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Introduction to Angular 2 Minko Gechev github.com/mgechev twitter.com/mgechev blog.mgechev.com

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Minko Gechev github.com/mgechev twitter.com/mgechev { "job": "Freelancer", "hobbies": [ "open source", "blogging", "teaching", "sports" ], "communityEvents": [ "SofiaJS", "BeerJS Sofia" ] }

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Angular 2 (quick recap)

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– angular.io “Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications”

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Client Server

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Client Server GET

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Client Server GET

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Client Server GET POST

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Client Server GET POST

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Client Server GET POST Angular 2

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Written in AtSc…TypeScript?

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TypeScript Superset of JavaScript • Strongly & statically typed • By Microsoft

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Component based

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List Post Vote Label Button Label

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List Post Vote Label Button Label

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One-way Data Flow

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A B C D E F

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Based on the Web Standards

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Web Components

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New Router

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Angular 1 Router

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Real Modules

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Angular 1 Modules

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No More $scope.$apply

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Just to make sure we’re on the same page…

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ECMAScript 5 Property Descriptors (quick recap)

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ECMAScript 5 Property Descriptor Object.defineProperty(obj, 'name', { set: function (val) { console.log('Setting the value'); this._name = val; }, get: function (val) { console.log('Getting the value'); return this._name; } }); obj.name = 'foo'; console.log(obj.name); // Setting the value // Getting the value // foo

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ECMAScript 5 Property Descriptor Object.defineProperty(obj, 'name', { set: function (val) { console.log('Setting the value'); this._name = val; }, get: function (val) { console.log('Getting the value'); return this._name; } }); obj.name = 'foo'; console.log(obj.name); // Setting the value // Getting the value // foo

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ECMAScript 5 Property Descriptor Object.defineProperty(obj, 'name', { set: function (val) { console.log('Setting the value'); this._name = val; }, get: function (val) { console.log('Getting the value'); return this._name; } }); obj.name = 'foo'; console.log(obj.name); // Setting the value // Getting the value // foo

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ECMAScript 5 Property Descriptor Object.defineProperty(obj, 'name', { set: function (val) { console.log('Setting the value'); this._name = val; }, get: function (val) { console.log('Getting the value'); return this._name; } }); obj.name = 'foo'; console.log(obj.name); // Setting the value // Getting the value // foo

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ECMAScript 5 Property Descriptor Object.defineProperty(obj, 'name', { set: function (val) { console.log('Setting the value'); this._name = val; }, get: function (val) { console.log('Getting the value'); return this._name; } }); obj.name = 'foo'; console.log(obj.name); // Setting the value // Getting the value // foo

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ECMAScript 5 Property Descriptor Object.defineProperty(obj, 'name', { set: function (val) { console.log('Setting the value'); this._name = val; }, get: function (val) { console.log('Getting the value'); return this._name; } }); obj.name = 'foo'; console.log(obj.name); // Setting the value // Getting the value // foo

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ECMAScript 2015 (quick recap)

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“ES2015 classes are a simple sugar over the prototype- based OO pattern…” Classes

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ECMAScript 6 Classes class Developer extends Person { constructor(name, language) { super(name); this._language = language; } get language() { return this._language; } set language(language) { this.doSomethingElse(); this._language = language; } talk() { super.talk(); console.log(`I'm a professional ${this.language} developer`); } }

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ECMAScript 6 Classes class Developer extends Person { constructor(name, language) { super(name); this._language = language; } get language() { return this._language; } set language(language) { this.doSomethingElse(); this._language = language; } talk() { super.talk(); console.log(`I'm a professional ${this.language} developer`); } }

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ECMAScript 6 Classes class Developer extends Person { constructor(name, language) { super(name); this._language = language; } get language() { return this._language; } set language(language) { this.doSomethingElse(); this._language = language; } talk() { super.talk(); console.log(`I'm a professional ${this.language} developer`); } }

