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Building REST API with Symfony: experience, errors and recipes Roman Lapin, Evercode Lab [email protected], @memphys

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whoami Co-founder and CEO at Evercode Lab. Developer transformed into manager, occasional public speaker and consultant and table- foosball fan.

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Intro

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What this talk is NOT about Ideology Terminology Safe/Unsafe Idempotency RFC2616 PUT or PATCH How to use PATCH HTTP Cache Unicorns Religion

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What this talk is NOT about Ideology Terminology Safe/Unsafe Idempotency RFC2616 PUT or PATCH How to use PATCH HTTP Cache Unicorns Religion

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What this talk IS about… Practical aspects of building RESTful APIs using Symfony with some examples.

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…and why?

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…and why? Because despite of great components, bundles and documentation in Symfony world there are too many overcomplications and not enough recipes for RESTful APIs.

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…and why? Because despite of great components, bundles and documentation in Symfony world there are too many overcomplications and not enough recipes for RESTful APIs.

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…and why? Because despite of great components, bundles and documentation in Symfony world there are too many overcomplications and not enough recipes for RESTful APIs. And REST itself is not that easy.

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Richardson model http://martinfowler.com/articles/richardsonMaturityModel.html

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–said someone “REST has a lot of rules to break”

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Who are the users/clients of our APIs? Mobile applications (iOS, Android etc.) Frontend Applications (Angular, Backbone etc.) Most of our APIs aren’t open to everyone.

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Why Symfony for RESTful API

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Because it knows about HTTP verbs Request/Response structures Validation Security and all kinds of other stuff

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Because bundles FOSRestBundle JMSSerializerBundle NelmioApiDocBundle …

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Project structure

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ʦʒʒ AppBundle ʮʒʒ Admin ʮʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʦʒʒ Web ʮʒʒ Dto ʮʒʒ Entity ʔ ʦʒʒ Repository ʮʒʒ Resources ʔ ʦʒʒ config ʮʒʒ Security ʮʒʒ Services ʔ ʦʒʒ Listeners ʮʒʒ Test ʮʒʒ Tests ʔ ʦʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʦʒʒ Web

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ʦʒʒ AppBundle ʮʒʒ Admin ʮʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʦʒʒ Web ʮʒʒ Dto ʮʒʒ Entity ʔ ʦʒʒ Repository ʮʒʒ Resources ʔ ʦʒʒ config ʮʒʒ Security ʮʒʒ Services ʔ ʦʒʒ Listeners ʮʒʒ Test ʮʒʒ Tests ʔ ʦʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʦʒʒ Web

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ʦʒʒ AppBundle ʮʒʒ Admin ʮʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʦʒʒ Web ʮʒʒ Dto ʮʒʒ Entity ʔ ʦʒʒ Repository ʮʒʒ Resources ʔ ʦʒʒ config ʮʒʒ Security ʮʒʒ Services ʔ ʦʒʒ Listeners ʮʒʒ Test ʮʒʒ Tests ʔ ʦʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʦʒʒ Web One bundle with division for specific classes like controllers, listeners, tests, etc.

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ʦʒʒ AppBundle ʮʒʒ Admin ʮʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʦʒʒ Web ʮʒʒ Dto ʮʒʒ Entity ʔ ʦʒʒ Repository ʮʒʒ Resources ʔ ʦʒʒ config ʮʒʒ Security ʮʒʒ Services ʔ ʦʒʒ Listeners ʮʒʒ Test ʮʒʒ Tests ʔ ʦʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʦʒʒ Web One bundle with division for specific classes like controllers, listeners, tests, etc.

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ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʮʒʒ Cart ʔ ʔ ʮʒʒ Adapters ʔ ʔ ʮʒʒ ChoiceLists ʔ ʔ ʦʒʒ Dto ʔ ʮʒʒ Exception ʔ ʮʒʒ Notifications ʔ ʦʒʒ User ʔ ʮʒʒ Adapters ʔ ʮʒʒ Dto ʔ ʮʒʒ Event ʔ ʦʒʒ Exception ʮʒʒ ApiBundle ʔ ʮʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Form ʔ ʔ ʦʒʒ Subscribers ʔ ʮʒʒ Handler ʔ ʮʒʒ Listener ʔ ʮʒʒ Tests ʔ ʦʒʒ Validator ʔ ʦʒʒ Constraints ʮʒʒ App ʔ ʦʒʒ Entity ʔ ʮʒʒ Exception ʔ ʦʒʒ Repository ʦʒʒ AppBundle

