Future Internet Networks by Daniel Naro and Sara Rodríguez The Smart Grid 1

Future Internet Networks Index ● Introduction: ○ The current Power grid ○ Issues with the current Power grid ● The solution: ○ What the Smart Grid aims at resolving ● Technologies for the solution: ○ First attempts ○ Initiative at the edges ● Issues with the solution: ○ Deployment and challenges ○ Security in the Smart Grid ● Conclusions ● References 2

Future Internet Networks The current Power Grid Designed many years ago: - Oil and gas were cheaper - There were always new customers to connect - Old customers always consumed more electricity Since then: - Prices changed (e.g. 1973 with the oil embargo) - The infrastructure got older, and the number of outages is growing rapidly - We are facing even securities issue: custom made transformers in the backbone which if destroyed would take long to repair - New laws make it harder to use current power plants 3

Future Internet Networks A shift in the economies of scale The evolution to the diseconomy was planned for later, but: - the price of the Kilowatt/hour increased - new laws for environmental issues made it difficult to use power plants to the full use that was planned. - there is a decline in the consumption of electricity Time 4 NOT TO BE INCLUDED

Future Internet Networks Issues with the current Power grid - “ the current electric power delivery system infrastructure [...] will be unable to ensure a reliable, cost-effective, secure, and environmentally sustainable supply of electricity for the next two decades” - “Much of the electricity supply and delivery infrastructure is nearing the end of its useful life.” 2009 report, "Keeping the Lights On in a New World" - 5

Future Internet Networks Issues with the current Power grid 6

Future Internet Networks What the smart grid aims at resolving - Instead of investing in costly upgrades for the network, focus on using the existing infrastructure better - Prepare the network for metering the network in real-time to take well informed decisions - Adding intelligence to the network to better plan consumption and mitigate the risk of power blackouts. - Adapt to a changing market where: - Customers produce their own energy - We need to use multiple sources of energy, some of which are hard to predict. - IoT will be a central point to resolve this 7

Future Internet Networks First attempts for a smarter grid IBM developing technologies using Internet of Things for letting the grid and home appliances communicate: https://youtu.be/QYTi881c0_0?t=2m16s But customers are used to instant disponibility of electric power. 8

Future Internet Networks Usages of IoT for better efficiency In a wind farm, we can connect all turbines through a local IoT: if a neighbor is generating more power, the turbine should copy its blade’s pitch and yawn Without extra costs, the wind farm is 4 or 5% more efficient. 9

Future Internet Networks Current paths: initiative at the edges Users will start to produce their own energy, they need the grid for the peak consumption (for example the oven and other powerful machines on at the same time). 10

Future Internet Networks Deployments and challenges The Internet of Things will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will uncover new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. 11

Future Internet Networks Deployments and challenges 1. Demand Response and Consumer Energy Efficiency 2. Wide-Area Situational Awareness 3. Energy Storage 4. Electric Transportation 5. Advanced Metering Infrastructure 6. Distribution Grid Management 7. Cyber Security 8. Network Communications 12

Future Internet Networks Deployments 13

Future Internet Networks Deployments 14

Future Internet Networks Drawbacks/Risks in the Smart Grid 15 ● Delay, block, or alteration of the generation process of an electric generation facility, resulting in the alteration of the amount of energy produced. ● Fraudulent information about demand or supply causing automatic measures taken which try to deal with non-existing power flows. Result may be a blackout and/or high financial losses. ● Deliberate energy market manipulation by changing smart grid information about the power demand or supply in a stressed market. ● A physical and/or cyber attack on a (small set of) single-point-of-failure smart grid component(s).

Future Internet Networks Drawbacks/Risks in the Smart Grid 16 ● Technology Related Anger (TRA) of smart grids amplified by a very active (set of) individual (s), e.g. peoples sending tweets like ‘Smart grid equipment radiation is deadly’, while lacking a convincing mitigation strategy. ● Organised crime manipulating larger sets of consumer premises smart grid components or at the data concentrators, e.g. turning a large set of smart appliances off. ● The AMI being an entrance point to the smart grid network for hackers/criminals. ● Privacy-related information in Smart Grid components/(wireless) network links of smart grids that is used by criminals or hackers to create reputation loss of one or more stakeholders or even TRA and/or massive technology-related distrust by citizens.

Future Internet Networks Conclusions 17 Priorities Impact Smart Grid Initiatives and Application Meeting Demand Shortage ● Augmentation of generation capacity; efficiency improvement ● Power evacuation and grid access ● Demand side management ● Demand response ● Peak load management ● Crew management Clean Energy Deployment ● Require smarter systems for power balancing to deal with variability & unpredictability ● Renewable energy integration ● Demand response Operational Efficiency Improvement ● Need for ability to control and monitor power flow till customer level ● Theft management ● Asset monitoring ● Meter data management ● Substation automation ● AMI Enhancing Consumer Service Standards ● Real time system to enable better system visibility and consumer participation ● Power quality ● Work force management ● Outage management ● Automatic Billing

Future Internet Networks References - 2009 report, "Keeping the Lights On in a New World" - Energy information administration - annual energy review 2007 - IEEE Smart Grid - IEEE Standards Enable a Reliable, Secure, Interoperable Smart Grid with Steve Collier - A smarter grid with the Internet of Things,Olivier Monnier Worldwide Smart Grid Marketing Director Texas Instruments. [http://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slyb214/slyb214.pdf] - Annex II. Security aspects of the smart grid [Deliverable – 2012-04-25]. ENISA, Smart Grid Security[https://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/Resilience-and-CIIP/critical-infrastructure-and- services/smart-grids-and-smart-metering/ENISA_Annex%20II%20-%20Security%20Aspects%20of% 20Smart%20Grid.pdf] 18