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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 1 Readable Regular Expressions Jeanne Boyarsky Thursday, July 20th 2023 UberConf speakerdeck.com/boyarsky

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Pause for a Commercial 2 Java certs: 8/11/17 Book giveaway at end!

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 3 Readability note!

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 4 Intro

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Why learning regex matters 5 Anyone see what is wrong? Match all version 1 TPR reports

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Why learning regex matters 6 Uh oh :(

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Why learning regex matters 7 Whew

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky History 8 1943 Patterns in neuroscience 1951 Stephen Keene describing neural networks 1960’s Pattern matching in text editors, lexical parsing in compilers 1980’s PERL 2002 Java 1.4 - regex in core Java

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Greedy Quantifiers 9 Symbol # j’s? j 1 j? 0-1 j* 0 or more j+ 1 or more j{5} 5 j{5,6} 5-6 j{5,} 5 or more

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Puzzle time - teams 10 Can you come up with 10 ways of matching your assigned regex? (try at regex101.com if you aren’t sure what will match) • One or more x’s • Zero or more x’s • Two x’s? Note: for this game, you can only have two x’s in each regex

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Sample solutions 11 One or more • x+ • x{1,} • xx* • x{1}x* • x{1,1}x* • x{1}x{0,} • x{1,1}x{0,} • xx{0,} • x{0,0},x{1,} • (x|x)+ • etc Zero or more • x* • x*x* • x{0}x* • x{0,}x* • x{0,0}x* • x*x{0} • x*x{0,} • x*x{0,0} • x{0}x{0,} • (x|x)+ • etc Two • xx • x{2} • x{2,2} • x{1},x{1} • x{1,1},x{1,1} • x{0}x{2} • x{0,0}x{2} • x{0,0}x{2} • x{2}x{0} • (x|x){2} • etc

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Common Character Classes 12 Regex Matches [123] Any of 1, 2 or 3 [1-3] Any of 1, 2 or 3 [^5] Any character but “5” [a-zA-Z] Letter \d Digit \s Whitespace \w Word character (letter or digit)

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Less Common Character Classes 13 Regex Matches Longer form \D Not digit [^0-9] \S Not whitespace [^\s] \W Not word char [^a-zA-Z0-9] [1-3[x-z]] Union [1-3x-z] [[m-p]&&[l-n]] Intersection [mn] [m-p&&[^o]] Subtraction [mnp] Clarity Understanding

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Know your use case 14 Runtime generated classes? [[m-p]&&[l-n]] Rarely clearer

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Know your team 15 Team knows what \D means? \D vs [^0-9] Misread \d vs \\D?

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 16 Conclusion: Don’t be clever!

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Use case 17 Doing by hand likely faster…. Do 10 replaces one time

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 18 Time for Java

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var phoneNumbers = """ 111-111-1111 222-222-2222 """; var pattern = Pattern.compile( “[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}"); var matcher = pattern.matcher(phoneNumbers); while (matcher.find()) System.out.println(matcher.group()); Match a Pattern 19 You promised readable regex!

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var phoneNumbers = """ 111-111-1111 222-222-2222 """; var threeDigits = "[0-9]{3}"; var fourDigits = "[0-9]{4}"; var dash = "-"; var regex = threeDigits + dash + threeDigits + dash + fourDigits; var pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); var matcher = pattern.matcher(phoneNumbers); while (matcher.find()) System.out.println(matcher.group()); Refactored 20

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var phoneNumbers = """ 111-111-1111 222-222-2222 """; var threeDigits = “\\d{3}”; var fourDigits = “\\d{4}”; var dash = "-"; var regex = threeDigits + dash + threeDigits + dash + fourDigits; var pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); var matcher = pattern.matcher(phoneNumbers); while (matcher.find()) System.out.println(matcher.group()); Escaping 21

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var phoneNumbers = """ 111-111-1111 222-222-2222 """; var areaCodeGroup = "(\\d{3})"; var threeDigits = "\\d{3}"; var fourDigits = "\\d{4}"; var dash = "-"; var regex = areaCodeGroup + dash + threeDigits + dash + fourDigits; var pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); var matcher = pattern.matcher(phoneNumbers); while (matcher.find()) System.out.println(matcher.group(1)); Groups 22

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var numbers = "012"; var regex = "((\\d)(\\d))\\d"; var pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); var matcher = pattern.matcher(numbers); while (matcher.find()) { System.out.format("%s %s ", matcher.group(), matcher.group(0)); System.out.format("%s %s ", matcher.group(1), matcher.group(2)); System.out.format("%s %s", matcher.group(3), matcher.group(4)); } What is the output? 23 012 012 01 0 Index out of bounds: no group 4

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Named capturing groups 24 Group 2 was what now? (?)

