The Role of Digital Technology in Revitalizing Classic Printing Techniques Chinatsu Ozawa, Kenta Yamamoto, Kazuya Izumi, Yoichi Ochiai Alternative Photographic Processes Reimagined: Digital Nature Group, University of Tsukuba, Japan

This is a story about photography that begins once upon a time.

Long Long ago Once thought to be a magic trick Old photographic techniques Alternative Processes This is a way to catch light with chemistry

The Origins of Alternative Processes Scanned from The Photography Book, Phaidon Press, London, 1997. Portrait of Louis Daguerre (1787-1851) The origins of alternative processes go back to the 19th century (Figure2), with the daguerreotype as the first successful method [Barger and White 2000]. It used a silver- plated copper sheet exposed to iodine vapor, but was cumbersome, leading to a search for practical processes.

1896-1903 Explanatory notes: Autochrome is a photographic process that was developed by the Lumière brothers in the early 20th century. It is one of the first successful color photographic processes and it was widely used for both professional and amateur photography. 1825 1835 1845 1855 1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 Heliography is a photographic process that uses the sun as a light source to create a photographic print. The earliest form of heliography was invented by Nicéphore Niépce in the 1820s and was called "heliogravure." The daguerreotype is a photographic process that was invented by Louis Daguerre in the early 19th century. It involves creating a highly detailed and highly polished image on a silver-plated copper sheet. The process was one of the first practical photographic processes and was widely used in the mid-19th century. Tintype, also known as ferrotype, is a photographic process that was developed in the mid-19th century as an alternative to the daguerreotype and ambrotype. The process involves creating a photograph on a thin sheet of metal, usually iron, which is then coated with a black enamel. 1825-1827 1839-1860 1853-1930 Lantern slides are small, transparent photographs that were used to project images onto a screen using a slide projector. Lantern slides were popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for educational and entertainment purposes, such as illustrated lectures, magic lantern shows, and home entertainment. 1930-1970 1931-now Timeline of Alternative Photographic Processes Heliography Daguerreotype Tintype The ambrotype is a photographic process that was developed in the mid-19th century as an alternative to the daguerreotype. The process involves creating a photograph on a glass plate that is then backed with a dark material, such as black paint or velvet, to create the illusion of a positive image. 1852-1870 Ambrotype 1891-1914 Lipmann process The Lippmann process is a photographic process that was invented by Gabriel Lippmann in the late 19th century. It creates a color photograph using the interference of light, rather than pigments. The process involves exposing a light-sensitive emulsion to light, which creates an interference pattern, and then developing the emulsion to produce a full-color image. 1850-1950 Lantern slide Photogenic Drawing is one of the earliest photographic processes and it was invented by William Henry Fox Talbot in the 1830s. The process involves taking a photograph using a camera obscura, which is a device that projects an inverted image of a scene onto a light-sensitive surface. Photogenic Drawing 1834-1840 Salted paper process is a photographic process that was invented by William Henry Fox Talbot in the mid-19th century. It is similar to the earlier photogenic drawing process. Salted paper process 1840-1860 Printing-out papers (POP) are photographic papers that produce a print by the action of light alone, without the need of a chemical developer. They are also known as "light-sensitive papers" or "printing papers". They were widely used in the 19th and early 20th century as an alternative to the albumen, salted paper and other printing methods Printing-out Papers 1860-1940 Albumen print is a photographic printing process that uses egg whites (albumen) to bind light-sensitive silver salts to paper. The process was invented in the 1850s and it was one of the most popular printing methods of the second half of the 19th century. Albumen print 1850-1900 It is a photographic printing process that uses a solution of ferric ammonium citrate and potassium ferricyanide to create a blue print. The process was invented by Sir John Herschel in 1842 and was primarily used for reproducing architectural drawings and maps. Cyanotype 1842-1950 The tricolor Lumiere transparency is a photographic process developed by the Lumière brothers in the late 19th century. It is a color photographic process that uses three separate black-and-white images, each taken through a different colored filter, to create a full-color image. Tricolor Lumiere transparency Autochrome 1907-1935 Monochrome transparency Monochrome transparency refers to a photographic transparency that has only one color, such as black and white or sepia. It is also called black and white transparency or monochrome positive. Color transparency Color transparency refers to a photographic transparency that has more than one color, typically red, green and blue. They