道德語言和後設倫理學

by 朱家安

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ɼ໘ሣಓ℄తຊ࣭ गՈ҆ 羖拻璤 ಓ℄ޠݴ ˍޙઃྙཧላ ꅽ㿋ㄳ㉱

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ㆹ㷸ꧽ跗票舡꠸ 将虋捻ㆹ㷸⚺管㼠奌⡲㹻 ♶乲Ꟁ騥莻劫㹻㸞

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䲿 ⣘

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Simon Blackburn 舣㾴߽䋊疑牧犨硽ෝ㴨䱋ӣӞ䋊ᴺ牧  犥盅戔㮖ቘ䋊覿ऒᎸ绗茐圸牐 ૲襊ظ๜藨傶牧吚౯㮉狶螇盓ڣ䥁牧  ౯㮉ฎࣁ䌘क़ࣁԪᇔಭ疤౯㮉ጱ眲ଶ牐 photo via www.ft.com

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ڣ䥁㺔氂蝡ฎՋ讕氅ᜋ牫吚౯㮉狶ڊ氅ᜋڣ䥁牧 ౯㮉ࣁ䓄琳牫盅戔㺔氂䁭ޞᛔ૩ጱ獉ࣁ憙憽妿涢牫矟蝄क़ࣁԪᇔጱ蔭ᶎ粬௔牫矟蝄क़ࣁԪᇔጱ蔭ᶎ粬௔牧 ޾ፓ獮ጱطᆙ絑ह牐

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ڣ䥁㺔氂蝡ࣁ螇盓Ӥই֜牫吚౯㮉狶ڊ螇盓ڣ䥁牧 ౯㮉ࣁ䓄琳牫盅戔㺔氂䁭ޞᛔ૩䌘क़ࣁԪᇔጱ眲ଶ牫蔭螈ᛔ૩䌘क़ࣁԪᇔጱ眲ଶ牫猂ݰ蟠੷ጱ詂莹牐猂ݰ蟠੷ጱᢩҁ牫 ๚妿战ݢࣁ㾴疑獍瑼պ๙ 矟蝄क़ࣁԪᇔጱ粬௔牫

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ڣ䥁㺔氂蝡ࣁ螇盓Ӥই֜牫猂ݰ蟠੷ጱ詂莹牐猂ݰ蟠੷ጱᢩҁ牫 ๚妿战ݢࣁ㾴疑獍瑼պ๙ 憒塅㮖ቘ䋊憒塅㮖ቘ䋊手瑽妔ڊڣ伛㬵ࢧᒼ ڣ䥁㺔氂牐ଉ憎ጱڣ伛ই物物 - 硳ፅԆ嬝 - 嬝率抷 - 盓ᤈ抷 normative ethics

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ڣ䥁㺔氂蝡ࣁ螇盓Ӥই֜牫猂ݰ蟠੷ጱ詂莹猂ݰ蟠੷ጱᢩ ๚妿战ݢࣁ㾴疑憒塅㮖ቘ䋊憒塅㮖ቘ䋊手瑽妔ڊڣ伛㬵ࢧᒼ ڣ䥁㺔氂牐ଉ憎ጱڣ伛ই物物 - 硳ፅԆ嬝 - 嬝率抷 - 盓ᤈ抷 normative ethics ڣ䥁㺔氂蝡ฎՋ讕氅ᜋ牫

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Ӥই֜牫吚౯㮉狶ڊ螇盓ڣ䥁牧 ౯㮉ࣁ䓄琳牫盅戔㺔氂䁭ޞᛔ૩䌘क़ࣁԪᇔጱ眲ଶ牫蔭螈ᛔ૩䌘क़ࣁԪᇔጱ眲ଶ牫蟠੷ጱ詂莹牐 ݰ蟠੷ጱᢩҁ牫 ݢࣁ㾴疑獍瑼պ๙ 矟蝄क़ࣁԪᇔጱ粬௔牫盅戔㮖ቘ䋊盅戔㮖ቘ䋊手瑽 ࢧᒼ盅戔㺔氂牧藯ก螇盓ڣ䥁๜ 蛪ฎӞ圵ெ䰬ጱ 䩚ᥜ牐 meta-ethics ఫᅅᰘ⢖ᯒ⾔ࡣ

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㶸㖈剤栬用倴➃䗱涸麥䗞✲㻜㌨ 㥶卓剤齡麥䗞ⴼ倬㽠〳⟃僽㼩㢫㖈✲暟暶䚍涸䲾鶤 搭罜 ㆭ⢵鸏珏✲㻜 㽠皿鸏珏✲㻜㶸㖈鑪㥶⡦铞僈麥䗞涸⹛堥 㽠皿鸏珏✲㻜㶸㖈䧮⦛剤鳵岁钢濼ⵌ㸐㌨

