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A Deeper Deep dive into Swift Literals freddi from LINE Fukuoka at try! Swift NYC 2019 (9th. Sep)

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About Me freddi (Yuki Aki) from Developing LINE Creators Studio at LINE Fukuoka Organizer of HAKATA.swift

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- What is a Literal in Computer Programming? - Why I want you to deep dive into Swift Literals? - Literals in Swift - Object of Literals - Architecture of Type from Literals - Conclusion Agenda High-Level Low-Level

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What is a Literal in Computer Programming?

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What is a Literal in Computer Programming? What is a Literal in Computer Programming? Notations for representing a fixed value in source code. Values we write in a conventional form whose is obvious

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// Integer Literal let assigningIntegerLiteral = 42 // String Literal let assigningStringLiteral = "try! Swift" What is a Literal in Computer Programming?

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Literal is a minimal way to represent the actual data for Programmer What is a Literal in Computer Programming?

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Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals?

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Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals? We have more chances to touch low level Swift compared to Other Languages

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Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals?

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But, it is not easy to learn Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals?

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Compiler Code looks too difficult and is too long for reading Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals?

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Why I talk about Literals? Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals?

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Why I talk about Literals? I learned Swift Compiler things through understanding deep side of Swift Literals Why I want you to deep-dive into Swift Literals?

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Literals in Swift

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Literals in Swift (Basic Literals) // Integer Literal let assigningIntegerLiteral = 42 // Float Literal let assigningFloatLiteral = 10.0 // String Literal let assigningStringLiteral = "try! Swift" // Boolean Literal let assigningBooleanLiteral = true

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Representing basic data - Integer Literal → integer numeric - Float Literal → floating numeric - String Literal → sentence - Boolean Literal → true/false Literals in Swift (Basic Literals)

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Literals in Swift (Basic Literals with nested Type) // Optional from Nil Literal let assigningNilLiteral: Int? = nil // Array Literal let assigningArrayLiteralWithInt: [Int] = [42] // Dictionary Literal let assigningDictLiteral: [String: Int] = [:]

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Context of Nested Values is necessary - Nil Literal → null value - Array Literal → sequencial value - Dictionary Literal → value with key Literals in Swift (Basic Literals with nested Type)

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Literals in Swift (Basic Literals with nested Type) // Not declared what type you want to make optional ❌ let assigningNilLiteral = nil // Not declared what element type ❌ let assigningArrayLiteral = []

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Literals in Swift (Special Literals) // Color Literal let color = #colorLiteral(red: 1, green: 0, blue: 0, alpha: 1) // Image Literal let image = #imageLiteral(resourceName: “cat”) // File Reference Literal let file = #fileLiteral(resourceName: “cat.txt”)

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Swift also provides Special Literals for resources - Color Literal → color - Image Literal → image - File Reference Literal → file location Literals in Swift (Special Literals)

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Literals in Swift (Special Literals) Color/Image/File Reference Literal are - rendered as Actual Data in Xcode - File → select from file manager - Color → adjusting color code

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// Color Literal let color = #colorLiteral(red: 1, green: 0, blue: 0, alpha: 1) Literals in Swift (Special Literals)

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Literals in Swift (Special Literals at Xcode!) // Color Literal let color =

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// Color Literal let color = Literals in Swift (Special Literals at Xcode!)

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// Image Literal let image = #imageLiteral(resourceName: “cat") Literals in Swift (Special Literals)

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// Image Literal let image = Literals in Swift (Special Literals at Xcode!)

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// Image Literal let image = Literals in Swift (Special Literals at Xcode!)

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Literals are a minimal way to represent value by programmer There are many Literals in Swift, not only usual Literal! - Integer, Array, Nil, Color etc… Literals in Swift

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Object of Literals

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Object of Literals The Ways of determining Type of value are … - Type Annotation - Type Inference with Default Type of Literal

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// Integer Literal // assigningIntegerLiteral is Int let assigningIntegerLiteral: Int = 42 Literals get Type from annotation after colon(:) Object of Literals(Type Annotation)

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// Integer Literal // assigningIntegerLiteral is Float let assigningIntegerLiteral: Float = 42 Literals get Type from annotation after colon(:) Object of Literals(Type Annotation)