are also known as color positive, color slide or simply slide. Gelatin silver print is a photographic printing process that uses a mixture of light-sensitive silver salts and a gelatine binder to produce a print. The process was developed in the late 19th century and it quickly replaced earlier printing methods such as albumen and salted paper. Gelatin silver print 1880- now Platinum print is a photographic printing process that uses a mixture of light-sensitive platinum salts and a palladium salt to produce a print. The process was developed in the late 19th century, it was considered one of the most stable and long-lasting photographic printing processes. Platinum & Paladium print 1873- 1930 The carbon printing process is a photographic printing process that uses pigmented gelatin to produce a print. It was developed in the late 19th century and it was used to produce photogravures, photolithographs, and other forms of photographic reproductions. Carbon printing process 1855- 1930 The Gum bichromate process is a photographic printing process that uses a mixture of light-sensitive gum arabic, a bichromate, and pigments to produce a print. It was developed in the late 19th century and it was used to produce art prints and fine art reproductions. Gum bichromate process 1894- 1930 The Woodburytype is a photographic printing process that uses a mixture of pigmented gelatin and a photopolymer to produce a print. It was developed in the late 19th century and was used to produce fine art reproductions, photogravures and other forms of photographic reproductions. Woodburytype 1864- 1900 Collotype is a photographic printing process that uses a light-sensitive emulsion to produce a print. It was developed in the late 19th century and was used to produce fine art reproductions, photogravures, and other forms of photographic reproductions. Collotype 1868- 1940 Dye-transfer process is a photographic printing process that uses color dyes to produce a print. It was developed in the early 20th century and was used to produce fine art reproductions, motion picture film prints and other forms of photographic reproductions. Dye-transfer process 1946- 1993 Calotype is a photographic printing process that uses a negative to produce a positive print. It was developed by William Henry Fox Talbot in the 1840s and it was one of the earliest photographic printing processes. Calotype 1841-1860 Ilfochrome is a photographic printing process that uses dye-bleach technology to produce a print. It was developed in the late 20th century and was used to produce fine art reproductions, motion picture film prints and other forms of photographic reproductions. Ilfochrome 1963- 2011 The Collodion process is a photographic printing process that uses a light-sensitive collodion emulsion to produce a print. It was developed in the 1850s and it was one of the most popular printing methods of the second half of the 19th century. Collodion process 1851-1885 The silver gelatin dry plate process is developed in 1870s, this process is far more practical than the preceding wet collodion process, and is the direct forerunner of roll film. Silver gelatin dry plate process 1878-1967 Color negative film is the kind of film usually found in convenience stores. It uses C-41 chemicals for processing, and you get negatives and prints from it when processed normally. Color negative film is very much “What you see is what you get” when it comes to coloration. It yields true-to-life colors and contrast, which is why it’ s preferred by portrait and wedding photographers. Color negative film 1939-now The chromogenic colot print is made up of three gelatin layers containing cyan, magenta, and yellow organic dyes. Common branded products such as Kodacolor prints, introduced by Kodak in 1942, use the chromogenic process. Chromogenic Color Print 1942-now Future 2025 Our proposed cyanotype integrates digital processing. Digital Cyanotype 2022-now Our proposed platinum print integrates digital processing. Digital Platinum Print 2023-now Our proposed salt print integrates digital processing. Digital Salted Print 2023-now 1839 1891 1840 1842 1841 1931 1850 1873 1851 https://www.alternativephotography.com/lippmann-colour-photography/ 1853

1609- 1913- 1825- 1988- Camera Obscura A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole. The image (or the principle of its projection) of lensless camera o b s c u r a s i s a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s "pinhole image". 35mm Film A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole. The image (or the principle of its projection) of lensless camera o b s c u r a s i s a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s "pinhole image". Alternative Process A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole. The image (or the principle of its projection) of lensless camera o b s c u r a s i s a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s "pinhole image". Imaging Technology A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole. The image (or the principle of its projection) of lensless camera o b s c u r a s i s a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s "pinhole image".

The world of photography and informatics is now entering a new stage of research in which "information technology is pushing the envelope.