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var phoneNumbers = """ 111-111-1111 """; var areaCodeGroup = "(?\\d{3})"; var threeDigits = "\\d{3}"; var fourDigits = "\\d{4}"; var dash = "-"; var regex = areaCodeGroup + dash + threeDigits + dash + fourDigits; var pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); var matcher = pattern.matcher(phoneNumbers); while (matcher.find()) System.out.println( matcher.group("areaCode")); Named Capturing Groups 25

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var string = "Elevation high"; var regex = "[a-zA-Z ]+"; System.out.println( string.matches(regex)); Exact match 26 That’s a lot of ceremony!

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var before = "123 Sesame Street"; var after = before.replaceAll("\\d", ""); System.out.println(after); Replace 27 Now THAT is easy to read

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var string = "Mile High City"; string = string.replaceAll("^\\w+", ""); string = string.replaceAll("\\w+$", ""); string = string.strip(); System.out.println(string); What does this print? 28 High

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 29 With readability this time? var string = "Mile High City"; var firstWord = "^\\w+"; var lastWord = "\\w+$"; string = string.replaceAll(firstWord, ""); string = string.replaceAll(lastWord, ""); string = string.strip(); System.out.println(string);

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var string = "Mile High City"; var boundaryAndWord = "\\b\\w+"; string = string.replaceAll( boundaryAndWord, ""); string = string.strip(); System.out.println(string); What about now? 30 Blank. Both start of string and spaces are boundaries

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What does this print? 31 var text = "\\___/"; var regex = "\\_.*/"; System.out.println(text.matches(regex)); false Need four backslashes in the regex to print true.

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 32 Beyond the Basics

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Flags 33 Flag Name Purpose (?i) CASE_INSENSITIVE Case insensitive ASCII (?m) MULTILINE ^ and $ match line breaks (?s) DOTALL . matches line break (?d) UNIX_LINES Only matches \n (?x) COMMENTS Ignores whitespace and # to end of line + Unicode ones

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var fiveDigits = "\\d{5}"; var optionalFourDigitSuffix = "(-\\d{4})?"; var regex = fiveDigits + optionalFourDigitSuffix; var pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); var regex = """ \\d{5} # five digits (-\\d{4})? # optional four digits """; var pattern = Pattern.compile(regex, Pattern.COMMENTS); Comments 34 Which is more readable? When would the other be?

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky var html = """ …

Ready!

"""; var body = html.replaceFirst("(?s)^.*", "") .replaceFirst("(?s).*$", “") .strip(); System.out.println(body); Embedding Flag 35

Ready!

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 36 So I have to say what I don’t want? var regex = "(?s).*(.*).*"; var body = html .replaceFirst(regex, "$1") .strip(); System.out.println(body);

Ready!

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 37 Huh? var dotAllMode = "(?s)"; var anyChars = ".*"; var captureAnyChars = "(.*)"; var startBody = ""; var endBody = ""; var bodyPart = startBody + captureAnyChars + endBody; var regex = dotAllMode + anyChars + bodyPart + anyChars; var body = html.replaceFirst(regex, “$1") .strip(); System.out.println(body);

Ready!

