Stéfane Fermigier Co-founder and board members, APELL Also co-founder and co-president, CNLL, and open source entrepreneur since 2000 How public policies can contribute to the sustainability of the European open source ecosystem (and why they should) OW2Con 2021

• Founded in 2020 • Members = European Industry associations mostly representing the commercial open source ecosystem in their respective European nation states • Current members in: FR, DE, FI, SW, PT, UK. • + Associate members: currently OpenForum Europe

The current context in the EU • F/OSS as an engine for economic growth and jobs creation • F/OSS and digital sovereignty • Some existing policies

https://cnll.fr/media/2019_CNLL-Syntec-Systematic-Open-Source-Study.pdf

Source: Knut Blind (May 2021)

A definition for Digital Sovereignty "Digital sovereignty" has been defined by the French General Secretariat for Defense and National Security (SGDSN) in the 2018 Strategic Cyber Defense Review (p. 93) as: a strategic autonomy in which, without seeking to do everything internally, it is a matter of preserving an autonomous capacity for assessment, decision and action in the digital space. http://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/uploads/2018/02/20180206-np-revue-cyber-public-v3.3-publication.pdf

F/OSS and DS according to the Commission In its Oct 2020 open source plan, the Commission notes that "the open source model has an impact on Europe's digital autonomy. It is likely to give Europe a chance to create and maintain its own independent digital approach to the digital giants in the cloud and allow it to retain control over its processes, information and technology." https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/informatics/open-source-software-strategy_en

CNLL’s 2021 survey Based on a survey of 134 business leaders in the French open source sector: • 93.1% of industry leaders believe that digital sovereignty should be a priority for the economic and democratic future of France and Europe. • But only 29.3% of respondents believe that France is implementing an open source industrial strategy to regain digital sovereignty. • 88.3% of respondents believe that the key principles of open source can help preserve the digital sovereignty of France and Europe Source: https://cnll.fr/media/etude-cnll-2021.pdf

Digital Sovereignty can be a driver for open source growth • 43.2% of French open source companies confirm that their customers recognise open source as a factor of sovereignty • 29.8% have signed new customers on these grounds. • Explaining the added value of open source in terms of sovereignty still requires some pedagogy. Source: https://cnll.fr/media/etude-cnll-2021.pdf ➜ The EU, the State and the regions must define and implement an open source industrial strategy, helping players to become actively involved in the ecosystem, in order to acquire a sovereignty that is also a force (economic, decision-making...) to assert democratic, social and environmental values.

Existing policies across the EU (a sample)

European Commission • The European Commission launched in October 2020 its “think open" plan which aims to "develop software solutions, [taking] into account openness, sharing and reuse, security, privacy, legal issues and accessibility". • But this plan, whose quality and intentions we welcome, is nonetheless limited to the internal IT of the EU institutions, and insufficient for the current challenges. • We believe it must be coordinated with a real economic policy aiming to develop European open source software publishers and integrators, and to support them against the influence of foreign software and cloud players https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/informatics/open-source-software-strategy_en

France - Before 2021 • Circulaire Ayrault (2012): “[…] it is now possible to retain a series of guidelines and recommendations on the proper use of free software. These demonstrated in particular the advantages of free software (lower cost, flexibility of use, negotiation leverage with software vendors).” • Loi République Numérique (2016): “[Public administrations] take care to preserve the control, the durability and the independence of their information systems. They encourage the use of free software and open formats […]” Tactical considerations Strategic considerations

France - 2021 • Mission Logiciels Libres (State OSPO) created by the Circulaire Castex in April, with action plan: • “Develop and facilitate the publication of the administration's source code under an open source licence; • Make better use of open source software in the administration, an action carried out via the "promotion of open source software for administrations" project of the LABEL mission; • Use open source to make the administration more attractive to digital talent, an action carried out by the TALENTS mission.” • (Do you notice what’s lacking ?)

Member states - Germany • Center for digital Sovereignty (ZenDiS) • “The initial focus of ZenDiS shall be on the promotion of OSS in public administration“ • Deutsche Verwaltungscloud Strategie (Strategy for a German Government Cloud) • Focus on open standards and a distributed, federated system, does not mention Open Source explicitly, however • Three Länder have an explicit preference for F/OSS in the public administration: Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen and Thuringia.

Members States - Others • Italy: law mandating the use of open source software by the public administration passed in 2012, with zero impact. The public administration in Italy is now mostly a Microsoft shop. • Sweden: the Agency for Digital Government (DIGG) has published the following policy: “Software that is developed/procured by the agency shall in the normal case be published as open source.”

What needs to be done at the political level ? And how do we achieve this ?

Survey results (CNLL, 2021) The development of an open source European industry, and regulations that encourage the purchase of European F/OSS products and services, particularly from SMEs (“Small Business Act”), are priority levers for regaining sovereignty Promote local purchasing of French and European open source solutions through regulatory tools Support the development of strong European open source companies offering alternative to the hyperscalers Reserve a part of the public order for European SMEs in the free digital sector (Small Business Act) Train more French and European talents in free and open source digital technologies

This is not entirely unheard of (in principle) • SGDSN: "an industrial strategy based on open source, provided that it is part of a thoughtful commercial approach, can enable French or EU companies to re-gain market share and thereby enable France and the EU to regain sovereignty.” • A. de Montchalin: “By accompanying administrations so that they use open source to the best of their ability, I hope that the Free Software Mission will support the French and European economic players in this ecosystem, in particular by taking better account of the criterion of transparency of source codes in public procurement”

What should be done ? • Enforce existing regulations “encouraging”, “preferring” or “mandating” the use of F/OSS in the public administration, add missing ones • Promote the F/OSS ecosystem, including the EU business sector • Finance both innovative and maintenance work, using the proper financial tools

Proposed strategic plan (1/3) Double down on OSPOs • OSPOs everywhere + network of OSPOs • Engagement with the F/OSS EU business ecosystems should be explicit in their mission • One of the OSPOs’ KPIs should be to explicitly increase the proportion of F/OSS in IT purchasing by the public administration they are working for

Proposed strategic plan (2/3) Finance open source work • Increase the proportion of F/OSS (and OSH…) projects in R&D and Innovation financing • Ensure that proper, direct contractualisation with F/OSS SMEs is possible and regularly activated • Ensure that large support contracts, which are usually awarded to large IT companies, provide enough value to SME that create and maintain the software they support • Develop explicit funding schemes for infrastructure software when the contractualisation schemes above are not an option

Proposed strategic plan (3/3) Level the playing field for F/OSS • Promote F/OSS, either specifically (e.g. directories of existing solutions and technologies) or in the context of existing promotion schemes for the tech sector (e.g. “La French Tech”) • Increase awareness around F/OSS in the education and higher education curricula • Ensure adequate legal frameworks: interoperability requirements, public procurement regulations, no software patents, GDPR, etc. • Keep the influence of “big tech” companies at bay

APELL’s current plans • Upcoming joint publication of an article exposing our vision and propositions • National organisations (e.g. CNLL, OSBA…) have been doing this for quite some time • Online event with EU representatives • Push the item on the French presidency’s agenda (S1 2022)

More information • APELL’s website: https://www.apell.info/ • CNLL’s studies and manifestos: https://cnll.fr/ publications/ • OSBA's publications: https://osb-alliance.de/news/ publikationen • Contact (me): sf@fermigier.com or @sfermigier on Twitter