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Object of Literals The Ways of determining Type of value are … - Type Annotation - Type Inference with Default Type of Literal

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Object of Literals (Type Inference) // Integer Literal // assigningIntegerLiteral is Int let assigningIntegerLiteral = 42 Each Literal has Default Type, can be inferenced

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Object of Literals (Special Literals) // Image Literal let image = #imageLiteral(resourceName: “cat”) type(of: image) // UIImage at UIKit, NSImage at AppKit AppKit UIKit Image Literal NSImage UIImage Color Literal NSColor UIColor

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Object of Literals Some Literals are treated as Object which cannot be used Directly

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Swift’s Compiling Flow 42 SIL(Swift Intermediate Language) Abstract Syntax Tree(AST) AST With Type information

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Swift’s Compiling Flow 42 SIL(Swift Intermediate Language) Abstract Syntax Tree(AST) AST With Type information Front-End of Compiler Back-End of Compiler

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42 SIL(Swift Intermediate Language) Abstract Syntax Tree(AST) AST With Type information Swift’s Compiling Flow

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SIL (Swift Intermediate Language) Intermediate Language between Swift and LLVM IR - Swift code will be converted SIL after AST - Some of optimization are operated at SIL

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Format of SIL SIL is conforming Static Single Assignment format %a = some value 1 ⭕ %b = some value 2 ⭕ %a = some value 3 ❌ Value - Object is assigned to value at each line - Assigning to one value is allowed only once

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SIL (Swift Intermediate Language) Why do we need SIL when deep dive into Literals?

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SIL (Swift Intermediate Language) Why do we need SIL when deep dive into Literals? We can find how Swift Code is treated by Compiler

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SIL (Swift Intermediate Language) Why do we need SIL when deep dive into Literals? We can find how Swift Code is treated by Compiler More easy to read SIL than reading compiler code

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Let’s read SIL let assigningLiteral: Int = 42

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let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Let’s read SIL

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%3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Let’s read SIL

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let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Allocation of memory to %3 %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Let’s read SIL

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$Builtin.Int64 object is assigned %4 %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Let’s read SIL

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At first, Some Literals are … %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 Literal Object - treated as “Literal Object” starts with $Builtin.*** - $Builtin.*** will be used in Actual Type Initializer

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%4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 Literal Object At first, Some Literals are … - treated as “Literal Object” starts with $Builtin.*** - $Builtin.*** will be used in Actual Type Initializer Un-official name!;(

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42 $Builtin.Int64 4.2 $Builtin.FPIEEE64 “42” $Builtin.RawPointer $Builtin.Word Integer Float String Literal Object

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42 $Builtin.Int64 4.2 $Builtin.FPIEEE64 “42” $Builtin.RawPointer $Builtin.Word Integer Float String let value: Float = 42 Literal Object

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true $Builtin.Int1 Boolean Digit after $Buildin.Int means bit-size Integer 42 $Builtin.Int64 Literal Object

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true $Builtin.Int1 Boolean Digit after $Buildin.Int means bit-size Integer 42 $Builtin.Int64 Literal Object

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#imageLiteral(resourceName: “cat”) UIImage(named: “cat”) Image Literal(at import UIKit) No Literal Object! Literal Object

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$Builtin.Int64 object is assigned %4 %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Let’s read SIL

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let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 %3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Let’s read SIL $Builtin.Int64 object is assigned %4

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%3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Literal Object (%4) is passed to Int Initializer Let’s read SIL let assigningLiteral: Int = 42

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Some Type which can be generated from Literal Let’s read SIL - has initializer which receives Literal Object - Initializer of default Type is used, if type not annotated

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%3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Literal Object (%4) is passed to Int Initializer Let’s read SIL let assigningLiteral: Int = 42

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%3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int The generated Int Object is assigned to allocated place let assigningLiteral: Int = 42 Let’s read SIL

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"try! Swift" Let’s read SIL

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"try! Swift" %2 = string_literal utf8 "try! Swift" // user: %7 %3 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 10 // user: %7 %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %7 %5 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %7 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %6 = function_ref ... %7 = apply %6(%2, %3, %4, %5) ... Let’s read SIL(from string literal to String)

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%2 = string_literal utf8 "try! Swift" // user: %7 %3 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 10 // user: %7 %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %7 %5 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %7 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %6 = function_ref ... %7 = apply %6(%2, %3, %4, %5) ... Let’s read SIL(from string literal to String)

