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Introduction to

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@igorwesome

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(

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John McCarthy

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f o r g e t everything y o u k n o w

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(+ 1 2)

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(+ 1 2) l i s t

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(+ 1 2) symbol

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(+ 1 2) number

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(+ 1 2) number

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(+ 1 2) a p p l i c a t i o n

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(+ 1 2) function

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(+ 1 2) arguments

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3

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cons

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car

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first

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cdr

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rest

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(a . b)

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a b

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(a . nil)

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a

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(a . (b . (c . nil)))

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a b c

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(a b c)

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[:a :b :c]

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(first [:a :b :c])

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(first [:a :b :c]) :a

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a b c

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(rest [:a :b :c])

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(rest [:a :b :c]) [:b :c]

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a b c

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(cons :a [:b :c])

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(cons :a [:b :c]) [:a :b :c]

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a b c

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(+ 2 3 5 7 11 13)

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(/ (+ (- b) (math.sqrt (- (math.expt b 2) (* 4 a c)))) (* 2 a)) (/ (- (- b) (math.sqrt (- (math.expt b 2) (* 4 a c)))) (* 2 a))

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5 3.14 "fubar" variable :keyword

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(fn [x] x)

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(fn [x] x) arguments

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(fn [x] x) body

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(def answer 42)

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(def hello (fn [name] (str "Hello " name)))

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(defn hello [name] (str "Hello " name))

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(hello "dpc13")

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll)))))

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll)))))

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll)))))

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll)))))

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll)))))

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll)))))

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll)))))

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(member? :c [:a :b :c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) (member? :c [:b :c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) (member? :c [:b :c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) (member? :c [:b :c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) (member? :c [:b :c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) (member? :c [:b :c :d]) (member? :c [:c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) (member? :c [:b :c :d]) (member? :c [:c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) (member? :c [:b :c :d]) (member? :c [:c :d])

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) (member? :c [:b :c :d]) (member? :c [:c :d]) => true

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) (member? :c [:b :c :d]) => true

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(defn member? [x coll] (cond (empty? coll) false :else (or (= (first coll) x) (member? x (rest coll))))) (member? :c [:a :b :c :d]) => true

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true

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Collections

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Filter

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0 1 2 3 4 even?

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0 1 2 3 4 even? 0

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0 1 2 3 4 even? 0

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0 1 2 3 4 even? 0 2

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0 1 2 3 4 even? 0 2

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0 1 2 3 4 even? 0 2 4

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(filter even? [0 1 2 3 4])

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Map

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0 1 2 3 4 #(+ 5 %)

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0 1 2 3 4 #(+ 5 %) 5

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0 1 2 3 4 #(+ 5 %) 5 6

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0 1 2 3 4 #(+ 5 %) 5 7 6

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0 1 2 3 4 #(+ 5 %) 5 7 6 8

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0 1 2 3 4 #(+ 5 %) 5 7 9 6 8

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(map #(+ 5 %) [0 1 2 3 4])

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Reduce

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3 6 7 9 + 0 running total

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3 6 7 9 + 0 3 running total

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3 6 7 9 + 0 9 3 running total

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3 6 7 9 + 0 9 3 16 running total

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3 6 7 9 + 0 9 25 3 16 running total

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3 6 7 9 + 0 9 25 3 16 running total

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(reduce + 0 [3 6 7 9])

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0 1 2 3 4 even? 0 2 4 #(+ 5 %) 5 7 9 + 5 12 21

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Macros

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(foo bar baz)

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"(+ 1 2)" Reader + 1 2 + 1 2 Eval 3 Compile-time Runtime x 0 y 1 z 2

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"(a 1 2)" Reader a 1 2 Compile-time Macro b 5 6 a 1 2

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(defn id [x] x) => (def id (clojure.core/fn ([x] x)))

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(-> [:foo :bar :baz] reverse first name string/reverse) (string/reverse (name (first (reverse [:foo :bar :baz])))) =>

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(defmacro unless [pred a b] `(if (not ~pred) ~a ~b))

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(unless foo x y) => (if (not foo) x y)

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unless ($foo) => if (!$foo)