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Where did the close * go? 38 var text = "* -aa- -b- *"; var pattern = Pattern.compile("-([a-z]+)-"); var matcher = pattern.matcher(text); var builder = new StringBuilder(); while(matcher.find()) matcher.appendReplacement( builder, "x"); System.out.println(builder); * x x

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Where did the close * go? 39 var text = "* -aa- -b- *"; var pattern = Pattern.compile("-([a-z]+)-"); var matcher = pattern.matcher(text); var builder = new StringBuilder(); while(matcher.find()) matcher.appendReplacement( builder, "x"); matcher.appendTail(builder); System.out.println(builder); * x x *

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What does this do? 40 var text = "* -aa- -b- *"; var pattern = Pattern.compile("-([a-z]+)-"); var matcher = pattern.matcher(text); var builder = new StringBuilder(); while(matcher.find()) matcher.appendReplacement( builder, "$"); System.out.println(builder); IllegalArgumentException: Illegal group reference: group index is missing

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Fix 41 var text = "* -aa- -b- *"; var pattern = Pattern.compile("-([a-z]+)-"); var matcher = pattern.matcher(text); var builder = new StringBuilder(); while(matcher.find()) var replace = Matcher.quoteReplacement("$"); matcher.appendReplacement(builder, replace); System.out.println(builder); * $ $

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Quantifier Types 42 Sample Type Description z? Greedy Read whole string and backtrack z?? Reluctant Look at one character at a time z?+ Possessive Read whole string/never backtrack

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Comparing 43 var text = "Poem: row row row your boat"; System.out.println( text.matches(".*(row )+your boat")); System.out.println( text.matches(".*?(row )+your boat")); System.out.println( text.matches(".*+(row )+your boat")); true (extra backtracking) true (faster) false

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Lookahead/behind 44 Sample Type (?=r) Positive lookahead (?!r) Negative lookahead (?<=r) Positive lookbehind (?

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Looking 45 var text = “1 fish 2 fish red fish blue fish"; var regex = "\\w+ fish(?! blue)"; var pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); var matcher = pattern.matcher(text); while (matcher.find()) System.out.println(matcher.group()); 1 fish 2 fish blue fish

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Indexes 46 var text = "i am sam. I am SAM. Sam i am"; var pattern = Pattern.compile("(?i)sam"); var matcher = pattern.matcher(text); while (matcher.find()) System.out.println(matcher.start() + "-" + matcher.end()); 5-8 15-18 20-23

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Debugging Tip 47 Small regex and build up Online regex checker

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 48 Sonar 9 Highlights

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 49 "[ab]|a" Redundant. a is a subset of [ab]

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 50 changed = changed. replaceAll("\\.\\.\\.", ";") Performance. No need for a regex changed = changed.replace("...", “;");

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 51 Pattern regex = Pattern.compile("myRegex"); Matcher matcher = regex.matcher("s"); Performance since not static pattern Readability tradeoff

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 52 <.+?> Needless backtracking. Instead can write: <[^>]+>

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 53 if (dateString.matches("^(?:(?:31(\\/|-|\\.)(?:0?[13578]| 1[02]))\\1|(?:(?:29|30)(\\/|-|\\.)(?:0?[13-9]|1[0-2])\\2)) (?:(?:1[6-9]|[2-9]\\d)?\\d{2})$|^(?:29(\\/|-|\\.)0?2\\3(?: (?:(?:1[6-9]|[2-9]\\d)?(?:0[48]|[2468][048]|[13579][26])| (?:(?:16|[2468][048]|[3579][26])00))))$|^(?:0?[1-9]|1\\d| 2[0-8])(\\/|-|\\.)(?:(?:0?[1-9])|(?:1[0-2]))\\4(?: (?:1[6-9]|[2-9]\\d)?\\d{2})$")) { handleDate(dateString); } Too complicated I draw the line way before this :)

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 54 Pattern.compile("$[a-z]+^"); Functionally wrong. Should be: Pattern.compile("^[a-z]+$");

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 55 Pattern.compile("(?=a)b"); If lookahead matches next character = a, it isn’t b

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 56 Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z]"); Assumes only English characters Pattern.compile("\\p{IsAlphabetic}"); a-z is clearer if that’s all you want

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 57 String regex = request .getParameter("regex"); String input = request .getParameter("input"); return input.matches(regex); Denial of service opportunity. Need to validate

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 58 Pattern.compile("(a|b)*"); Backtracking can overflow stack on large strings. Vs Pattern.compile("[ab]*");

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 59 Pattern.compile("(.|\n)*"); Have dot itself match the line breaks. Better to use: Pattern.compile("(?s).*");

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 60 Pattern.compile("(ab?)*"); Possessive quantifiers disable backtracking Pattern.compile("(ab?)*+");