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Let’s read SIL(from string literal to String) %2 = string_literal utf8 "try! Swift" // user: %7 %3 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 10 // user: %7 %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %7 %2: $Builtin.RawPointer // pointer of string %4: $Builtin.Int1 // flag string is Ascii or not %3: $Builtin.Word // length of data on memory

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%2 = string_literal utf8 "try! Swift" // user: %7 %3 = integer_literal $Builtin.Word, 10 // user: %7 %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int1, -1 // user: %7 %5 = metatype $@thin String.Type // user: %7 // function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %6 = function_ref ... %7 = apply %6(%2, %3, %4, %5) ... Let’s read SIL(from string literal to String)

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// function_ref String.init(_builtinStringLiteral:utf8CodeUnitCount:isASCII:) %6 = function_ref ... %7 = apply %6(%2, %3, %4, %5) ... Let’s read SIL(from string literal to String)

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Swift Literals are treated as Literal Object at first - Literal Object will be used for Initializers of actual Swift Type Object of Literals %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64)

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Architecture of Type from Literals

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Literal Object At first, Some Literals are treated as “Literal Object” 42 $Builtin.Int64 4.2 $Builtin.FPIEEE64 “42” $Builtin.RawPointer $Builtin.Word Integer Float String

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%3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Literal Object is passed to Int Initializer Initializer which receives Literal Object

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Implementation of this initializer is required by _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) Initializer which receives Literal Object

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What is _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol? _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal

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What is _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol? _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal public protocol _ExpressibleByBuiltinIntegerLiteral { init(_builtinIntegerLiteral value: Builtin.IntLiteral) } init(:Builtin.IntLiteral) is called on assigning Literal by = - Type which conforming with this protocol is convertible by Literal Object

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_ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal init(:Builtin.IntLiteral) is called on assigning Literal by = %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) What is _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol? - Type which conforming with this protocol is convertible by Literal Object

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ExpressibleBy***Literal You may know ExpressibleBy***Literal protocol - makes Type be convertible by each Literal, using = - ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral - ExpressibleByFloatLiteral - ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral …

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struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value: IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal?

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struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value: IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 1. Set typealias to IntegerLiteralType the type should be converted from Integer Literal ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal?

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struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value: IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 2. Implement Initializer which receives IntegerLiteralType value ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal?

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struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value: IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 You can initialize your type by Literal! ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal?

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ExpressibleBy***Literal public struct CGFloat { #if arch(i386) || arch(arm) public typealias NativeType = Float #elseif arch(x86_64) || arch(arm64) || … public typealias NativeType = Double ... typealias FloatLiteralType = NativeType CGFloat is using ExpressibleByFloatLiteral

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struct OriginalIntegerType: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int init(integerLiteral value: IntegerLiteralType) {} } let value: OriginalIntegerType = 10 ExpressibleBy***Literal How to make Original Type convertible from Literal? 1. Set typealias to IntegerLiteralType the type should be converted from Integer Literal

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Associated Type in ExpressibleBy***Literal should conform with _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol public protocol ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral { associatedtype IntegerLiteralType: _ExpressibleByBuiltinIntegerLiteral ExpressibleBy***Literal

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Flow of Converting Literal Literal Object ( = Builtin.***) Swift Type Literal

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Swift Type Literal Object ( = Builtin.***) Swift Type: _ExpressibleByBuiltin*** Swift Type: ExpressibleBy*** Literal Optional → Flow of Converting Literal

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_ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal Please note that … You cannot use _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol in your usual Swift Code

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$Builtin.Int64 $Builtin.FPIEEE64 What is “Literal Object” ??? $Builtin.RawPointer $Builtin.Word Literal Object

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Literal Object Implementation of this initializer is required by _ExpressibleByBuiltin***Literal protocol %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64)

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Where will passed Literal Object go? %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) Literal Object

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public struct Int : …… { public var _value: Builtin.Int64 Literal Object will be stored in Some Swift Types from Literal Literal Object

