Lecture 2: CSCI E-1 Spring 2013

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Computer Science E-1 Lecture 2: Hardware

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From last time...

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Pre-requisites

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Pre-requisites

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Math

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Math

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CPU RAM Hard Drive

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CPU

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Instruction Set

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Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM

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Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM • arithmetic: add two numbers

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Instruction Set • data: read/write data from RAM • arithmetic: add two numbers • control ﬂow: where do we go next?

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Pipeline

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Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction

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Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine which instruction was fetched

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Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine which instruction was fetched • execute: run the instruction

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Pipeline • fetch: get the next instruction • decode: determine which instruction was fetched • execute: run the instruction • writeback: store the result (if necessary)

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Fetch 0000001001010011

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Decode 0000001001010011 Add 5 3

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Decode Add 5 + 3

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Execute 5 + 3 = 8

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Writeback

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Parallelism

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Superscalar

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Multi-core

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Counting Candy

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1. Start with a total of 0 2. For each piece in the pile, add 1 to total 3. Remember that piece was counted

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1. Find 4 friends 2. Divide candy among friends 3. Friends count at same time

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Four times as fast!

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Four times as fast!

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1. Find 4 friends 2. Divide candy among friends 3. Friends count at same time 4. Add up friends’ totals

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More friends!

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Not faster :(

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1. Pair up, add totals together 2. One friend goes home, other remembers total 3. Repeat until counted

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Much faster!

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CPU Performance

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“Megahertz Myth”

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http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=PKF9GOE2q38

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CPU RAM Hard Drive

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Memory

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Byte B 8 bits Kilobyte KB 1000 bytes Megabyte MB 1000000 bytes (1000 KB) Gigabyte GB 1000000000 bytes (1000 MB) Terabyte TB 1000000000000 bytes (1000 GB)

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Byte B Kilobyte KB Megabyte MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB

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Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Megabyte MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB

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Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte MB Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB

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Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Terabyte TB

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Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Movie Terabyte TB

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Byte B Character of text Kilobyte KB Word document Megabyte MB MP3 song Gigabyte GB Movie Terabyte TB 250,000 songs

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Registers

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RAM

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00000000000000000000010100111001 101 102 103 104

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Big-Endian

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00111001000001010000000000000000 104 103 102 101

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Little-Endian

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Cache

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CPU RAM Hard Drive

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Hard Disk Drive

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http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=kdmLvl1n82U

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Filesystems

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HDD Performance • seek time: position platters and read-write head • data rate: transfer data to motherboard

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Solid State Drive

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http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=j84eEjP-RL4

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Flash Memory

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Virtual Memory

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Capacity

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L1 cache 64 kilobytes L2 cache 8 megabytes 1 MB from RAM 4 gigabytes 1 MB from SSD 256 gigabytes 1 MB from HDD 1 terabyte

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Performance

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L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

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L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

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L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

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L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

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L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 week 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds

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L1 cache 0.5 nanoseconds blink of an eye L2 cache 7 nanoseconds 4 seconds 1 MB from RAM 0.25 milliseconds 2 days 1 MB from SSD 1 millisecond 1 week 1 MB from HDD 20 milliseconds 4.5 months

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Shopping!

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Factors to Consider • display • weight • resolution • CPU cores • CPU cache size • RAM size • storage capacity • HDD / SSD • peripherals • keyboard

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Summary

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CPU • instruction set • pipeline • parallelism • superscalar • multi-core • clock speed • Moore’s Law • Megahertz Myth

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Memory • byte, kilobyte, megabyte • registers • RAM • addressing • big-endian, little-endian • caching • L1 cache, L2 cache, L3 cache • hard disk drive • platters, tracks, sectors • read-write heads • ﬁle allocation table • seek time, data rate • solid state drive • ﬂash memory

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Computer Science E-1 Lecture 2: Hardware