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ECMAScript 6 Classes class Developer extends Person { constructor(name, language) { super(name); this._language = language; } get language() { return this._language; } set language(language) { this.doSomethingElse(); this._language = language; } talk() { super.talk(); console.log(`I'm a professional ${this.language} developer`); } }

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ECMAScript 6 Classes class Developer extends Person { constructor(name, language) { super(name); this._language = language; } get language() { return this._language; } set language(language) { this.doSomethingElse(); this._language = language; } talk() { super.talk(); console.log(`I'm a professional ${this.language} developer`); } }

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“Arrows are a function shorthand using the => syntax…Unlike functions, arrows share the same lexical this as their surrounding code.” Arrow Functions

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“Arrows are a function shorthand using the => syntax…Unlike functions, arrows share the same lexical this as their surrounding code.” Arrow Functions

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Arrow Functions [1, 2, 3, 4].reduce((a, c) => a + c, 0); [1, 2, 3].map(c => c + 1); function Developer() { this.talk = () => { console.log(`I speak ${this._language} fluently`); }; }

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Arrow Functions [1, 2, 3, 4].reduce((a, c) => a + c, 0); [1, 2, 3].map(c => c + 1); function Developer() { this.talk = () => { console.log(`I speak ${this._language} fluently`); }; }

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Arrow Functions [1, 2, 3, 4].reduce((a, c) => a + c, 0); [1, 2, 3].map(c => c + 1); function Developer() { this.talk = () => { console.log(`I speak ${this._language} fluently`); }; }

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Arrow Functions [1, 2, 3, 4].reduce((a, c) => a + c, 0); [1, 2, 3].map(c => c + 1); function Developer() { this.talk = () => { console.log(`I speak ${this._language} fluently`); }; }

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Let “Let allows block scope definition of variables.”

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Functional lexical scope for (var i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) { var foo = i + 1; } console.log(typeof i); // number console.log(typeof foo); // number

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Local lexical scope for (let i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) { let foo = i + 1; } console.log(typeof i); // undefined console.log(typeof foo); // undefined

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Promises “Promises could be used instead of callbacks for handling asynchronous actions. They are used as containers for resolving “future” values.”

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Promises fetch('/data.json') .then(data => { return data.json(); }, error => { console.error(error); }) .then(json => doStuff(json));

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Promises Promise.all([ fetch('/a.json'), fetch('/b.json'), fetch('/c.json') ]).then(res => { return Promise.all([ res[0].text(), res[1].text(), res[2].text() ]); }) .then(data => { console.log(data.join('')); });

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Modules “Language-level support for modules for component definition.”

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Modules “Language-level support for modules for component definition.”

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Modules // Developer.js export default class Developer { // ... } // app.js import Developer from './Developer'; // Math.js let log2 = Math.log2.bind(Math); let sin = Math.sin.bind(Math); export { log2, sin }; // app.js import * as math from './Math'; math.log2(10);

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Modules // Developer.js export default class Developer { // ... } // app.js import Developer from './Developer'; // Math.js let log2 = Math.log2.bind(Math); let sin = Math.sin.bind(Math); export { log2, sin }; // app.js import * as math from './Math'; math.log2(10);

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Modules // Developer.js export default class Developer { // ... } // app.js import Developer from './Developer'; // Math.js let log2 = Math.log2.bind(Math); let sin = Math.sin.bind(Math); export { log2, // same as log2: log2 sin }; // app.js import * as math from './Math'; math.log2(10);

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Module Loaders “Additional imperative API to the declarative module syntax, which allows you to programmatically work with modules and configure the module loading.”