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㥶卓麥䗞⢵荈倴♳䋷齡랃剚僽♴⴪ㆭ珏䞕屣 ♳䋷♶⯈鏪䧮⩔くꁈ㾀涸껻誦僽㔔捀չ⩔くꁈ㾀涸껻 誦պ僽麥䗞♳ꐫ涸 չ⩔くꁈ㾀涸껻誦պ僽麥䗞♳ꐫ涸㔔捀♳䋷♶⯈鏪䧮 ⩔く A

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麥䗞⹛堥㉏겗UIFQSPCMFNPGNPSBMNPUJWBUJPO 湬錏♳㖈♧⦐➃溫铇㖒⨞ⴀ麥䗞ⴼ倬涸ず儘➮剚欴欰 ⹛堥雊荈䊹涸遤捀痘ざ姽ⴼ倬 搭罜㥶卓麥䗞ⴼ倬僽㼩㢫㖈✲暟暶䚍涸䲾鶤捀➊랃鸏珏䲾鶤剚荈⹛䪾⹛堥欰ⴀ⢵ FY佪渤⚺纏麥䗞♳㼩涸遤捀㽠僽腋剓㣐玑䏞怏駈剓㢵 ➃䣦劆涸遤捀 A

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怵⻋䳷瑭锸阮FWPMVUJPOBSZEFCVOLJOHBSHVNFOU ㆹ㷸㹻3JDIBSE+PZDF钢捀䧮⦛搂岁钢濼ⵌ麥䗞✲㻜㔔捀䧮⦛涸麥䗞钢濼㐼㸽僽怵⻋罜⢵涸 A

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㥶卓麥䗞✲㻜♶㶸㖈䧮⦛〫剤Ⰽ珏鼇乵 麥䗞ⴼ倬僽㖈䲾鶤✲㻜 搭罜尝剤麥䗞✲㻜鸏珏匌銯䨾⟃麥䗞ⴼ倬鿈鿪僽⧺涸 植⟤岁㕜㕜桬僽猔걧 ⩔く껻誦僽麥䗞♳ꐫ涸 麥䗞ⴼ倬♶僽㖈䲾鶤✲㻜 麥䗞ⴼ倬劥⢵㽠♶僽齡珏〳 ⟃剤溫⧺⧩涸铃〣

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㥶卓麥䗞✲㻜♶㶸㖈䧮⦛〫剤Ⰽ珏鼇乵 麥䗞ⴼ倬僽㖈䲾鶤✲㻜 搭罜尝剤麥䗞✲㻜鸏珏匌銯䨾⟃麥䗞ⴼ倬鿈鿪僽⧺涸 植⟤岁㕜㕜桬僽猔걧 ⩔く껻誦僽麥䗞♳ꐫ涸 麥䗞ⴼ倬♶僽㖈䲾鶤麥䗞ⴼ倬劥⢵㽠♶僽 ⟃剤溫⧺⧩涸铃〣 John Mackie 筏窓߽䋊疑牧犊襉ଙդ ൉ڊ Error Theory牧Ԇ 皰螇盓ڣ䥁ฎ檔蝄ݙ牧 ֕ࢩ傶篷ဩ䌘䛑کԪ䋿 ಅ犥獊蟂᮷ฎ؃ጱ牐

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傍㸞植㖈䎙럊 ⡹䙦랃♶⿡娦 ➛㣔犝姺⟤⡦騈遳莻剤ꡠ涸㉏겗 佅䭰〵抓栬用 ⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 )0僽鷴僈涸 ✳⸈✳瘞倴❀ 植⟤岁㕜㕜桬僽猔걧 ⚛♶僽䨾剤铃〣鿪剤溫⧺⧩ 剤❉〣㶩♶꨾銴溫⧺⧩⛳腋涮䳸铃鎊⸆腋鸏❉铃鎊遤⹛〳腋剤溫铇莅や涸⼦ⴕ ⡎鸏騈捀溫莅や♶僽ず♧⟝✲

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傍㸞植㖈䎙럊 ⡹䙦랃♶⿡娦 ➛㣔犝姺⟤⡦騈遳莻剤ꡠ涸㉏겗 佅䭰〵抓栬用 ⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 ⚛♶僽䨾剤铃〣鿪剤溫⧺⧩ 剤❉〣㶩♶꨾銴溫⧺⧩⛳腋涮䳸铃鎊⸆腋 )0僽鷴僈涸 ✳⸈✳瘞倴❀ 植⟤岁㕜㕜桬僽猔걧 A. J. Ayer 舣㾴߽䋊疑牧螵蜉䋿挨抷ጱ य़疥牧藨傶螇盓ڣ䥁ݝฎࣁ 蔭螈眐姼牐蝡㮆藯ဩᤩ圸傶 Emotivism牐

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#65剤❉✲䞕⣜搭꨾銴铃〣剤溫⧺⧩ 㥶卓䓹♲僽踝  齡랃䓹♲僽㸤隶䢀 䓹♲僽㸤隶䢀 㔔姽䓹♲僽踝 㥶卓䓹♲僽踝  齡랃䓹♲僽㸤隶䢀 䓹♲僽踝 㔔姽䓹♲僽㸤隶䢀

