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Visualizing Data Using Data to Tell a Story May 24, 2023 | Virtual | GSA Performance Improvement Council Workshop Series

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2 This presentation was made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The contents in this presentation are the sole responsibility of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, PEPFAR or the United States Government.

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How did we get here? 3

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4 ADMINISTRATOR POWER On A New Vision for Global Development Georgetown University | Nov 2021 “At USAID, in addition to a 25 percent target of our assistance going to local partners, today I’m announcing that by the end of the decade, 50 percent of our programming, at least half of every dollar we spend, will need to place local communities in the lead to either co-design a project, set priorities, drive implementation, or evaluate the impact of our programs.” 4

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5 THE ECONOMIST

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6 THE ECONOMIST “Change is possible. In corners of USAID, greater risk has lead to good results. The President’s Emergency plan for AIDS Relief, a $100bn project reckoned to have saved 25 m lives since 2003, upped the share of funding it hands directly to local groups from 32% in 2018 to 53% in 2021.”

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8 “PEPFAR has prioritized, and made significant progress toward, transitioning a substantial majority of our funding by agency to local partners…” PEPFAR 2022 Annual Report to Congress - State Department

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9 Figure H. Funding Local Partners for Sustainable Epidemic Control PEPFAR 2022 Annual Report to Congress - State Department

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10 What makes a good government visualization?

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18 Figure H. Funding Local Partners for Sustainable Epidemic Control PEPFAR 2022 Annual Report to Congress - State Department

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19 What makes a good government visualization? It depends.

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SESSION PRESENTERS 21 AARON Chafetz Senior Economist [email protected] TIM Essam Senior Data Scientist [email protected] US Agency for International Development Bureau for Global Health | Office of HIV/AIDS | Strategic Information Branch

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22 PEPFAR US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

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23 SESSION AUDIENCE Do you create or consume visuals? What is your favorite chart type? Does your agency have guidance on what makes a good visual?

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Takeaways 24

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Bottom Line Up Front (BLUF) ● Be intentional ● Be guided by a central question ● Be patient, good visualization takes time 25

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Learning Objectives 26 ● Understand the benefits of visualizing and exploring data ● Be able to identify problems with a visualization ● Discover how text can enhance visualizations ● Feel comfortable with data visualization principles

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Why visualize data? 27

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28 How many 4s are in the visual? Adapted from An Economist's Guide to Visualizing Data - Jon Schwabish

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29 8 8 2 7 5 4 6 1 5 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 8 1 4 5 8 1 8 8 0 4 3 8 4 7 6 7 3 6 0 7 0 1 8 5 How many 4s are in the visual? Adapted from An Economist's Guide to Visualizing Data - Jon Schwabish

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30 8 8 2 7 5 4 6 1 5 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 8 1 4 5 8 1 8 8 0 4 3 8 4 7 6 7 3 6 0 7 0 1 8 5 How many 4s are in the visual? Adapted from An Economist's Guide to Visualizing Data - Jon Schwabish

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31 8 8 2 7 5 4 6 1 5 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 8 1 4 5 8 1 8 8 0 4 3 8 4 7 6 7 3 6 0 7 0 1 8 5 These are 4s. What we typically see How many 4s are in the visual? Adapted from An Economist's Guide to Visualizing Data - Jon Schwabish

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These choices aren’t random; there are good reasons graphics teams do what they do Covid response hampered by population data glitches - FT/Oliver Barnes & John Burn-Murdoch 32

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Better Data Visualizations - Jon Schwabish Preattentive attributes 33

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34 8 8 2 7 5 4 6 1 5 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 8 1 4 5 8 1 8 8 0 4 3 8 4 7 6 7 3 6 0 7 0 1 8 5 There are 6 fours in the visual below. How many 4s are in the visual? Adapted from An Economist's Guide to Visualizing Data - Jon Schwabish

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35 “Effective graphics avoid taxing working memory, guide attention, and respect familiar conventions” -Franconeri et al., 2021

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36 Do PEPFAR graphics typically adhere to these principles?