Latest Digital Photographic Techniques High Dynamic Range Imaging Panorama Photography Computational Photography With the integration of computational technology, it has become possible to control visual data precisely as one desires. The ad- vent of digital photography can be traced back to the 1980s when techniques to convert images into electrical signals for recording were developed. This digitization shifted our photo viewing habits. Instead of traditional methods like film and prints, we now use devices like monitors. This change in photographic appreciation has had significant impacts on both society and the arts. The rapid advancement in imaging technology has enabled the development of techniques that meet societal needs. For instance, technologies such as HDR image, panoramic photography, and computational photography have emerged. Due to these new technologies, param- eters like brightness, contrast, and depth in photographs can now be adjusted freely both before and after taking a shot.

On the other hand, there are those who look at the old technology and try to find ways to combine it with modern technology

Updating Traditional Methods with Digital Technology Through the integration of digital technology, we’ve made strides in refining the photographic experience, putting control directly into the hands of users. As photography evolved into its digital form, digital cameras naturally became the primary means of capturing images. In our modern era, even devices not originally intended for photography, such as personal computers and smartphones, frequently feature built-in cameras. Meanwhile, traditional photo- graphic devices, such as large-format and film cameras, continue to find relevance. Despite a decline in their popularity, a passion- ate community still values and uses them. An emerging approach involves updating these classic cameras with contemporary technol- ogy, providing them with a new lease on life. Intrepid Camera Cameradactly I’m Back

Here, we use "magic" techniques to reproduce photographs and create photographic tools that did not exist in the past.

Application of Computational and Digital Techniques to Traditional

Overview of Our Photographic Printing Framework We constructed a contemporary alternative pro- cess printing framework by integrating digital and computational technologies with the alternative process. Furthermore, we developed a computer system to generate positive images suitable for digital negatives, specifically tailored for our printing framework. This computer system includes features for image editing, optimization, and post-printing color simulation (Figure4). The code and demo can be found at https://github.com/DigitalNatureGroup/ computational- alternative-photographic-process. Open Source

SIGGRAPH2023 2023.8.5-8.10 At SIGGRAPH 2023, in the Labs program, we were accepted and presented. We provided a workshop for visitors using our developed printing framework for cyanotype, and also displayed the artworks and tools used in our research. MakerFaireTokyo2023 2023.10.14-15 We presented at Maker Faire Tokyo 2023, an O'Reilly event in Tokyo, Japan. We demonstrated the web system we developed to visitors, and exhibited the artworks and tools used in our research.

SIGGRAPH2023 LABS INSTALLATIONS At the SIGGRAPH 2023 workshop, o v e r 1 0 0 p a r t i c i p a n t s experienced cyanotype over five days and took home artworks they created themselves. The photographs chosen for the artworks were all from their own smartphone camera rolls. Many participants opted to print photos that were meaningful to them, such as memories of SIGGRAPH, photos with their partners, or pictures of their pets. 4PSSZ 8FDBOOPUVTFUIJTBSFB ݟͤΒΕͳ͍Αʂ

If you had to choose just one photo to print out of many, what would you like to choose “only one”?

With Family or friends Your Work in progress SIGGRAPH memory Memorable photos Our attendee submissions fall into three categories: family photos, work in progress, and SIGGRAPH 2023 memorabilia. The one thing they all had in common was that people chose photos of cherished memories or of significant moments. 4PSSZ 8FDBOOPUVTFUIJTBSFB ݟͤΒΕͳ͍Αʂ

Material Pixel

Material World with Mass Digital World with Massless Data

Material World with Mass Digital World with Massless Data Digital Nature

Digital Nature Toward a new nature indistinguishable from nature and the computer

Chinatsu Ozawa Kenta Yamamoto Kazuya Izumi Yoichi Ochiai [email protected] Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science University of Tsukuba, Japan Ph.D Student (Doctoral Program in Informatics) [email protected] School of Informatics, College of Media Arts, Science and Technology University of Tsukuba, Japan Bachelor Student [email protected] Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science University of Tsukuba, Japan M.S. Student (Doctoral Program in Informatics) [email protected] Artist, PhD (Applied Computer Science). Associate Professor at University of Tsukuba, Head of Digital Nature Group. Director of Strategic Platform for Digital Nature, by Pixie Dust Technologies and University of Tsukuba. (Graduate School of Library, Information and Media Studies and Research Center for Knowledge Communities) CEO of Pixie Dust Technologies, Inc.