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Artificial intelligence and Music Jehoshaphat I. Abu [email protected] 

Introduction Research in artificial intelligence (AI) is known to have impacted medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, and several other fields. Perhaps less popular is the contribution of AI in the field of music. Nevertheless, Artificial intelligence and music (AIM) has, for a long time, been a common subject in several conferences and workshops, including the International Computer Music Conference, the Computing Society Conference and the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 

Today’s Road Map • Definition of Artificial Intelligence • History of Artificial Intelligence • Artificial Intelligence Research goals • Artificial Intelligence Approaches • Artificial Intelligence Tools • Definition of Music • Artificial Intelligence and Music (AIM) • History Of Artificial Intelligence and Music (AIM) • Application of AI in Music • Software Application (DEMO) • Conclusion 

What is Artificial intelligence? • Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines. • The term "artificial intelligence" is likely to be applied when a machine uses cutting-edge techniques to competently perform or mimic "cognitive" functions that we intuitively associate with human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving" 

History of AI • While the concept of artificial beings (some of which are capable of thought) appear as storytelling devices since antiquity, the idea of actually trying to build a machine to perform useful reasoning may only go back to philosopher and mystic Ramon Lull (c. 1300). • The field of AI research was founded at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College in the summer of 1956 

• By the mid 2010s, successful machine learning applications were being used widely throughout the world. Programs that incorporated these techniques began to accomplish things that had seemed impossible in the mid-80s • In March 2016, AlphaGo won 4 out of 5 games of Go in a match with Go champion Lee Sedol, becoming the first computer Go-playing system to beat a professional human Go player without handicaps 

Research (Goals) The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken down into a number of specific sub- problems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like an intelligent system to display. 

The traits listed below have received the most attention • Deduction, reasoning, problem solving • Knowledge representation • Planning • Learning • Natural language processing (communication) • Perception • Motion and manipulation 

Long-term goals •Social intelligence •Creativity •General intelligence 

Approaches •Cybernetics and brain simulation • Symbolic •Sub-symbolic • Statistical •Integrating the approaches 

Tools • Search and optimization • Logic • Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning • Classifiers and statistical learning methods • Neural networks • Deep feedforward neural networks • Deep recurrent neural networks • Control theory • Languages 

What is music? 

Artificial Intelligence and Music (AIM) artificial intelligence and music (AIM) has, for a long time, been a common subject in several conferences and workshops, including the International Computer Music Conference, the Computing Society Conference and the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 

History • In 1960, Russian researcher R.Kh.Zaripov published worldwide first paper on algorithmic music composing using the "Ural-1" computer. • In 1965, inventor Ray Kurzweil premiered a piano piece created by a computer that was capable of pattern recognition in various compositions 

Current research includes the application of AI in •Music composition •Music Performance •Music Theory and •Digital sound processing 

Software applications • Emi • OrchExtra • Computer Accompaniment (Carnegie Mellon University) • SmartMusic • StarPlayIt • ChucK • Impromptu • REAPER's TabEditor • Ludwig • OMax • Melomics 

Emi A program developed by David Cope which composes classical music. 

OrchExtra This program was designed to provide small-budget productions with instrumentation for all instruments usually present in the full-fledged orchestra. If there is a small orchestra playing, the program can play the part for missing instruments. 

Computer Accompaniment (Carnegie Mellon University) The Computer Music Project at CMU develops computer music and interactive performance technology to enhance human musical experience and creativity. One of their project provides accompaniment for the chosen piece follows the soloist (user) despite tempo changes and/or mistakes. 

SmartMusic This is an interactive, computer- based practice tool for musicians. It offers exercises, instant feedback tools, and accompaniments meant to aid musicians. 

StarPlayIt StarPlay is also a music education software that allows the user to practice by performing with professional musicians, bands and orchestras. They can choose their spot and watch the video from that spot. They can hear the other musicians playing. Again, the program listens to the user's performance and helps them improve their performance by providing constructive feedback as they rehearse. 

ChucK Developed at Princeton University by Ge Wang and Perry Cook, ChucK is a text-based, cross-platform language that allows real- time synthesis, composition, performance and analysis of music. It is used by SLOrk (Stanford Laptop Orchestra)and PLOrk (Princeton Laptop Orchestra). 

Chuck Demo (Drum Machine ) 

Impromptu The Impromptu media programming environment was developed by Andrew Sorensen for exploring 'intelligent' interactive music and visual systems. Impromptu is used for live coding performances and research including generative orchestral music and computational models of music perception. 

REAPER's TabEditor MIDI to string instrument (guitar, violin, dombra, etc.) tablature conversion is nontrivial task, as the same note can reside on different strings of instrument. So in TabEditor (the tiny plugin for REAPER DAW) was used the AI which solves this puzzle same way as musician would do: trying to keep all notes close to each other (to be possible to play) while at the same time trying to fit all piano notes into range of notes that instrument allows to play simultaneously. And when situation is impossible (piano party has more notes than guitar can play) the AI tries to find less destructive solution, removing from composition as few notes as possible. Prolog programming language was used to create this AI. 

Ludwig Ludwig is an automated composition software based on tree search algorithms. Ludwig generates melodies according to principles of classical music theory. The software arranges its melodies with pop-automation patterns or in four-part choral writing. Ludwig can react in real-time on an eight-bar theme played on a keyboard. The theme will be analysed for key, harmonic content and rhythm while it is being performed by a human. The program then without delay repeats the theme arranged e.g. for orchestra. It subsequently varies the melody to create a little piece as interactive answer to the human input. 

OMax Omax is a software environment which learns in real-time typical features of a musician's style and plays along with him interactively, giving the flavor of a machine co- improvisation. OMax uses OpenMusic and Max. It is based on researches on stylistic modeling carried out by Gerard Assayag and Shlomo Dubnov and on researches on improvisation with the computer by G. Assayag, M. Chemillier and G. Bloch (Aka the OMax Brothers) in the Ircam Music Representations group. 

Melomics Melomics is a proprietary computational system for the automatic (without human intervention) composition of music, based on bioinspired methods and produced by Melomics Media. Composing a wide variety of genres, all music composed by Melomics algorithms are available in MP3, MIDI, MusicXML, and PDF (of sheet music), after purchase. Music composed by this algorithm was organized into an album named Iamus (album), which was hailed by New Scientist as "The first complete album to be composed solely by a computer and recorded by human musicians." 

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