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ʮʒʒ Api ʔ ʮʒʒ Cart ʔ ʔ ʮʒʒ Adapters ʔ ʔ ʮʒʒ ChoiceLists ʔ ʔ ʦʒʒ Dto ʔ ʮʒʒ Exception ʔ ʮʒʒ Notifications ʔ ʦʒʒ User ʔ ʮʒʒ Adapters ʔ ʮʒʒ Dto ʔ ʮʒʒ Event ʔ ʦʒʒ Exception ʮʒʒ ApiBundle ʔ ʮʒʒ Controller ʔ ʮʒʒ Form ʔ ʔ ʦʒʒ Subscribers ʔ ʮʒʒ Handler ʔ ʮʒʒ Listener ʔ ʮʒʒ Tests ʔ ʦʒʒ Validator ʔ ʦʒʒ Constraints ʮʒʒ App ʔ ʦʒʒ Entity ʔ ʮʒʒ Exception ʔ ʦʒʒ Repository ʦʒʒ AppBundle Better isolation, but harder to find things and more complex structure to support.

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Handling requests

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Separate endpoint In the browser: /categories /orders In the API: /api/v1/categories /api/v1/orders

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json or what? Support of multiple formats on input and output is cool Symfony and FOSRestBundle allow to do it But it always adds complexity Do you really need it?

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json or what? fos_rest: format_listener: false view: view_response_listener: force formats: xml: false json: true templating_formats: html: false body_listener: decoders: json: fos_rest.decoder.jsontoform

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FOSRestBundle Allows to send payload in json and process it like forms (Request params, actually) Output data in any set of formats you really need Integrates with JMSSerializerBundle to do it easily

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Forms $form = $this->createForm(new OrderType()); $form->handleRequest($request); if (!$form->isValid()) { return $this->returnBadRequest(new InputFormatError($this->gatherFormErrors($form))); }

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Forms $form = $this->createForm(new OrderType()); $form->handleRequest($request); if (!$form->isValid()) { return $this->returnBadRequest(new InputFormatError($this->gatherFormErrors($form))); }

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Forms abstract class AbstractRestApiType extends AbstractType { public function configureOptions(OptionsResolver $resolver) { $resolver->setDefaults([ 'csrf_protection' => false, 'allow_extra_fields' => true ]); } public function getName() { return ''; } }

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Forms abstract class AbstractRestApiType extends AbstractType { public function configureOptions(OptionsResolver $resolver) { $resolver->setDefaults([ 'csrf_protection' => false, 'allow_extra_fields' => true ]); } public function getName() { return ''; } }

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Forms abstract class AbstractRestApiType extends AbstractType { public function configureOptions(OptionsResolver $resolver) { $resolver->setDefaults([ 'csrf_protection' => false, 'allow_extra_fields' => true ]); } public function getName() { return ''; } }

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ParamFetcher fos_rest: param_fetcher_listener: true

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ParamFetcher $title = $paramFetcher->get(‘title’); $venue = $this->get(‘app.venue.manager') ->create($paramFetcher->all(), $user); // Force validation and in the service without forms

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Validation and errors

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Validator component namespace App\Entity; use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM; use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints as Assert; class Promocode extends Entity { /** * @ORM\Column(type="string", length=60, nullable=false) * @Assert\NotBlank() * @var string */ private $code;

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Gathering errors protected function gatherFormErrors(Form $form) { $errors = []; foreach ($form->getErrors(true) as $err) { $errors[$err->getOrigin()->getName()][] = $err->getMessage(); } return $errors; }

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Sending responses

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Building blocks JMSSerializerBundle Model is not always directly a representation Use DTO to control response

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namespace Api\Address\Dto; use JMS\Serializer\Annotation as JMS; use Api\Search\Dto\Location; class Address { /** * Id of address * @JMS\Type("integer") * @var int */ public $id; /** * City * @JMS\Type("string") * @var string */ public $city; /** * Location * @JMS\Type("Api\Search\Dto\Location") * @var Location */ public $location; …

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public function getUserAddresses(User $user) { $addressesAsDto = []; foreach ($user->getAddresses() as $address) { $addressesAsDto[] = $this->adapterFactory ->userAddressAdapter() ->transform($address); } return $addressesAsDto; }

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Why? Less magic, more control Custom serialization rules and virtual properties Isolate entities from response (safe changes) Not so bloated entities Ease up documentation

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Errors structure

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Pretty facts about errors

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Pretty facts about errors How you handle and output errors is one of the most important parts of your API.

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Pretty facts about errors How you handle and output errors is one of the most important parts of your API. And let’s be honest in most cases it is the last thing you pay attention to.

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Silver bullet? HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Content-Type: application/problem+json Content-Language: en { "type": "http://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "http://example.net/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "accounts": ["http://example.net/account/12345", "http://example.net/account/67890"] } Thanks, KnpUniversity!

