2 December 2005 Web Technologies Introduction Prof. Beat Signer Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel beatsigner.com Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel beatsigner.com

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 2 September 24, 2024 Course Organisation ▪ Prof.Dr.Beat Signer Vrije Universiteit Brussel PL9.3.60 (Pleinlaan 9) +32 2 629 1239 [email protected] wise.vub.ac.be/beat-signer ▪ Maxim Van de Wynckel Vrije Universiteit Brussel PL9.3.58 (Pleinlaan 9) +32 2 629 3487 [email protected] wise.vub.ac.be/maxim-van-de-wynckel

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 3 September 24, 2024 Course Organisation … ▪ Qi Xu Vrije Universiteit Brussel PL9.3.58 (Pleinlaan 9) +32 2 629 3487 [email protected] wise.vub.ac.be/member/qi-xu

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 4 September 24, 2024 Prerequisites ▪ Note that the 6 ECTS version of this course in an advanced Bachelor level course and the official course description lists the following required previous knowledge ▪ basic programming skills ▪ basic knowledge in modelling and querying data (e.g.design and use of databases) ▪ It is not impossible to follow the course without these prerequisites, but in this case, you should not complain about the potential additional workload!

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 5 September 24, 2024 Exercises ▪ The course content is further investigated in the exercise sessions ▪ the topics covered in the exercise sessions will also be helpful for the assignment ▪ Weekly exercise sessions ▪ assistants: Maxim Van de Wynckel ([email protected]) and Qi Xu ([email protected]) ▪ 3 groups (starting on September 30) - BA (6 ECTS) WPO: Tuesday 10:00–12:00 in E.1.02 - MACS (3 ECTS) WPO1: Monday 16:00–18:00 in E.1.05 - MACS (3 ECTS) WPO2: Thursday 16:00–18:00 in E.1.05

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 6 September 24, 2024 Exercises … ▪ Additional content might be covered in exercise sessions ▪ strongly recommended to attend all exercise sessions! ▪ exam covers content of lectures and exercises

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 7 September 24, 2024 Course Material ▪ All material will be available on Canvas ▪ lecture slides, exercises, research papers, tutorials, ... ▪ Make sure that you are subscribed to the Web Technologies course on Canvas ▪ https://canvas.vub.be/courses/37889 ▪ Handouts are on Canvas the day before the lecture ▪ slides from the previous year are already available on the WISE website - https://wise.vub.ac.be/course/web-technologies

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 8 September 24, 2024 Lecture Schedule (6 ECTS) Exercise 1: Vannevar Bush Paper & Project Assignment 3 4 5 6 Lecture 2: Web Architectures Lecture 3: Web Application Frameworks Exercise 2: HTTP Lecture 4: HTML5 and the Open Web Platform Lecture 7: XML and Related Technologies Interim Project Presentations P2.0.05 P2.0.05 P2.0.05 P2.0.05 E.1.02 E.1.02 E.1.02 7 8 E.1.02 Lecture 1: Introduction 2 No Exercise Exercise 3: Modern Web Application Frameworks E.1.02 D.0.05 Lecture 5: CSS3 and Responsive Web Design Exercise 4: HTML P2.0.05 E.1.02 D.2.23 Exercise 5: CSS3 E.1.02 Lecture 6: JavaScript P2.0.05

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 9 September 24, 2024 Lecture Schedule (6 ECTS) … Lecture 9: Semantic Web and Web 3.0 Exercise 7: XML and Related Technologies 10 11 12 13 14 Lecture 10: Web Search and SEO Lecture 11: Security, Privacy and Trust Exercise 8: AJAX and Leaflet Lab Session 9 Exercise 6: JavaScript and HTML5 APIs TBA Lecture 8: Web 2.0 Patterns and Technologies P2.0.05 E.1.02 E.1.02 E.1.02 E.1.02 P2.0.05 P2.0.05 P2.0.05 Final Project Presentations Lecture 12: Future Trends Exercise 9: Semantic Web E.1.02 P2.0.05 Lecture 13: Course Review Exercise 10: PageRank and Security E.1.02 P2.0.05