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Module Loaders System.import('/app') .then(m => m.init(), e => console.error(e));

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ECMAScript 2016

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– github.com/wycats/javascript-decorators “Decorators make it possible to annotate and modify classes and properties at design time.” ES2016 Decorators

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Decorators @Aspect class LoggingAspect { @Before(/.*/, /.*/) before(args) { console.log(`${args.name} called with ${args.args}`); } @After(/.*/, /.*/) after(args) { console.log(`${args.name} execution completed`); } @OnThow(/.*/, /.*/) errorHandler(args) { console.error(`${args.name} threw an error`, args.error); } }

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Decorators @Aspect class LoggingAspect { @Before(/.*/, /.*/) before(args) { console.log(`${args.name} called with ${args.args}`); } @After(/.*/, /.*/) after(args) { console.log(`${args.name} execution completed`); } @OnThow(/.*/, /.*/) errorHandler(args) { console.error(`${args.name} threw an error`, args.error); } }

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TypeScript (quick recap)

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TypeScript • Superset of ECMAScript • Allows optional static typing • Better support by text editors/IDEs • Reduce bugs • Faster code

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TypeScript Class class Developer { age:string; constructor(private languages:string[], private name:string, age) { this.age = (age).toString(2); } private codeInPHP() { // body } public writeSoftware() { // body } public coffeeBreak(nextTask:{(name:string):void}) { setTimeout(nextTask, 1000); } }

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TypeScript Class class Developer { age:string; constructor(private languages:string[], private name:string, age) { this.age = (age).toString(2); } private codeInPHP() { // body } public writeSoftware() { // body } public coffeeBreak(nextTask:{(name:string):void}) { setTimeout(nextTask, 1000); } }

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TypeScript Class class Developer { age:string; constructor(private languages:string[], private name:string, age) { this.age = (age).toString(2); } private codeInPHP() { // body } public writeSoftware() { // body } public coffeeBreak(nextTask:{(name:string):void}) { setTimeout(nextTask, 1000); } }

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TypeScript Class class Developer { age:string; constructor(private languages:string[], private name:string, age) { this.age = (age).toString(2); } private codeInPHP() { // body } public writeSoftware() { // body } public coffeeBreak(nextTask:{(name:string):void}) { setTimeout(nextTask, 1000); } }

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TypeScript Class class Developer { age:string; constructor(private languages:string[], private name:string, age) { this.age = (age).toString(2); } private codeInPHP() { // body } public writeSoftware() { // body } public coffeeBreak(nextTask:{(name:string):void}) { setTimeout(nextTask, 1000); } }

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TypeScript Class class Developer { age:string; constructor(private languages:string[], private name:string, age) { this.age = (age).toString(2); } private codeInPHP() { // body } public writeSoftware() { // body } public coffeeBreak(nextTask:{(name:string):void}) { setTimeout(nextTask, 1000); } }

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Interfaces

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Interfaces interface A { foo():void; bar(a:number):string; } interface B { baz(a:string):string } interface C extends A, B { } class D implements C { // ... }

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Interfaces interface A { foo():void; bar(a:number):string; } interface B { baz(a:string):string } interface C extends A, B { } class D implements C { // ... }

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Interfaces interface A { foo():void; bar(a:number):string; } interface B { baz(a:string):string } interface C extends A, B { } class D implements C { // ... }

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Interfaces interface A { foo():void; bar(a:number):string; } interface B { baz(a:string):string } interface C extends A, B { } class D implements C { // ... }

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Type Inference

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Type Inference let answer = 42; let callback:{(a:number, ...nums:any[]):number}; callback = (a, nums) => nums.reduce((a, c) => a + c, a); let foo; foo = 42;

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Type Inference let answer = 42; let callback:{(a:number, ...nums:any[]):number}; callback = (a, nums) => nums.reduce((a, c) => a + c, a); let foo; foo = 42;

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Type Inference let answer = 42; let callback:{(a:number, ...nums:any[]):number}; callback = (a, nums) => nums.reduce((a, c) => a + c, a); let foo; foo = 42;

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Type Inference let answer = 42; let callback:{(a:number, ...nums:any[]):number}; callback = (a, nums) => nums.reduce((a, c) => a + c, a); let foo; foo = 42;

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Adopting Existing Libraries

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Ambient Declarations interface JQueryStatic { /** * Perform an asynchronous HTTP (Ajax) request. * * @param settings A set of key/value pairs that … */ ajax(settings: JQueryAjaxSettings): JQueryXHR; /** * Perform an asynchronous HTTP (Ajax) request. * * @param url A string containing the URL to which the request is sent. * @param settings A set of key/value pairs that… */ ajax(url: string, settings?: JQueryAjaxSettings): JQueryXHR; // ... } declare var jQuery: JQueryStatic; declare var $: JQueryStatic;

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Add Type Definition Reference /// let elems = $('.elems'); //...