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class ApiProblem { const TYPE_VALIDATION_ERROR = ‘validation_error'; const TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST_BODY_FORMAT = 'invalid_body_format'; … private static $titles = array( … ); private $statusCode; private $type; private $extraData = array(); public function toArray() { return array_merge( $this->extraData, [ 'status' => $this->statusCode, 'type' => $this->type, 'title' => $this->title, ]); }

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class ApiProblemException extends HttpException { private $apiProblem; public function __construct(ApiProblem $apiProblem, \Exception $previous = null, array $headers = array(), { $this->apiProblem = $apiProblem; $statusCode = $apiProblem->getStatusCode(); $message = $apiProblem->getTitle(); parent::__construct( $statusCode, $message, $previous, $headers, $code ); } } }

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Then what? $apiProblem = new ApiProblem( 400, ApiProblem::TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST_BODY_FORMAT ); throw new ApiProblemException($apiProblem);

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Then what? The ApiProblem object knows everything about how the response should look You extend and throw ApiProblemException for all the problems you get You need a common place to catch them and transform into a proper response

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onKernelException public function onKernelException(GetResponseForExceptionEvent $event) { $exception = $event->getException(); if ($exception instanceof BadRequestHttpException) { } if ($exception instanceof ApiProblemException) { $response = $exception->getApiProblem()->toArray(); } if ($exception instanceof AccessDeniedHttpException) { } $event->setResponse($response); }

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onKernelException Limit to api routes only Add debug option to show more information in dev Catch and process other HttpExceptions you need

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Documentation NelmioApiDocBundle

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NelmioApiDocBundle /** * @ApiDoc( * section="Catalog", * resource=true, * description="Returns list of places depending on location and preferred delivery time", * output="Api\Search\Dto\SearchResult", * statusCodes={ * 200="Returned when one or more places found or nothing found", * } * ) */ public function searchCatalogAction(Request $request)

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DTO for output /** * @ApiDoc( * section="Catalog", * resource=true, * description="Returns list of places depending on location and preferred delivery time", * output="Api\Search\Dto\SearchResult", * statusCodes={ * 200="Returned when one or more places found or nothing found", * } * ) */ public function searchCatalogAction(Request $request)

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Forms for input /** * @ApiDoc( * section="Orders", * resource=true, * input="ApiBundle\Form\CreateFirstOrderType", * output="Api\Order\CreatedOrder", * description="Creates address and order and returns order number", * statusCodes={ * 200="Returned when order created successfully", * 400="Returned when input parameters are invalid" * }, * ) * @Rest\Post( * "/orders/first" * ) */ public function createFirstOrderAction(Request $request)

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QueryParam for filterinng * @Rest\Get( * "/catalog/search" * ) * @Rest\QueryParam( * name="latitude", * requirements="-?\d+(\.\d+)?", * strict=true, * description="Destination latitude" * ) * @Rest\QueryParam( * name="longitude", * requirements="-?\d+(\.\d+)?", * strict=true, * description="Destination longitude" * )

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No content

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Versioning

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Choose wisely URI: /api/v1/cart Content-type: application/vnd.app.cart-v1+xml Accept: application/vnd.app.cart+xml;v=1

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Choose wisely URI: /api/v1/cart Content-type: application/vnd.app.cart-v1+xml Accept: application/vnd.app.cart+xml;v=1

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URI versioning cart: type: rest resource: ApiBundle\Controller\CartController name_prefix: api_v1_ prefix: /api/v1

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Final thoughts

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Security Use any mechanism you like to ensure user access (token, oAuth, etc.) Check the access based on blacklist/whitelist of routes in the listener Use Voters to check for other complicated access rules

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Just be consistent in Request/Response format Errors structure Naming stuff (like resources and fields) Status codes

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naming resources /api/v1/admins /api/v1/admins/{admin} /api/v1/avatars /api/v1/categories /api/v1/employees /api/v1/employees/{id} /api/v1/rate

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You should read it http://williamdurand.fr/2012/08/02/rest-apis-with- symfony2-the-right-way/ http://welcometothebundle.com/symfony2-rest-api- the-best-2013-way/ https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt

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You should watch this http://williamdurand.fr/2015/06/02/video-nobody- understands-rest/ https://knpuniversity.com/tracks/rest RESTful APIs in the Real World Symfony RESTful API

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You should thank them https://twitter.com/couac https://twitter.com/lsmith https://twitter.com/weaverryan All the creators of and contributors to Symfony, all the libraries and bundles around it

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Thanks! For all the feedback either good or bad use: @memphys [email protected]

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Thanks! For all the feedback either good or bad use: @memphys [email protected]