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 10 September 24, 2024 Lecture Schedule (3 ECTS) Exercise 1: Vannevar Bush Paper 3 4 5 6 Lecture 2: Web Architectures No Lecture Exercise 2: HTTP Lecture 4: HTML5 and the Open Web Platform Lecture 7: XML and Related Technologies No Exercise P2.0.05 P2.0.05 P2.0.05 E.1.05 E.1.05 7 8 E.1.02 Lecture 1: Introduction 2 No Exercise No Exercise D.0.05 Lecture 5: CSS3 and Responsive Web Design Exercise 4: HTML P2.0.05 E.1.05 D.2.23 No Exercise Lecture 6: JavaScript P2.0.05

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 11 September 24, 2024 Lecture Schedule (3 ECTS) … Lecture 9: Semantic Web and Web 3.0 No Exercise 10 11 12 13 14 Lecture 10: Web Search and SEO Lecture 11: Security, Privacy and Trust No Exercise No Exercise 9 Exercise 6: JavaScript and HTML5 APIs Lecture 8: Web 2.0 Patterns and Technologies P2.0.05 E.1.05 P2.0.05 P2.0.05 P2.0.05 Lecture 12: Future Trends Exercise 9: Semantic Web E.1.05 P2.0.05 Lecture 13: Course Review Exercise 10: PageRank and Security E.1.05 P2.0.05

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 12 September 24, 2024 Assignment (6 ECTS Only) ▪ Web 2.0 Web Application ▪ application about topic of your choice - a number of functional and technical requirements - create, view, manage, search and share information - integration of existing web resources - map-based interface - examples: movie application, fitness application, games, ... ▪ Assignment handed out in week 2 ▪ group project with 4 students per group - send an email with the 4 group members to Maxim Van de Wynckel by Friday, October 4 ([email protected]) - deadlines: final presentation (week of Dec 16), report and code (December 23) ▪ assignment counts for 50% of the final grade - students have some flexibility in distributing the grades (±2 points)

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 13 September 24, 2024 Exam ▪ Oral exam in English ▪ covers content of lectures and exercises ▪ counts 50% for the overall grade ▪ 5 mins questions about the assignment ▪ 15 mins questions about the course content (no preparation time) ▪ Overall grade = oral exam (50%) + assignment (50%) ▪ note that the grade for the oral exam as well as for the assignment have to be 8/20 or higher in order to pass the exam! ▪ Students following the 3 ECTS programme will only have an oral exam (100%) and no assignment ▪ covers content of lectures and exercises ▪ 15 mins questions about the course content (no preparation time)

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 14 September 24, 2024 Course Outline 1. Introduction ▪ history of the Web 2. Web Architectures ▪ HTTP protocol ▪ client-side and server-side processing ▪ multi-tier architectures 3. Web Application Frameworks ▪ Model-View-Controller (MVC) ▪ client- and server-side frameworks

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 15 September 24, 2024 Course Outline … 4. HTML and Related APIs ▪ brief history of HTML ▪ Document Object Model (DOM) ▪ HTML5 and the Open Web Platform 5. CSS3 and Responsive Web Design 6. JavaScript ▪ syntax and examples 7. XML and Related Technologies ▪ XML, XPointer, XPath, XSLT, XQuery and XLink 8. Web 2.0 Patterns and Technologies ▪ Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs) and mashups ▪ Rich Internet Applications (RIAs)

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 16 September 24, 2024 Course Outline … 9. Semantic Web and Web 3.0 ▪ RDF, RDFs, OWL, SPARQL, … ▪ Linked Data and semantic web applications 10.Web Search and Retrieval ▪ search engine architecture ▪ Google PageRank ▪ search engine optimisation (SEO) 11.Security, Privacy and Trust ▪ HTTP Authentication and public key cryptography ▪ web logging and user profiling 12.Future Trends 13.Course Review