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 61 str.matches("\\d*?") ? is redundant here and causes backtracking str.matches("\\d*")

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky What’s wrong? 62 Pattern.compile("a++abc"); Can’t match because ++ is greedy so no “a” left after Pattern.compile("aa++bc");

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Beyond English 63 Problem Reason/Fix "cc̈d̈d".replaceAll("[c̈d̈] ", "X"); Incorrectly assumes Unicode Graphene Cluster is one code point. Fix: "cc̈d̈d".replaceAll("c̈|d̈", "X"); Pattern.compile("söme pättern", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIV E); By default, case insensitive is ASCII only. Fix: Pattern.compile(“söme pättern", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.UNICODE_CASE); Pattern p = Pattern.compile("é|ë| è"); Could be code point or cluster. Fix: Pattern p = Pattern.compile("é| ë|è", Pattern.CANON_EQ);

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky 64 Other JVM Lang Sampling

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Use Cases 65 1.Find first match 2.Find all matches 3.Replace first matches

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky val text = "Mary had a little lamb" val regex = Regex("\\b\\w{3,4} ") print(regex.find(text)?.value) Kotlin 66 Mary

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky val text = "Mary had a little lamb" val regex = "\\b\\w{3,4} ".toRegex() regex.findAll(text) .map { it.groupValues[0] } .forEach { print(it) } Kotlin 67 Mary had

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky val text = "Mary had a little lamb." val wordBoundary = "\\b" val threeOrFourChars = "\\w{3,4}" val space = " " val regex = Regex(wordBoundary + threeOrFourChars + space) println(regex.replaceFirst(text, "_")) Kotlin 68 _had a little lamb.

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky anyOf { string("hello") .digit() .word() .char('.') .char('#') } Kotlin - SuperExpressive 69 Justin Lee https://github.com/ evanchooly/super- expressive

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky val text = "Mary had a little lamb" val regex = """\b\w{3,4} """.r val optional = regex findFirstIn text println(optional.getOrElse("No Match")) Scala 70 Mary

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky val text = "Mary had a little lamb." val regex = """\b\w{3,4} """.r val it = regex findAllIn text it foreach print Scala 71 Mary had

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky import scala.util.matching.Regex val text = "Mary had a little lamb." val wordBoundary = """\b""" val threeOrFourChars = """\w{3,4}""" val space = " " val regex = new Regex(wordBoundary + threeOrFourChars + space) println(regex replaceFirstIn(text, "_")) Scala 72 _had a little lamb.

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky def text = 'Mary had a little lamb' def regex = /\b\w{3,4} / def matcher = text =~ regex print matcher[0] Groovy 73 Mary

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky def text = 'Mary had a little lamb' def regex = /\b\w{3,4} / def matcher = text =~ regex print matcher.findAll().join(' ') Groovy 74 Mary had

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky def text = 'Mary had a little lamb.' def wordBoundary = "\\b" def threeOrFourChars = "\\w{3,4}" def space = " " def regex = /$wordBoundary$threeOrFourChars$space/ println text.replaceFirst(regex) { it -> '_' } println text.replaceFirst(regex, '_') Groovy 75 _had a little lamb. _had a little lamb.

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky (println( re-find #”\b\w{3,4} ", "Mary had a little lamb")) Clojure 76 Mary

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky (println( re-seq #”\b\w{3,4} ", "Mary had a little lamb")) Clojure 77 (Mary had )

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky (ns clojure.examples.example (:gen-class)) (defn Replacer [] (def text "Mary had a little lamb.") (def wordBoundary "\\b") (def threeOrFourChars "\\w{3,4}") (def space " ") (def regex (str wordBoundary threeOrFourChars space)) (def pat (re-pattern regex)) (println(clojure.string/replace-first text pat "_"))) (Replacer) Clojure 78 _had a little lamb.

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Puzzle Time 79 Challenge before book draw regexcrossword.com Answer key: https://github.com/deepaksood619/ RegexCrossword Experienced - questionable tough I needed answer key for two

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky For more reading 80

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twitter.com/jeanneboyarsky mastodon.social/@jeanneboyarsky Book Giveaway 81