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Main Concepts

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Annotations

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Annotations import {Component, View, NgFor} from 'angular2/angular2'; import {Home} from './components/home/home'; import {About} from './components/about/about'; @Component({ selector: 'app' }) @RouteConfig([ { path: '/', component: Home, as: 'home' }, { path: '/about', component: About, as: 'about' } ]) @View({ templateUrl: './app.html?v=<%= VERSION %>', directives: [RouterOutlet, RouterLink] }) class App {}

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Annotations import {Component, View, NgFor} from 'angular2/angular2'; import {Home} from './components/home/home'; import {About} from './components/about/about'; @Component({ selector: 'app' }) @RouteConfig([ { path: '/', component: Home, as: 'home' }, { path: '/about', component: About, as: 'about' } ]) @View({ templateUrl: './app.html?v=<%= VERSION %>', directives: [RouterOutlet, RouterLink] }) class App {}

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ES7 Decorators != Angular Annotations

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ES7 Decorators != Angular Annotations Annotations are implemented with decorators

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Directives

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Directives A few directives… • ng-for • ng-if • ng-switch • ng-style

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ng-if

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ng-for {{user}}

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Directives Components

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UserDetails.ts import {Component, View} from ‘angular2/angular2'; import {NgIf} from 'angular2/angular2'; @Component({ selector: 'user-details', properties: ['user'] }) @View({ templateUrl: ‘./user-details.html’, directives: [NgIf] }) export class UserDetails { user:any; constructor() {} }

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UserDetails.ts import {Component, View} from ‘angular2/angular2'; import {NgIf} from 'angular2/angular2'; @Component({ selector: 'user-details', properties: ['user'] }) @View({ templateUrl: ‘./user-details.html’, directives: [NgIf] }) export class UserDetails { user:any; constructor() {} }

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UserDetails.ts import {Component, View} from ‘angular2/angular2'; import {NgIf} from 'angular2/angular2'; @Component({ selector: 'user-details', properties: ['user'] }) @View({ templateUrl: ‘./user-details.html’, directives: [NgIf] }) export class UserDetails { user:any; constructor() {} }

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Services

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Service.ts @Injectable() export class Http { constructor(private _backend: XHRBackend, private _defaultOptions: BaseRequestOptions) {} get(url: string, options?: IRequestOptions) { return httpRequest(this._backend, new Request(url, this._defaultOptions.merge(options) .merge({method: RequestMethods.GET}))); } post(url: string, body: any, options?: IRequestOptions) { return httpRequest(this._backend, new Request(url, this._defaultOptions.merge(options) .merge({body: body, method: RequestMethods.POST}))); } }

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Service.ts @Injectable() export class Http { constructor(private _backend: XHRBackend, private _defaultOptions: BaseRequestOptions) {} get(url: string, options?: IRequestOptions) { return httpRequest(this._backend, new Request(url, this._defaultOptions.merge(options) .merge({method: RequestMethods.GET}))); } post(url: string, body: any, options?: IRequestOptions) { return httpRequest(this._backend, new Request(url, this._defaultOptions.merge(options) .merge({body: body, method: RequestMethods.POST}))); } }

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Service.ts @Injectable() export class Http { constructor(private _backend: XHRBackend, private _defaultOptions: BaseRequestOptions) {} get(url: string, options?: IRequestOptions) { return httpRequest(this._backend, new Request(url, this._defaultOptions.merge(options) .merge({method: RequestMethods.GET}))); } post(url: string, body: any, options?: IRequestOptions) { return httpRequest(this._backend, new Request(url, this._defaultOptions.merge(options) .merge({body: body, method: RequestMethods.POST}))); } }