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㥶卓䓹♲僽踝  齡랃䓹♲僽㸤隶䢀 䓹♲僽㸤隶䢀 㔔姽䓹♲僽踝 㥶卓䓹♲僽踝齡랃䓹♲僽㸤䓹♲僽踝 㔔姽䓹♲僽㸤 #65剤❉✲䞕⣜搭꨾銴铃〣剤溫⧺ 㥶卓1齡랃2 JG1UIFO2 鸏겳〣㶩鄄珖捀哭⟝ 〣哭⟝〣涸暶蒀⛓♧ 僽侮〣鑨涸溫⧺⧩歋 Ⱖ穉䧭䧭ⴕ涸溫⧺⧩对㹁

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僽踝  僽㸤隶䢀 隶䢀 ♲僽踝 㥶卓䓹♲僽踝  齡랃䓹♲僽㸤隶䢀 䓹♲僽踝 㔔姽䓹♲僽㸤隶䢀 剤❉✲䞕⣜搭꨾銴铃〣剤溫⧺⧩ 㥶卓⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 齡랃〭⡹魨捀㼭铞㹻涸䓍䓍⿡⩔く껻誦㽠僽ꐫ 涸 ⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 〭⡹魨捀㼭铞㹻涸䓍䓍 ⿡⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸

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僽踝  僽㸤隶䢀  僽㸤隶䢀 剤❉✲䞕⣜搭꨾銴铃〣剤溫⧺⧩ 㥶卓⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 齡랃〭⡹魨捀㼭铞㹻涸䓍䓍⿡⩔く껻誦㽠僽ꐫ 涸 ⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 〭⡹魨捀㼭铞㹻涸䓍䓍 ⿡⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 㥶卓1  齡랃2    1 2

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剤❉✲䞕⣜搭꨾銴铃〣剤溫⧺⧩ 㥶卓⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 齡랃〭⡹魨捀㼭铞㹻涸䓍䓍⿡⩔く껻誦㽠僽ꐫ 涸 ⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 〭⡹魨捀㼭铞㹻涸䓍䓍 ⿡⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 㽠皿♧⦐➃♶䱺「1➮ ⣜搭〳腋䱺「չ㥶卓1 齡랃2պ 㥶卓♧⦐➃䱺「չ㥶卓1齡 랃2պ騈1⡎僽⽿♶䱺「2 齡鸏⦐➃䥰鑪剤럊㉏겗 蕰麥䗞铃〣尝剤溫⧺⧩ 䧮⦛䖎ꨈ铞僈鸏❉✲ 㥶卓1  齡랃2    1 2

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植⟤岁㕜㕜桬僽猔걧 植⟤岁㕜㕜桬♶僽猔걧 㶸㖈剤植⟤岁㕜㕜桬➮僽猔걧 㶸㖈剤植⟤岁㕜㕜桬➮♶僽猔걧 Bertrand Russell 舣㾴߽䋊疑牧獤ຉ߽䋊ԏᆿԏӞ牧蘊揔凟෈䋊糫஑Ԇ牐剤儘⦬铃鎊⟂➃㔮䞨僽㔔捀䧮⦛鄄邍韍幋差

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Simon Blackburn Ԇ薫奰ෝڊ匍牧አ眲ଶಭ疤 ᇄ盠瑿薹究㺔氂牦牦牦 ⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 〭䓍䓍⿡⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 㥶卓⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸齡랃〭䓍䓍⿡⩔く껻誦㽠僽ꐫ涸 <⩔く껻誦> <〭䓍䓍⿡⩔く껻誦> <<⩔く껻誦>OPU<〭䓍䓍⿡⩔く껻誦>> ⩔く껻誦僽ꐫ涸 <⩔く껻誦> ⩔く껻誦♶僽ꐫ涸 OPU<⩔く껻誦> 1 OPU1 1 2 㥶卓1 齡랃2

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Simon Blackburn Ԇ薫奰ෝڊ匍牧አ眲ଶಭ疤 ᇄ盠瑿薹究㺔氂牦牦牦 <⩔く껻誦> <〭䓍䓍⿡⩔く껻誦> <<⩔く껻誦>OPU<〭䓍䓍⿡⩔く껻誦>> <⩔く껻誦> OPU<⩔く껻誦> 1 OPU1 1 2 㥶卓1 齡랃2 㽠皿♧⦐➃♶䱺「1➮ ⣜搭〳腋䱺「չ㥶卓1 齡랃2պ 㥶卓♧⦐➃䱺「չ㥶卓1齡 랃2պ騈1⡎僽⽿♶䱺「2 齡鸏⦐➃䥰鑪剤럊㉏겗 蕰麥䗞铃〣尝剤溫⧺⧩ 䧮⦛䖎ꨈ铞僈鸏❉✲