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Why were the Europeans able to conquer the Native Americans, and not the other way around?

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Why were the Europeans able to conquer the Native Americans, and not the other way around?

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PROXIMATE factors vs ULTIMATE factors

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PROXIMATE factors vs ULTIMATE factors

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Guns, Germs, Steel

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ULTIMATE factors

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Geography, Animals, Agriculture

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“Geography”

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“Geography”

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Animals 2:57

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“Mammalian Candidates for Domestication” AMERICA(S) EURASIA 24 72 # of candidates 1 13 # of domesticated species 4% 18% % of candidates domesticated

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Domestication Dates PLACE Date (B.C.E.) SW Asia, China, N. America 10,000 dog SW Asia 8,000 sheep SW Asia 8,000 goat SW Asia, China 8,000 pig SW Asia, India 6,000 cow Ukraine 4,000 horse Egypt 4,000 donkey China? 4,000 water buffalo Andes 3,500 llama Central Asia 2,500 Bactrian camel Arabia 2,500 Arabian camel

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Domestication Dates PLACE Date (B.C.E.) SW Asia, China, N. America 10,000 dog SW Asia 8,000 sheep SW Asia 8,000 goat SW Asia, China 8,000 pig SW Asia, India 6,000 cow Ukraine 4,000 horse Egypt 4,000 donkey China? 4,000 water buffalo Andes 3,500 llama Central Asia 2,500 Bactrian camel Arabia 2,500 Arabian camel

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“Deadly Gifts from Our Animal Friends” ANIMAL SOURCE HUMAN DISEASE Cattle (cowpox) Smallpox Cattle Tuberculosis Cattle (rinderpest) Measles Pigs and ducks Flu Pigs and dogs Pertussis Birds (chickens & ducks?) Falciparum malaria

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“Deadly Gifts from Our Animal Friends” ANIMAL SOURCE HUMAN DISEASE Cattle (cowpox) Smallpox Cattle Tuberculosis Cattle (rinderpest) Measles Pigs and ducks Flu Pigs and dogs Pertussis Birds (chickens & ducks?) Falciparum malaria

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Agriculture

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“World Distribution of Large-Seeded Grass Species” NUMBER OF SPECIES AREA 33 W. Asia, Europe, N. Africa 6 E. Asia 4 Sub-Saharan Africa 11 N & S America 2 N. Australia 56 TOTAL

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“World Distribution of Large-Seeded Grass Species” NUMBER OF SPECIES AREA 33 W. Asia, Europe, N. Africa 6 E. Asia 4 Sub-Saharan Africa 11 N & S America 2 N. Australia 56 TOTAL

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Agricultural SOCIETIES More food produced => more people More density => more inventors

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Agricultural SOCIETIES Meat from livestock replaces wild meat. Animals also provide power to pull plows and produce fertilizer. Diseases follow.

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Why were the Europeans able to conquer the Native Americans, and not the other way around?

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In your small group, you will illustrate one of 7 ultimate factors. Be prepared to answer the question, “How does your illustrated ultimate factor lead to any one of the 7 proximate advantages (see below) for the Europeans?” horses • guns • steel swords ocean-going ships • political organization writing • epidemic diseases