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Change Detection

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A B E D C

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A B E D C

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A B E D C

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A B E D C

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Detection mechanisms • No front-end state • Event based • Difference based • Dirty checking

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No front-end state

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Server

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Server

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Server

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Event Based

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A B E D C

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A B E D C Change Event

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A B E D C

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Difference Based

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A B E D C Page Body Header Content Sidebar

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A B E D C Page Body Header Content Sidebar

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A B E D C Page Body Header Content Sidebar Page Body Header Content Sidebar

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A B E D C

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A B E D C Page Body Header Content Sidebar

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Dirty Checking

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{{user.name}}

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addWatcher({ last: eval('user.name'); exp: 'user.name', fn: result => { element.text(result); } }); {{user.name}}

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Dirty Checking let digest = (component) => { let dirty, watcher, current, i; let { watchers, children } = component; do { dirty = false; for (i = 0; i < watchers.length; i++) { watcher = watchers[i]; current = eval(watcher.exp); if (!equals(watcher.last, current)) { watcher.last = clone(current); dirty = true; watcher.fn(current); } } } while (dirty); for (i = 0; i < children.length; i++) digest(children[i]); };

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Dirty Checking let digest = (component) => { let dirty, watcher, current, i; let { watchers, children } = component; do { dirty = false; for (i = 0; i < watchers.length; i++) { watcher = watchers[i]; current = eval(watcher.exp); if (!equals(watcher.last, current)) { watcher.last = clone(current); dirty = true; watcher.fn(current); } } } while (dirty); for (i = 0; i < children.length; i++) digest(children[i]); };

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Dirty Checking let digest = (component) => { let dirty, watcher, current, i; let { watchers, children } = component; do { dirty = false; for (i = 0; i < watchers.length; i++) { watcher = watchers[i]; current = eval(watcher.exp); if (!equals(watcher.last, current)) { watcher.last = clone(current); dirty = true; watcher.fn(current); } } } while (dirty); for (i = 0; i < children.length; i++) digest(children[i]); };

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Dirty Checking let digest = (component) => { let dirty, watcher, current, i; let { watchers, children } = component; do { dirty = false; for (i = 0; i < watchers.length; i++) { watcher = watchers[i]; current = eval(watcher.exp); if (!equals(watcher.last, current)) { watcher.last = clone(current); dirty = true; watcher.fn(current); } } } while (dirty); for (i = 0; i < children.length; i++) digest(children[i]); };

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Dirty Checking let digest = (component) => { let dirty, watcher, current, i; let { watchers, children } = component; do { dirty = false; for (i = 0; i < watchers.length; i++) { watcher = watchers[i]; current = eval(watcher.exp); if (!equals(watcher.last, current)) { watcher.last = clone(current); dirty = true; watcher.fn(current); } } } while (dirty); for (i = 0; i < children.length; i++) digest(children[i]); };

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List Post Vote Label Button Label

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List Post Vote Label Button Label Click!

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List Post Vote Label Button Label

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Not exactly…

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List Post Vote Label Button Label Click!

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List Post Vote Label Button Label

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What about two-way data binding?

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Two-way binding input.onchange = () => { component[property] = input.value; digest(); }; addWatcher(property, (val) => { input.value = val; });

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What if…

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Two-way binding input.onchange = () => { component[property] = input.value; digest(); }; addWatcher(property, (val) => { input.value = val; });

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Two-way binding input.onchange = () => { component[property] = input.value; digest(); }; addWatcher(property, (val) => { input.value = val + 1; });

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Two-way binding input.onchange = () => { component[property] = input.value; digest(); }; addWatcher(property, (val) => { input.value = val + 1; });

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Two-way binding input.onchange = () => { component[property] = input.value; digest(); }; addWatcher(property, (val) => { input.value = val + 1; });

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Two-way binding input.onchange = () => { component[property] = input.value; digest(); }; addWatcher(property, (val) => { input.value = val + 1; });

