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Building an Angular App for Production Minko Gechev github.com/mgechev twitter.com/mgechev blog.mgechev.com

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Hold on for the second edition!

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Inspirational thought about programming Agenda • Bundling • Minification • Tree-shaking • AoT compilation • Compression

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Building “Hello world” in Angular 2

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index.html

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index.html

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app.component.ts import { Component } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'my-app', template: 'Hello world!' }) export class AppComponent {}

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import { NgModule } from '@angular/core'; import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser'; import { AppComponent } from './app.component'; @NgModule({ imports: [BrowserModule], bootstrap: [AppComponent], declarations: [AppComponent], }) export class AppModule {} app.module.ts

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main.ts import { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic'; import { AppModule } from './app.module'; platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule);

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Bundling

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“…standard practice aiming to reduce the number of requests that the browser needs to perform in order to deliver the application requested by the user”

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Less requests so our application gets faster

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$ browserify -s main main.js > bundle.js

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…one big blocking request

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…one big blocking request

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…okay but that’s a “Hello world” app

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“Hello world” app in Angular 2

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“Hello world” app in Angular 2

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Building “Hello world” in Angular 2 with minimal size

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Building “Hello world” in Angular 2 with minimal size

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Minification & Dead Code Elimination

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Minification & dead code elimination • Mangling • Rename variable names • Rename property names • others… • Compression • Dead code elimination • Compress property access • Compress expressions • Pure functions • others…

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Dead code elimination

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dummy.js function answer() { const expr = true; if (expr) { return 42; } return 1.618; } console.log(answer());

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function answer() { const expr = true; if (true) { return 42; } return 1.618; } console.log(answer()); dummy.js

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function answer() { const expr = true; if (true) { return 42; } return 1.618; } console.log(answer()); dummy.js

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console.log(42); dummy.js

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…usually we can get rid of small portions of unused code

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$ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 524K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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$ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 524K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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$ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 524K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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3x smaller but it’s still huge…

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Bundling CommonJS Modules

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index.js lib.js module.exports.foo = () => 'foo'; module.exports.bar = () => 'bar'; const foo = require('./lib').foo; console.log(foo());

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index.js module.exports.foo = () => 'foo'; module.exports.bar = () => 'bar'; lib.js const foo = require('./lib').foo; console.log(foo());

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index.js const foo = require('./lib').foo; console.log(foo()); lib.js module.exports.foo = () => 'foo'; module.exports.bar = () => 'bar';

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bundle.js module.exports.foo = () => 'foo'; module.exports.bar = () => 'bar'; const foo = require('./lib').foo; console.log(foo());

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Why is that?

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index.js const readFile = require('fs').readFileSync; const funcName = readFile('name.txt') .toString().trim(); const fn = require('./lib')[funcName]; console.log(fn());

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const readFile = require('fs').readFileSync; const funcName = readFile('name.txt') .toString().trim(); const fn = require('./lib')[funcName]; console.log(fn()); index.js

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const readFile = require('fs').readFileSync; const funcName = readFile('name.txt') .toString().trim(); const fn = require('./lib')[funcName]; console.log(fn()); index.js

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CommonJS modules are hard for static code analysis because they are dynamic

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ES2015 modules are static so they can be statically analyzed easier

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lib.js index.js export foo = () => 'foo'; export bar = () => 'bar'; import { foo } from './lib'; console.log(foo());

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export foo = () => 'foo'; export bar = () => 'bar'; import { foo } from './lib'; console.log(foo()); index.js lib.js

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export foo = () => 'foo'; export bar = () => 'bar'; import { foo } from './lib'; console.log(foo()); index.js lib.js

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export foo = () => 'foo'; export bar = () => 'bar'; import { foo } from `./${name}`; console.log(foo()); index.js lib.js

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export foo = () => 'foo'; export bar = () => 'bar'; import { foo } from `./${name}`; console.log(foo()); index.js lib.js

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bundle.js let foo = () => 'foo'; console.log(foo());

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ES2015 modules • Exports are always static • Identifiers • Default exports • Imports are always static • Strings as paths • Importing specific symbols referenced by their identifiers • Wildcard (the entire module) • Importing the default export

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Tree-shaking

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…dropping unused exports

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Tooling • Rollup.js • Supports ES2015 modules • Has plugin for commonjs • Webpack 2 • Performs tree-shaking over ES2015 • Google Closure Compiler • Limited ES2015 modules support

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Lets roll it up!

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$ rollup -c config.js -o bundle.es2015.js $ tsc --target es5 --allowJs bundle.es2015.js $ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 502K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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$ rollup -c config.js -o bundle.es2015.js $ tsc --target es5 --allowJs bundle.es2015.js $ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 502K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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$ rollup -c config.js -o bundle.es2015.js $ tsc --target es5 --allowJs bundle.es2015.js $ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 502K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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$ rollup -c config.js -o bundle.es2015.js $ tsc --target es5 --allowJs bundle.es2015.js $ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 502K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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$ rollup -c config.js -o bundle.es2015.js $ tsc --target es5 --allowJs bundle.es2015.js $ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 502K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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tree-shaking templates

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Existing users: Login here
How many directives do we have here?

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Existing users: Login here
How many directives do we have here?

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@Component({ selector: 'div.hero', template: '

{{ hero.name }}' }) class SuperheroComponent { @Input() hero: Superhero; } superhero.component.ts

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Existing users: Login here
How many directives do we have here?

