha ● GitHub - https://github.com/jesperancinha ● Hackernoon - https://hackernoon.com/u/jesperancinha ● DevTO - https://dev.to/jofisaes ● Medium - https://medium.com/@jofisaes 

Questions? 

Thank you!