Arduino Workshop 101 - Speaker Deck

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en-1.3 Arduino 101 First steps in hardware hacking

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Program • Introductions • What can you do with Arduinos? • First circuit: Blink • Coding Dojo with Arduino • ABCofE: ABC of Electronics • Tra!c light circuit • Wrapping up 2 ☈ ☈ ☈

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Introductions 3

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Luciano Ramalho • Consultant, teacher and speaker specializing in the Python language 4

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Luciano Ramalho • Self-taught programmer since 1978 • BASIC, ASM Z-80, Pascal, C, C++, Smalltalk, Perl, Java, Python, JavaScript, Ruby... • Bachelors degree in Library and Information Sciences from ECA/USP • Art and Programming Workshop (PSI-2615) at Poli/USP with Prof. Etienne Delacroix 5

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Luciano Ramalho • Owner and teacher of O"cinas Turing • Partner and instructor at Python.pro.br • Founding member of Garoa Hacker Clube Turing.com.br oﬁcinas 6

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Introduce yourselves • Find out the name, interests and hobbies of the people near you • Ask and tell your neighbors: • Why are you interested in Arduinos? • Do you have a project in mind? 5 minutes 7

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Census • Who knows a lot about electronics? • Who knows something about electronics? • Who knows a lot about programming? • Who knows something about programming? 8

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Census nothing some a lot 3 2 2 0 2 3 0 1 0 LR Electronics Programming nothing some a lot 9

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What can you do with Arduinos? 10

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RepRap 3D printer Open hardware Self-replicating!

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Open hardware • Open hardware: free and open schematics and software + o#-the-shelf or home made components • Arduino is open hardware: copying is legal • Use of the Arduino brand: only under license

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Biker turn signal Arduino Lilypad Leah Buechley of MIT

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• Breathalyzer-Microphone www.instructables.com/id/Breathalyzer-Microphone/ • Guitar Pedal www.instructables.com/id/Lo-"-Arduino-Guitar-Pedal/ • Balancing Robot (inspired by Segway) hacknmod.com/hack/make-a-mini-segway-using-the-arduino/ • High-speed photography trigger hacknmod.com/hack/high-speed-photography-how-to-trigger- using-arduino/ • Home automation www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-build-home-automation-system- raspberry-pi-and-arduino/ Simple projects 14

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15 That’s why the logo is ∞

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Parts 16

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A kit to get started ☐ LEDs ☐ 7-segment display ☐ 9g micro-servo ☐ Arduino compatible board ☐ USB cable Controller ☐ Breadboard ☐ Male-male jumpers ☐ Assorted resistors ☐ Push-button ☐ Potentiometer ☐ LDR (light sensor) ☐ Re!ective optical sensor ☐ Temperature sensor Basic parts Output devices Input devices 17

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Arduino Uno R3 • Development board with ATmega328 microcontroller and auxliliary circuits • Client USB interface (device) • On-board voltage regulator for 7-12V (recommended) 18

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Arduino: power in • From USB: 5V • 7 to 12V DC adapter • Vin and GND : 7 to 12V DC 5V via USB 7 to 12V DC 19 GND, Vin

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Arduino: power out • 3.3 V and 5 V (+) • GND: ground (-) • Vin: directly from external supply 7 a 12 V (+) 20 Power pins The word “pin” is often used to refer to holes where pins are connected

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Input/output pins 14 digital input/ output pins: 0...13 6 analog input pins: A0...A5 6 with Pulse Width Modulation: PWM ʙ 21

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Inputs × outputs • Inputs: buttons, knobs, sensors etc. • Outputs: lights, motors, displays, buzzers etc. 22 ☐ LEDs ☐ 7-segment display ☐ 9g micro-servo ☐ Push-button ☐ Potentiometer ☐ LDR (light sensor) ☐ Re!ective optical sensor ☐ Temperature sensor Output devices Input devices

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Breadboard • Known in Brazil as “protoboard” • Available in di#erent sizes: • 830 points • 400 points • etc. pictured: 400 points 23

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Conections inside a regular breadboard power lines numbered columns 24

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Note: each part connects to two or more columns ...or connects one column to a power line

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Quiz: can I plug it like this? live examples by the teacher using the projection screen... 27

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LED • Light-emitting diode • Polarized component: must be connected in the right direction 28

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LED: light-emitting diode • + lead (longer) connects to power source • % lead (shortest) connects to ground • Connect to resistor in series to protect from excessive current notch 29

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LED: basic circuit Current-limiting resistor according to LED specs 30

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LED RGB • 3 LEDs (red, green, blue) in a single component 31

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Resistors • Sold in tapes to feed machines in assembly lines 32

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What is a resistor? • It reduces current • No polarity: may be connected either way • Rated in Ohms (Ω) • Symbols in schematics: 33