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// static Int.== infix(_:_:) sil public_external ... (Int, Int, @thin Int.Type) -> Bool { ... %3 = struct_extract %0 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %4 = struct_extract %1 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %5 = builtin "cmp_eq_Int64"(%3 : $Builtin.Int64, %4 : $Builtin.Int64) ... %6 = struct $Bool (%5 : $Builtin.Int1) // user: %7 public var _value: Builtin.Int64 == operator on Int Literal Object

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// static Int.== infix(_:_:) sil public_external ... (Int, Int, @thin Int.Type) -> Bool { ... %3 = struct_extract %0 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %4 = struct_extract %1 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %5 = builtin "cmp_eq_Int64"(%3 : $Builtin.Int64, %4 : $Builtin.Int64) ... %6 = struct $Bool (%5 : $Builtin.Int1) // user: %7 public var _value: Builtin.Int64 1. Getting _value from left value and right value Literal Object == operator on Int

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// static Int.== infix(_:_:) sil public_external ... (Int, Int, @thin Int.Type) -> Bool { ... %3 = struct_extract %0 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %4 = struct_extract %1 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %5 = builtin "cmp_eq_Int64"(%3 : $Builtin.Int64, %4 : $Builtin.Int64) ... %6 = struct $Bool (%5 : $Builtin.Int1) // user: %7 public var _value: Builtin.Int64 2. Passing each _value to Back-End function Literal Object == operator on Int

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Swift Type from Literal Swift’s Compiling Flow Front-End of Compiler Back-End of Compiler $Builtin.*** Back-End Object

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// static Int.== infix(_:_:) sil public_external ... (Int, Int, @thin Int.Type) -> Bool { ... %3 = struct_extract %0 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %4 = struct_extract %1 : $Int, #Int._value // user: %5 %5 = builtin "cmp_eq_Int64"(%3 : $Builtin.Int64, %4 : $Builtin.Int64) ... %6 = struct $Bool (%5 : $Builtin.Int1) // user: %7 public var _value: Builtin.Int64 3. Return result as Bool in Swift Literal Object == operator on Int

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Swift Type Literal Object ( = Builtin.***) Swift Type: _ExpressibleByBuiltin*** Swift Type: ExpressibleBy*** Literal Flow of Converting Literal

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Literal Swift Type: ExpressibleBy*** Swift Type: _ExpressibleByBuiltin*** Literal Object ( = Builtin.***) Architecture of Type from Literals Int, String … CGFloat …

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Operators(+, -, *, /, == …) Operators(+, -, *, /, == …) Architecture of Type from Literals Back-End Function ift Type: ExpressibleBy*** ype: _ExpressibleByBuiltin*** eral Object ( = Builtin.***) Swift Ty Swift Type: Literal O

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Some Types generated from Literals are wrappers of Literal Object Literal Object represents object in Back-End Architecture of Type from Literals

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$Builtin.Int64 Int UInt Architecture of Type from Literals Some Types generated from Literals are wrappers of Literal Object Literal Object represents object in Back-End

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Some Types generated from Literals are wrappers of Literal Object Literal Object represents object in Back-End Architecture of Type from Literals

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Some Types generated from Literals are wrappers of Literal Object Literal Object represents object in Back-End Architecture of Type from Literals Swift Type from Literal $Builtin.*** Back-End Object

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Conclusion

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Literals in Swift Literals are a minimal way to represent value by programmer There are many Literals in Swift, not only usual Literal! - Integer, Array, Nil, Color etc…

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Literal Object At first, Some Literals are treated as “Literal Object” 42 $Builtin.Int64 4.2 $Builtin.FPIEEE64 “42” $Builtin.RawPointer $Builtin.Word Integer Float String

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%3 = global_addr @$s4test16assigningLiteralSivp : $*Int %4 = integer_literal $Builtin.Int64, 42 %5 = struct $Int (%4 : $Builtin.Int64) store %5 to %3 : $*Int Literal Object is passed to Int Initializer Initializer which receives Literal Object

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Architecture of Type from Literals Literal Swift Type: ExpressibleBy*** Swift Type: _ExpressibleByBuiltin*** Literal Object ( = Builtin.***) Int, String … CGFloat …

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For more your understanding

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https://github.com/apple/swift For more your understanding

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sT0SNp-Tw-8 For more your understanding

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Swiftckaigi 19th November 2019@Japan For more your understanding

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Thank you for listening!