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retry (5) { failing_call(); } catch ($e) { // ... whoops }

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class Foo ($bar) { } => class Foo { private $bar; function __construct($bar) { $this->bar = $bar; } }

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($x): $x => fn ($x) { return $x; } => function ($x) { return $x; }

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Y-Combinator

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(defn Y [le] ((fn [f] (f f)) (fn [f] (le #((f f) %)))))

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(defn fac [f] (fn [x] (if (zero? x) 1 (* x (f (dec x))))))

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((Y fac) 5)

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((Y ) 5) (fn [f] (fn [x] (if (zero? x) 1 (* x (f (dec x))))))

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(( ) 5) (fn [f] (fn [x] (if (zero? x) 1 (* x (f (dec x)))))) (fn [le] ((fn [f] (f f)) (fn [f] (le #((f f) %)))))

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Lambda Calculus

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0: (fn [f] identity) 1: (fn [f] f) 2: (fn [f] #(f (f %))) 3: (fn [f] #(f (f (f %))))

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((n inc) 0)

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(( inc) 0) (fn [f] identity)

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( 0) identity

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0

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(( inc) 0) (fn [f] f)

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( 0) inc

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1

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(( inc) 0) (fn [f] #(f (f %)))

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( 0) #(inc (inc %))

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2

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(defn INC [n] (fn [p] (fn [x] (p ((n p) x))))) (defn DEC [n] (fn [f] (fn [x] (((n (fn [g] (fn [h] (h (g f))))) (fn [y] x)) (fn [y] y))))) (defn ADD [m] (fn [n] ((n INC) m))) (defn MUL [m] (fn [n] ((n (ADD m)) ZERO)))

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Meta-circular evaluator

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• = • fn • cond • cons • first • rest • quote

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(defun null. (x) (eq x '())) (defun and. (x y) (cond (x (cond (y 't) ('t '()))) ('t '()))) (defun not. (x) (cond (x '()) ('t 't))) (defun append. (x y) (cond ((null. x) y) ('t (cons (car x) (append. (cdr x) y))))) (defun list. (x y) (cons x (cons y '()))) (defun pair. (x y) (cond ((and. (null. x) (null. y)) '()) ((and. (not. (atom x)) (not. (atom y))) (cons (list. (car x) (car y)) (pair. (cdr x) (cdr y)))))) (defun assoc. (x y) (cond ((eq (caar y) x) (cadar y)) ('t (assoc. x (cdr y))))) (defun eval. (e a) (cond ((atom e) (assoc. e a)) ((atom (car e)) (cond ((eq (car e) 'quote) (cadr e)) ((eq (car e) 'atom) (atom (eval. (cadr e) a))) ((eq (car e) 'eq) (eq (eval. (cadr e) a) (eval. (caddr e) a))) ((eq (car e) 'car) (car (eval. (cadr e) a))) ((eq (car e) 'cdr) (cdr (eval. (cadr e) a))) ((eq (car e) 'cons) (cons (eval. (cadr e) a) (eval. (caddr e) a))) ((eq (car e) 'cond) (evcon. (cdr e) a)) ('t (eval. (cons (assoc. (car e) a) (cdr e)) a)))) ((eq (caar e) 'label) (eval. (cons (caddar e) (cdr e)) (cons (list. (cadar e) (car e)) a))) ((eq (caar e) 'lambda) (eval. (caddar e) (append. (pair. (cadar e) (evlis. (cdr e) a)) a))))) (defun evcon. (c a) (cond ((eval. (caar c) a) (eval. (cadar c) a)) ('t (evcon. (cdr c) a)))) (defun evlis. (m a) (cond ((null. m) '()) ('t (cons (eval. (car m) a) (evlis. (cdr m) a)))))

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62 LOC

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PHPPHP: 6208 LOC github.com/ircmaxell/PHPPHP After lunch, E102

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PHPPHP: 6208 LOC github.com/ircmaxell/PHPPHP After lunch, E102 (parser +6169 LOC)

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)

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• www.lisperati.com/logo.html • codon.com/programming-with-nothing • fogus.me/static/preso/magnificent7/

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Questions? • joind.in/8442 • clojure.org • @igorwesome