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A small detour to understand why we need resistors 34

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Voltage, current & resistance 35

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Feel the power 36 Chap. 1, p. 5

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Voltage • Unit: Volt (V) • Symbol in formulae: V 9 V 37

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Resistance • Unit: Ohm (Ω) • Symbol in formulae: R 7mm of tongue ≈ 330 Ω 38

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Current • Unit: Ampère (A) • Symbol in formulae: I • 6.241 × 1018 electrons per second 9 V ÷ 330 Ω ≈ 0.027 A 27 mA 39

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Examples of current Hearing aid 0.7 mA 0.0007 A Cheap cell phone charger 500 mA 0.5 A Tablet charger 2.1 A 2.1 A Toaster (@120V) 16 A 16 A Automobile starter motor 120 A 120 A 40

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Ohm’s Law V = I × R I = V / R R = V / I I V R 41

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Back to the resistor... 42

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Resistor: color code 33 x 101 = 330 Ω 43

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Resistor: color code 330Ω with 5% tolerance: from 313Ω to 346Ω 44

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Resistor: standard values E12 series of IEC 60063 standard (for 10% tolerance) 45

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Resistor: examples 330 Ω 1 kΩ 10 kΩ 1 MΩ 46

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Suitable resistors for LEDs • In practice, to protect a simple LED in a temporary circuit, a 500 Ω resistor will do • To determine the ideal resistor for an LED, use Ohm’s Law (source_voltage − led_voltage_drop) R = led_current

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Formula terms • Source voltage: circuit voltage; for Arduino digital pins that is 5V • LED voltage drop: voltage drop between LED leads, given as “forward voltage”, “voltage drop” or “forward supply” • LED current: “forward current”; 20mA is a common value (20/1000 or .02 in formula) (source_voltage − led_voltage_drop) R = led_current

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Example 49 (3 − 2.2) R = = 40 20/1000 LED (green 570nm): fwd. voltage = 2.2V current = 20mA

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RadioShack RGB 5mm LED • Arduino UNO voltage = 5V • Red LED voltage drop: 2V • Red LED current: 50mA • Ideal resistor: 60Ω • Real resistor: 68Ω 50 (5 − 2) R = = 60 50/1000

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First circuit 51

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First circuit: blink 52

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Longer lead (+) To pin 13 GND pin “ground” (-) 53 First circuit: blink

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First circuit: blink

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Programming 56

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Arduino IDE • Easy to use editor, based on Processing.org, designed for artists 57 arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

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Language • C++, simpli"ed 58

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Structure comments 59 Consider the comments in Portuguese a bonus: they make it easy to tell what is C++ and what is not

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comments 60 Structure variable declaration

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comments 61 Structure variable declaration function definitions

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comments variable declaration 62 function definitions function call Structure

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Logic 63 Arduino runs the setup() function once after a reset

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Logic 64 The led pin is configured for output

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Logic 65 Arduino runs the loop() function over and over, as fast as it can

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Logic 66 digitalWrite changes the state of a digital pin: HIGH is 5V, LOW is 0V

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Logic 67 Where would you change the code to control an LED connected to pin #8?

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Logic 68 Where would you change the code to change the flashing speed?

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Syntax 69 instruction blocks are delimited by {...}

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70 editor highlights pairs of {...}, (...) and [...] Syntax

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71 editor colorizes the code to help reading and debugging it Syntax

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C++ syntax tips • Every statement ends with ; (semicolon) • Each comma and semicolon counts, but spaces and line breaks are ignored • Upper case ≠ lower case • ex. Alpha ≠ alpha ≠ ALPHA 72

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Coding Dojo with Arduino Slides at http://bit.ly/dojo-mozilla 73

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Arduino & co. 74

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Arduino Family Nano Uno Mega etc... 75 Lilypad

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The UNO microcontroller: Atmel ATmega328 • “AVR” family • clock: 16 MHz • SRAM: 2 KB • EEPROM: 1 KB • Flash: 32 KB 76

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Inputs and outputs of the ATmega328 • 28 pins total • 23 multi-function pins 77 datasheet diagram This is why the holes in the Arduino connectors are called “pins”: each hole connects to a real pin in the microcontroller.

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• Pin functions: standardized and simpli"ed • Easier to learn • Easier to design compatible expansions 78 Inputs and outputs of the Arduino UNO

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Shields 79 Arduino with two stacked shields • Expansion boards • Some examples: • Ethernet, Wi-Fi, motor driver, acelerometer, GPS, LCD touch screen...