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 17 September 24, 2024 Reading Wheel (Bookwheel) ▪ Described by Agostino Ramelli in 1588 ▪ Keep several books open to read from them at the same time ▪ comparable to modern tabbed browsing ▪ Could be seen as a predecessor of hypertext ▪ A version of the reading wheel was built in 2018

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 18 September 24, 2024 Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) ▪ Library classification system ▪ developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876 ▪ Hierarchical classification ▪ 10 main classes with 10 divisions each and 10 sections per division ▪ total of 1000 sections ▪ After the three numbers, decimals can be used for further subclassification

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 19 September 24, 2024 Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) ... ▪ Documents can appear in more than one class ▪ however, there is normally only one physical copy (one main class) ▪ Different alternatives ▪ Library of Congress (LC) classification ▪ Universal Decimal Classifi- cation (UDC) by Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 20 September 24, 2024 Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) ... 000-099 Computer Science, Information and General Works 000 Computer Science, Knowledge and Systems 000 Computer Science, Knowledge and General Works ... 005 Computer Programming, Programs and Data ... 009 [Unassigned] 010 Bibliographies ... 100-199 Philosophy and Psychology 200-299 Religion 300-399 Social Sciences 340 Law 341 International Law 400-499 Language 500-599 Science 600-699 Technology 700-799 Arts 800-899 Literature 900-999 History, Geography and Biography

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 21 September 24, 2024 "As We May Think" (1945) When data of any sort are placed in storage, they are filed alphabetically or numerically, and information is found (when it is) by tracing it down from subclass to subclass. It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which path will locate it, and the rules are cumbers- ome. Having found one item, moreover, one has to emerge from the system and re-enter on a new path. The human mind does not work that way. It operates by association. ... Vannevar Bush

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 22 September 24, 2024 "As We May Think" (1945) … ... It affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. This is the essential feature of the memex. The process of tying two items together is the important thing. ... Vannevar Bush, As We May Think, Atlanic Monthly, July 1945 Vannevar Bush

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 23 September 24, 2024 Video: Memex

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 24 September 24, 2024 "As We May Think" (1945) … ▪ Bush's article As We May Think (1945) is often seen as the "origin" of hypertext ▪ The article introduces the Memex ▪ memory extender ▪ store and access information ▪ follow cross-references in the form of associative trails between pieces of information (microfilms) ▪ prototypical hypertext machine ▪ trail blazers are those who find delight in the task of establishing useful trails Memex

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 25 September 24, 2024 Scientist of the Future

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 26 September 24, 2024 Hypertext (1965) ▪ Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext ▪ Nelson started Project Xanadu in 1960 ▪ first hypertext project ▪ non-sequential writing ▪ referencing/embedding parts of a document in another document (transclusion) → transpointing windows ▪ bidirectional (bivisible) links ▪ version and rights management ▪ XanaduSpace 1.0 was released as part of Project Xanadu in 2007 ▪ OpenXanadu demo/deliverable released in 2014 Ted Nelson

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 27 September 24, 2024 Digital Documents as a Paper Simulator? Most people don't understand the logic of the concept: "What You See Is What You Get" is based on printing the document out ("get" means "get WHEN YOU PRINT IT OUT"). And that means a metaphysical shift: a document can only consist of what can be printed! This re-froze the computer document into a closed rectangular object which cannot be penetrated by outside markings (curtailing what you could do with paper). No marginal notes, no sticky notes, no crossouts, no insertions, no overlays, no highlighting - PAPER UNDER GLASS. Ted Nelson, Geeks Bearing Gifts: How the Computer World Got This Way, Mindful Press 2009 Ted Nelson

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 28 September 24, 2024 Transpointing Windows Mockup (1972) [https://www.xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/PARALUNE/paraviz.html]