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37 x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4 10 10 10 8 8.04 9.14 7.46 6.58 8 8 8 8 6.95 8.14 6.77 5.76 13 13 13 8 7.58 8.74 12.74 7.71 9 9 9 8 8.81 8.77 7.11 8.84 11 11 11 8 8.33 9.26 7.81 8.47 14 14 14 8 9.96 8.1 8.84 7.04 6 6 6 8 7.24 6.13 6.08 5.25 4 4 4 19 4.26 3.1 5.39 12.5 12 12 12 8 10.84 9.13 8.15 5.56 7 7 7 8 4.82 7.26 6.42 7.91 5 5 5 8 5.68 4.74 5.73 6.89 Average 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 Variance 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 St. Dev. 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

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38 x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4 10 10 10 8 8.04 9.14 7.46 6.58 8 8 8 8 6.95 8.14 6.77 5.76 13 13 13 8 7.58 8.74 12.74 7.71 9 9 9 8 8.81 8.77 7.11 8.84 11 11 11 8 8.33 9.26 7.81 8.47 14 14 14 8 9.96 8.1 8.84 7.04 6 6 6 8 7.24 6.13 6.08 5.25 4 4 4 19 4.26 3.1 5.39 12.5 12 12 12 8 10.84 9.13 8.15 5.56 7 7 7 8 4.82 7.26 6.42 7.91 5 5 5 8 5.68 4.74 5.73 6.89 Average 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 Variance 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 St. Dev. 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

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Why annotate data? 40

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41 Visualization is about text too!

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42 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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44 “Titles and supporting text should convey the message of a visualization” -Borkin et al., 2015

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Measles 45

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52 Wall Street Journal: Battling Infectious Diseases in the 20th Century: The Impact of Vaccines

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53 Wall Street Journal: Battling Infectious Diseases in the 20th Century: The Impact of Vaccines

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Workflow Process 60

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61 Photo by Sonja Langford on Unsplash

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62 What Questions to Ask When Creating Charts - Lisa Charlotte Muth

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63 Kudos and criticisms Plot A Plot B

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64 Good data viz is iterative and happens behind the scenes

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1 65 1 Good data viz is iterative and happens behind the scenes

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1 2 66 1 Good data viz is iterative and happens behind the scenes

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1 3 2 67 1 Good data viz is iterative and happens behind the scenes

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1 4 3 2 68 1 Good data viz is iterative and happens behind the scenes

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1 5 4 3 2 69 1 Good data viz is iterative and happens behind the scenes

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1 6 5 4 3 2 70 1 Good data viz is iterative and happens behind the scenes

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71 Truth Truth Truth @visualizevalue [2022-05-09]

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“ 72 Do No Harm Guide - J. Schwabish and A. Feng | Institute ● Use people-first language ● Order labels and responses purposefully ● Carefully consider colors, icons, and shapes ”

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Key Principles 73

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74 Declutter and Focus: Empirically Evaluating Design Guidelines for Effective Data Communication - Ajani et al., 2022 Cluttered

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75 Decluttered Declutter and Focus: Empirically Evaluating Design Guidelines for Effective Data Communication - Ajani et al., 2022

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76 Focused Declutter and Focus: Empirically Evaluating Design Guidelines for Effective Data Communication - Ajani et al., 2022

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77 Sort your data Use color judiciously Declutter and focus Use text to reinforce

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78 Intentional Ordering OHA Data Visualization Style Guide

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79 Intentional Color Use OHA Data Visualization Style Guide

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80 Avoid Clutter - 1 OHA Data Visualization Style Guide

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81 Avoid Clutter - 2 OHA Data Visualization Style Guide

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82 Add Clarifying Details OHA Data Visualization Style Guide

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83 Subtle Annotations OHA Data Visualization Style Guide

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84 Convey Message/Context OHA Data Visualization Style Guide

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Remake 85

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86 PEPFAR Annual Report to Congress 2022 “PEPFAR has prioritized, and made significant progress toward, transitioning a substantial majority of our funding by agency to local partners”

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87 PEPFAR Annual Report to Congress 2022

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88 Sorted Colors Clutter Title Labels Axes

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89 Sorted Colors Clutter Title Labels Axes

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90 Sorted Colors Clutter Title Labels Axes

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91 Sorted Colors Clutter Title Labels Axes

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92 Sorted Colors Clutter Title Labels Axes

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93 Sorted Colors Clutter Title Labels Axes

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94 Sorted Colors Clutter Title Labels Axes

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95 Sorted Colors Clutter Title Labels Axes Four operating units achieved USAIDʼs 70% goal Local partner share of budget 70% goal All of these operating units fell short of the 70% of goal.