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At Runtime we know which directives are used in our templates

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app.component.ts import { Component } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'my-app', template: 'Hello world!' }) export class AppComponent {}

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NgIf, NgFor and other useless directives are still in our bundle

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We cannot truly tree-shake an Angular Application?

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…of course we can…

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Introducing ngc

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Existing users: Login here

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import { NgIf, AppElement, TemplateRef_ } from "…"; ... this._anchor_11 = r.createTemplateAnchor(this._el_5,(null as any)); this._appEl_11 = AppElement(11,5,this,this._anchor_11); this._TemplateRef_11_5 = TemplateRef_(this._appEl_11, HeaderComponent1); this._NgIf_11_6 = NgIf(this._appEl_11.vcRef, this._TemplateRef_11_5); this._text_12 = r.createText(this._el_5,'\n ',(null as any)); ...
Existing users: Login here

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import { NgIf, AppElement, TemplateRef_ } from "…"; ... this._anchor_11 = r.createTemplateAnchor(this._el_5,(null as any)); this._appEl_11 = AppElement(11,5,this,this._anchor_11); this._TemplateRef_11_5 = TemplateRef_(this._appEl_11, HeaderComponent1); this._NgIf_11_6 = NgIf(this._appEl_11.vcRef, this._TemplateRef_11_5); this._text_12 = r.createText(this._el_5,'\n ',(null as any)); ...
Existing users: Login here

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Angular’s Ahead-of-Time (AoT) compilation

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AoT compilation Brings • Easy drop of unused components in bundle • Code which is easy for dead-code elimination • Fast initial rendering • Components are distributed pre-compiled • Allows us to drop compiler from bundler • We compile ahead of time so we don’t need it runtime

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$ ./node_modules/.bin/ngc -p tsconfig.json $ tsc -p tsconfig.json $ rollup -c config.js -o bundle.es2015.js $ tsc --target es5 --allowJs bundle.es2015.js $ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 210K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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$ ./node_modules/.bin/ngc -p tsconfig.json $ tsc -p tsconfig.json $ rollup -c config.js -o bundle.es2015.js $ tsc --target es5 --allowJs bundle.es2015.js $ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 210K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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$ ./node_modules/.bin/ngc -p tsconfig.json $ tsc -p tsconfig.json $ rollup -c config.js -o bundle.es2015.js $ tsc --target es5 --allowJs bundle.es2015.js $ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 210K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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$ ./node_modules/.bin/ngc -p tsconfig.json $ tsc -p tsconfig.json $ rollup -c config.js -o bundle.es2015.js $ tsc --target es5 --allowJs bundle.es2015.js $ uglifyjs bundle.js --output bundle.min.js $ ls bundle.min.js 210K Oct 15 18:41 bundle.min.js

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Disclaimer ngc will not always decrease your bundle size. For large to medium applications the produced from the compilation JavaScript increases the app size.

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Compression

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Client Server

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Client Server GET /app.js Accept-Encoding: deflate, br

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Client Server GET /app.js Accept-Encoding: deflate, br HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Encoding: br …

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Client Server GET /app.js Accept-Encoding: deflate, br HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Encoding: br … bro --decompress app.js

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Popular algorithms • Deflate • Widely supported algorithm • Gzip + checksum in header/footer • Brotli • Similar runtime performance compared to deflate • Provides more dense compression compared to deflate • Not widely supported

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$ bro --force --input b.js --output b.brotli $ ls b.brotli 39K Oct 15 18:38 b.brotli

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$ bro --force --input b.js --output b.brotli $ ls b.brotli 39K Oct 15 18:38 b.brotli

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$ bro --force --input b.js --output b.brotli $ ls b.brotli 39K Oct 15 18:38 b.brotli

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36x smaller compared to the initial bundle!

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lets try one more thing

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Google Closure Compiler

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/** * @param {string} name * @return {Superhero} */ function heroFactory(name) { return new Superhero(name, 3); } hero.ts

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$ tsickle function heroFactory(name: string) { return new Superhero(name, 3); } /** * @param {string} name * @return {Superhero} */ function heroFactory(name) { return new Superhero(name, 3); }

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$ tsickle function heroFactory(name: string) { return new Superhero(name, 3); } /** * @param {string} name * @return {Superhero} */ function heroFactory(name) { return new Superhero(name, 3); }

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$ tsickle function heroFactory(name: string) { return new Superhero(name, 3); } /** * @param {string} name * @return {Superhero} */ function heroFactory(name) { return new Superhero(name, 3); }

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tsickle transpiles TypeScript to Closure compatible annotations

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$ ls bundle.brotli 39K Oct 15 18:38 b.brotli

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$ ls bundle.brotli 32K Oct 15 18:38 bundle.brotli

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Tools we used • tsc • Browserify • UglifyJS • Rollup.js • ngc • Google Closure Compiler • Brotli

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Here Here Here

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…all this in angular-cli # build an app with env config ng build --prod --env=prod …in angular-seed # build with AoT npm run build.prod.exp

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Resources • mgv.io/ng-perf-checklist • mgv.io/build-ng-prod • mgv.io/mb-toolkit • mgv.io/n2cli • mgv.io/ng-seed

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mgv.io/ng4prod-feedback

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Thank you! github.com/mgechev twitter.com/mgechev blog.mgechev.com