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 29 September 24, 2024 OpenXanadu (2014) [https://xanadu.com/xanademos/MoeJusteOrigins.html]

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 30 September 24, 2024 Video: Ted Nelson Explains XanaduSpace

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 31 September 24, 2024 Hypertext Editing System, HES (1967) ▪ Early hypertext system ▪ developed at Brown University (1967) by Andries van Dam and his team ▪ Ted Nelson was a visitor at Brown University at that time ▪ Limitations ▪ unidirectional links ▪ non-overlapping links ▪ only embedded links ▪ File Retrieval and Editing System, FRESS (1968) ▪ follow-up project taking ideas from HES and NLS ▪ first system introducing 'undo' functionality

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 32 September 24, 2024 The Mother of All Demos (1968) ▪ Douglas Engelbart and his colleagues at the Stanford Research Institute developed the oNLine System (NLS) as part of the Augment Project ▪ vision about the future of interactive computing ▪ NLS was demonstrated at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in 1968 ▪ showed first practical use of hypertext ▪ computer mouse ▪ remote collaboration (connected computers) ▪ raster-scan video monitors ▪ screen windows ▪ ... Douglas Engelbart

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 33 September 24, 2024 NLS Demo

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 34 September 24, 2024 Aspen Moviemap (1978) ▪ Early hypermedia system ▪ developed at MIT by Andrew Lippman and his team ▪ hypermedia = extension of hypertext with other media types (e.g.images, sounds) ▪ Virtual tour of Aspen ▪ pictures taken every 10 feet while driving through the city ▪ additional linked media (e.g.images and sounds) ▪ Similar concept now used in Google Street View

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 35 September 24, 2024 HyperCard (1987) ▪ One of the early widespread hypermedia systems ▪ Released by Apple Computer Inc. (as part of System Software 6) ▪ developed by Bill Atkinson ▪ Information is stored in a series of cards that are arranged into stacks ▪ Links can be defined between different cards ▪ HyperCards may contain text, pictures, audio and video ▪ HyperTalk programming language is used to execute commands and jump to other cards

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 36 September 24, 2024 ARPANET (1969) ▪ Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ▪ created by DARPA (US Department of Defence) ▪ first operational packet switching network ▪ first ARPANET link esta- blished in November 1969 between Stanford and UCLA ▪ ARPANET applications ▪ Email (1971), Ray Tomlinson ▪ FTP (1973) ARPANET Team

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 37 September 24, 2024 ARPANET Map (March 1977)

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 38 September 24, 2024 Worldwide Number of Hostnames 1053748332 hostnames in August 2023, source: http://news.netcraft.com

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 39 September 24, 2024 TCP (1974) ▪ Transmission control protocol ▪ replacement of Network Control Protocol (NCP) ▪ 'A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection' ▪ by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn ▪ Reliable and ordered transmission of byte stream between two endpoints ▪ Migration of ARPANET to TCP/IP in 1982 Vint Cerf Bob Kahn

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 40 September 24, 2024 TCP/IP (1978) ▪ 4 abstraction layers ▪ each layer offers functionality to the above layer ▪ separation of concerns ▪ Application layer ▪ HTTP, FTP, POP, ... ▪ Transport layer ▪ TCP, UDP, ... ▪ Internet layer ▪ addressing hosts and packet routing ▪ IP, ... ▪ Link layer

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 41 September 24, 2024 TCP/IP Layers Link Internet Transport Application Link Internet Link Internet Transport Application Link Internet Ethernet Ethernet Satellite, ...