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96 “PEPFAR has prioritized, and made significant progress toward, transitioning a substantial majority of our funding by agency to local partners”

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97 Sorted Colors Clutter Title Labels Axes Four operating units achieved USAIDʼs 70% goal Local partner share of budget 70% goal All of these operating units fell short of the 70% of goal. “PEPFAR has prioritized, and made significant progress toward, transitioning a substantial majority of our funding by agency to local partners”

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98 IN FY21, 10 OPERATING UNITS ALLOCATED OVER 50% OF BUDGET TO LOCAL PARTNERS

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Where to get started? 99

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104 OHA Data Visualization Cheatsheet

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105 Financial Times Visual Vocabulary

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106 OHA Data Visualization Cheatsheet

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107 What Questions to Ask When Creating Charts - Lisa Charlotte Muth

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108 OHA Data Visualization Style Guide

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109 OHA Data Visualization Style Guide

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Data Wrapper 110 OHA Style Guide Do No Harm Guide Adobe Color colorbrewer viz-palette Click any box for a link to the resource Color Brewer Color Palettes

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111 Click any box for a link to the resource MS Palettes Excel Hacks Excel Data Viz Open Source Tools R & Rstudio Tableau Tutorials

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Recall Test ● How many 4s were in the visual at the beginning? ● Pick the three states with the largest measles outbreaks in the 1930s and 1940s? (bonus: what year was the measle vaccine first introduced?) ● How many countries / operating units had more than 70% of local partner funding? 112

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Recapping our Bottom Line ● Be intentional ● Be guided by a central question ● Be patient, good visualization takes time 113 Aaron Chafetz [email protected] Tim Essam [email protected]

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114 Viva Magenta 18-1750 Color of the Year 2023 PANTONE COLOR Outfit abcdef ABCDEF 123456 Google Fonts TYPEFACE

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115 Notes and Attributions ● Gestalt Principles - https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/gestalt-principles ● 1.3.3 Gestalt rules from Kieran Healy's Data Visualization - https://socviz.co/lookatdata.html ● DatasauRus Package - https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/datasauRus/vignettes/Datasaurus.html ● What Questions to Ask When Creating Charts - https://blog.datawrapper.de/better-charts/ ● How We’ve Learned Data Viz, and Why You May Want To Do It Differently - https://medium.com/nightingale/how-weve-learned-data-viz-and-why-you-may-want-to-do-it-differently-ec1267bd39b2 ● PEPFAR Annual Report to Congress - https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/PEPFAR2022.pdf ● Graphic design has rules, and they work … - https://twitter.com/MR_RO_BO_T/status/1533517961377587201 ● #RotateTheDamnPlot - https://twitter.com/ikashnitsky/status/1521960898440613889?s=20&t=rxuGq6l-O8BMdYDG-zzw9A ● bar charts and dot plots and line graphs, oh my! - https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/bar-charts-and-dot-plots-and-line-graphs-oh-my ● Examples from: Three Simple Flexible tools for Empowered Data Visualization - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W02ZlvulHSY ● OHA Style Guide - https://issuu.com/achafetz/docs/oha_styleguide ● Better Visualizations - Jon Schwabish ● Covid response hampered by population data glitches - Oliver Barnes & John Burn-Murdoch - https://www.ft.com/content/125fbaf8-175a-4e2e-852a-9995ca5176b2 ● M. A. Borkin et al., "Beyond Memorability: Visualization Recognition and Recall," in IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 519-528, 31 Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2015.2467732. ● Franconeri, S. L., Padilla, L. M., Shah, P., Zacks, J. M., & Hullman, J. (2021). The Science of Visual Data Communication: What Works. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 22(3), 110–161. ● Ajani K, Lee E, Xiong C, Knaflic CN, Kemper W, Franconeri S. Declutter and Focus: Empirically Evaluating Design Guidelines for Effective Data Communication. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2022 Oct;28(10):3351-3364. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2021.3068337. Epub 2022 Sep 1. PMID: 33760737.