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Shields 80 5 stacked shields! • More examples: • GPRS, NFC/RFID, MIDI sequencer, MP3 decoder, XBee radio, photo camera controller... • Don’t miss: shieldlist.org a database with 317 shields from 127 makers as of March 12, 2014

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Clones and derivatives • Some examples: • Severino • Garagino • Sanguino • Program-ME Severino

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Vídeo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4nIV99RMtg 82 Arduino clone on breadboard video: http:/ /www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4nIV99RMtg

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84 Reset button Voltage regulator LED connected to “pin 13” ATMega328 Power-on LED connects to FTDI adapter for programming via USB 16MHz crystal

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More electronic components 85

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Potentiometer • A.k.a: “pot” • Adjustable resistor • Symbol in schematics: 86

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Potentiometer: how to use 87 Vout • Connect side leads to source and ground • Connect central lead Vout to an analog pin on the Arduino

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LDR or photoresistor • Light Dependent Resistor • Use with resistor to make a voltage divider 88

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Voltage divider circuit 89 Vout

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Reading an LDR • 5V to LDR • 10k Ω resistor in series, to ground • between them: Vout connected to an analog pin (ex. A0) 90

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Tra!c light 1 91

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Tra!c light 1 • Parts: • LEDs: green, yellow, red • 3 suitable resistors • 1 potentiometer • Code: gist.github.com/ramalho/6202074 92

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93 Tra!c light 1

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gist.github.com/ramalho/6202074 code (needs fixing) Tra!c light 1

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gist.github.com/ramalho/6202074

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gist.github.com/ramalho/6202074

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Tra!c light 2 97

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Tra!c light 2 • Replace the potentiometer with an um LDR (light sensor) • To make this work, the LDR must be assembled with a resistor to make a voltage divider 98 LDR

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Tra!c light 2 • Parts: • LEDs: green, yellow, red • 3 suitable resistors • 1 potentiometer • 1 LDR • 1 resistor for the voltage divider 99 LDR

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gist.github.com/ramalho/6202074 same code, changes needed Tra!c light 1

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Additional components 101

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Re)ective optical sensor • Detects near objects (up to 25mm or 1in) • Emitter: infrared LED (invisible light) • Sensor: phototransistor protected against visible light • Use with voltage divider bezel 102

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voltage divider 103 Re)ective optical sensor

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104 reflective optical sensor voltage divider

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7 segment display • 3 digits • model: CPS03631AB • typo: common anode • part number: CPS03631BR-11 pictured: CPS3631AR 105

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11 digital pins needed to control: 8 for LED segments, 3 to select digit

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Schematics from datasheet CPS03631AB 107 anode anode anode 7 segment display

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7 segment display • “Common anode” means: all segments of each digit are attached to the same anode • To select a digit: 5V to the corresponding anode • To light a segment: GND to the corresponding cathode 108

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• Anodes: 5V to pins 8, 9, 12 of the display select the active digit • GND to other pins light up segments A...G and decimal point (dp) 109 7 segment display

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gist.github.com/ramalho/6566651 code: 7 segment display

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Servomotor • Controlled movement in 180° arch • Easy programming using Arduino Servo library • examples included with the Arduino IDE 111

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Servomotor 112 • You may need an external power source just for the servos External power source GND must connect to Arduino GND 5V DC Some servos draw more current than the Arduino can provide

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113 TowerPro SG90 9g servo to external DC adapter 5V, 1A common ground Arduino powered by USB

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Wrapping up 114

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References • O!cial Arduino site: arduino.cc • Arduino Experimentation Kit: oomlout.com/a/products/ardx • Laboratório de garagem labdegaragem.com • Web: blogs, videos, wikis, diagrams... 115

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arduino.cc • Seções do site 116

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Fritzing.org • Fritzing software download and repository of projects 117

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Some books • Arduino Básico, Novatec • Arduino Cookbook, O’Reilly • Make: Electronics, O’Reilly 118

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Physical shops in São Paulo • Multcomercial, R. dos Timbiras, 257 • Side streets o# and parallel to Santa E"gênia, including junk stores • Laboratório de Garagem, Rua Berta, 60 (metrô Vila Mariana) • Neighborhood shops like Eletrônica Pinheiros, Rua Butantã, 133 119

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Online shops • Laboratório de Garagem: labdegaragem.com • Farnell Newark: farnellnewark.com.br • Adafruit: adafruit.com • Sparkfun: sparkfun.com • Seeedstudio: seeedstudio.com • Many: dx.com, ebay.com (many sellers) seeedstudio with 3 “e”! 120

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Seeedstudio Shield Bot • Line-following robot • Ready to go, only battery assembly is required • Fits an Arduino UNO under the chassics and shields above US $ 69.90 121

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Visit a hackerspace! garoa.net.br 122

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Credits Turing.com.br oﬁcinas 123 • Slides created, compiled and organized by Luciano Ramalho (O"cinas Turing) with the help of many sources • License for use and copying: Creative Commons BY-SA • You may copy and use for any purpose as long as attribution is given and you share derivative works under the same terms