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 42 September 24, 2024 World Wide Web (WWW) ▪ Networked hypertext system (over ARPANET) to share in- formation at CERN ▪ first draft in March 1989 ▪ The Information Mine, Information Mesh, …? ▪ Components by end of 1990 ▪ HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ▪ HyperText Markup Language (HTML) ▪ HTTP server software ▪ Web browser called WorldWideWeb ▪ First website released in August 1991 Tim Berners-Lee Robert Cailliau

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 43 September 24, 2024 WordWideWeb Browser (1993)

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 44 September 24, 2024 WWW and Hypertext ▪ WWW is mainly a network-enabled version of the HES hypertext model ▪ unidirectional links between heterogeneous resources ▪ is it more than just a digital version of paper documents with links? ▪ What about all the richer functionality researched by the hypertext community? ▪ bidirectional links ▪ transclusion and external (non-embedded) links ▪ version management ▪ … ▪ Is there something wrong with the WWW?

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 45 September 24, 2024 Mobile Web ▪ New forms of connectivity and information exchange ▪ P2P networks ▪ New requirements and functionality ▪ location-based services ▪ voice navigation ▪ Access the Web from anywhere at anytime

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 46 September 24, 2024 Web 2.0 ▪ User becomes an author and shares information ▪ tagging ▪ Wikis ▪ social networking ▪ mashups ▪ ... ▪ Not a new technology! ▪ Why did some of these things not happen earlier? ▪ limitations of the original World Wide Web?

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 47 September 24, 2024 Semantic Web (Web 3.0) ▪ Add explicit semantics to web resources ▪ Machine-interpretable Web ▪ Use of ontologies ▪ Potential reasoning over Web resources Character set: UNICODE Cryptography Syntax: XML and XML Namespaces Data interchange: RDF Taxonomies: RDFS Ontologies: OWL Querying: SPARQL Unifying Logic Trust User interface and applications Proof Rules: RIF/SWRL Based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semantic-web-stack.png] Identifiers: URI/IRI

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 48 September 24, 2024 Internet of Things/Web of Things ▪ Mark Weiser coined the term Ubiquitous Computing while working at Xerox PARC ▪ M. Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century, ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, July 1999 ▪ Related terms are Disappearing Computing, Pervasive Computing or Internet of Things ▪ Physical objects with embedded computing functionality that actively or passively participate in the Web ▪ mobile phones, RFID-tagged objects, smart pens, … ▪ Do we have to extend the current web infrastructure? Mark Weiser

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 49 September 24, 2024 Exercise 1 ▪ Read the paper As We May Think by Vannevar Bush before the exercise session and try to answer the questions formulated on the exercise sheet ▪ Discuss your answers and the Bush paper with your teaching assistant and classmates during the exercise session

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 50 September 24, 2024 References ▪ The Web Was Done by Amateurs: A Reflection on One of the Largest Collective Systems Ever Engineered, Marco Aiello, Springer, July 2018, 978-3319900070 Web Technologies: A Computer Science Perspective, Jeffrey C. Jackson, Prentice Hall, August 2006, ISBN-13: 978-0131856035 ▪ Vannevar Bush, As We May Think, Atlantic Monthly, July 1945 ▪ https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush/ ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539cK58ees

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 51 September 24, 2024 References … ▪ Videos of the NLS demo ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJDv-zdhzMY ▪ Ted Nelson demonstrates Xanadu Space ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=En_2T7KH6RA ▪ Aspen Moviemap ▪ http://www.naimark.net/projects/aspen.html ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w18MyqszIYc ▪ Networking Technologies (TCP/IP, …) ▪ Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Fifth Edition Pearson 2010, ISBN-13: 978-0132126953

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 52 September 24, 2024 References … ▪ B. Signer, R. Roels, R. van Barlingen and B. Willems, Back to the Future: Bringing Original Hypermedia and Cross-Media Concepts to Modern Desktop Environments, Proceedings of Hypertext 2021, August 2021 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_Hypertext2021.pdf ▪ B. Signer, What is Wrong with Digital Documents? A Conceptual Model for Structural Cross-Media Content Composition and Reuse, Proceedings of ER 2010, November 2010 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_ER2010.pdf

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 53 September 24, 2024 References … ▪ Mark Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century, ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, July 1999 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/329124.329126 ▪ Video of Ramelli's Reading Wheel ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrczS9G8nV0

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