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Two-way binding input.onchange = () => { component[property] = input.value; digest(); }; addWatcher(property, (val) => { input.value = val + 1; });

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No two-way data binding

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Zone

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The dirty checking should be run on any change

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Zone monkey patches standard async APIs

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Zone helps us keep track of the changes

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unbuffer x | unbuffer command done find echo echo Pipes find ls ls command # process each line, using variables as parsed into $var1, $var2, etc # (note that this may be a subshell: var1, var2 etc will not be available # after the while loop terminates; some shells, such as zsh and newer # versions of Korn shell, process the commands to the left of the pipe # operator in a subshell) done

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Pipe Interface export interface Pipe { supports(obj): boolean; onDestroy(): void; transform(value: any): any; }

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Pipes A way of extending the change detection • Format data • Perform smarter change detection

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Dynamic Change Detector _pipeCheck(proto: ProtoRecord, throwOnChange: boolean) { // ... var currValue = pipe.transform(context); if (!isSame(prevValue, currValue)) { // ... this._setChanged(proto, true); return change; } else { // ... this._setChanged(proto, true); return null; } } else { // ... this._setChanged(proto, false); return null; } }

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Pipes A few examples: • IterableChanges • PromisePipe • UpperCasePipe • ObservablePipe • JsonPipe

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PromisePipe
{{ description | async }}

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UpperCasePipe
{{ "foo" | UpperCase }}

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IterableDiff (foreach.js) set ngForOf(value: any) { this._ngForOf = value; this._pipe = this.pipes .get("iterableDiff",…); }

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Dependency Injection

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Router

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Router import {RouteConfig, RouterOutlet, RouterLink, routerInjectables} from 'angular2/router'; @Component({ selector: 'app' }) @RouteConfig([ { path: '/', component: Home, as: 'home' }, { path: '/about', component: About, as: 'about' } ]) @View({ templateUrl: './app.html', directives: [RouterOutlet, RouterLink] }) class App {} bootstrap(App, [routerInjectables]);

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Router import {RouteConfig, RouterOutlet, RouterLink, routerInjectables} from 'angular2/router'; @Component({ selector: 'app' }) @RouteConfig([ { path: '/', component: Home, as: 'home' }, { path: '/about', component: About, as: 'about' } ]) @View({ templateUrl: './app.html', directives: [RouterOutlet, RouterLink] }) class App {} bootstrap(App, [routerInjectables]);

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Router import {RouteConfig, RouterOutlet, RouterLink, routerInjectables} from 'angular2/router'; @Component({ selector: 'app' }) @RouteConfig([ { path: '/', component: Home, as: 'home' }, { path: '/about', component: About, as: 'about' } ]) @View({ templateUrl: './app.html', directives: [RouterOutlet, RouterLink] }) class App {} bootstrap(App, [routerInjectables]);

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Router import {RouteConfig, RouterOutlet, RouterLink, routerInjectables} from 'angular2/router'; @Component({ selector: 'app' }) @RouteConfig([ { path: '/', component: Home, as: 'home' }, { path: '/about', component: About, as: 'about' } ]) @View({ templateUrl: './app.html', directives: [RouterOutlet, RouterLink] }) class App {} bootstrap(App, [routerInjectables]);

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Router import {RouteConfig, RouterOutlet, RouterLink, routerInjectables} from 'angular2/router'; @Component({ selector: 'app' }) @RouteConfig([ { path: '/', component: Home, as: 'home' }, { path: '/about', component: About, as: 'about' } ]) @View({ templateUrl: './app.html', directives: [RouterOutlet, RouterLink] }) class App {} bootstrap(App, [routerInjectables]);

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Router Directives Home About

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Router Directives Home About

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Router Directives Home About

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References • Angular 2 Official Website • Change And Its Detection In JavaScript Frameworks • Angular2 - First Impressions • ng-conf 2015 Keynote 2 - Misko Hevery and Rado Kirov • angular2-seed • angular2-education

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Thank you! github.com/mgechev twitter.com/mgechev blog.mgechev.com