Writing Faster PHP with HHVM and Hack

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Proprietary and Confidential •Community Engineer at Engine Yard •Author of Zend PHP 5 Certification Study Guide, Sitepoints PHP Anthology: 101 Essential Tips, Tricks & Hacks & PHP Master: Write Cutting Edge Code •A contributor to Zend Framework 1 & 2, phpdoc, & PHP internals • Original creator of PHAR/ PHP_Archive • Lead for PHPWomen US •@dshafik Davey Shafik

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Let’s start a conversation about mental health in tech prompt.engineyard.com

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About These Slides

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Proprietary and Confidential Two slides per “slide”! Title Slide (for when I’m talking)! Details slide (for later)! Nobody likes it when you can read the slide just as well as the speaker can! I like slides that are useful About These Slides

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A Brief History of HipHop VM Better known as HHVM

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HPHPc 2009 - 2012

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Proprietary and Confidential • Cross-compiler: PHP -> C++! • Needed to compile for every change, which took hours! • Created huge binaries (approaching 2GB Linux “limit”)! • PHP 5.2 (ish) feature-set! • Missing support for large parts of the language (e.g. all 5.3+ features including namespaces, closures, and dynamic features like create_function(), and eval())! • Broke the developer workflow HPHPc — 2009 - 2012

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HipHop VM (HHVM) 2013 -

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Proprietary and Confidential • Alternate interpreted runtime with JIT compiler! • No compiling process! • Twice as fast as PHP in interpreted mode.! • Ludicrous speed for JITed code! • Bug-for-bug compatible with PHP! • Almost up-to 5.6 feature set (e.g. support for variadics, splat) HHVM

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Hack A super-set of PHP

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Proprietary and Confidential • AKA Hacklang (because “Hack” is un-google-able)! • A syntactic super-set of PHP that allows for strong typing via static analysis. Adds support for:! • type hinting! • generics! • async functions! • annotations! • more…! • A language sub-set of PHP that disallows a number of bad practices ! • variable-variables! • globals! • mixing HTML & PHP! • more… Hack

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Performance

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Proprietary and Confidential 0 75 150 225 300 Wordpress 3.9 SugarCRM CE 6.5.16 - login page Drupal 7.28 homepage Symfony 2.5 ACME app home page ZF 2.3.1 Skeleton App Magento 1.9 Homepage Magento 1.9 item page PHP 5.4 (no OPcache) PHP 5.5 PHP 5.6 hhvm 3.1 (prebuilt binaries) hhvm 3.2-dev(src) PHPNG Source: Zeev Suraski http://zsuraski.blogspot.com/2014/07/benchmarking-phpng.html

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Agenda • Facebook (#2)! • Baidu (#5, #1 Search Engine in China)! • Wikimedia (incl. Wikipedia, #6)! ! That’s 3 of the top 4 PHP sites in the world, and ~1/3 of the top 10 overall. (Yahoo! is the outlier, FYI) Actual Users

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Repo Authoritative Mode Ludicrous Speed!

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Proprietary and Confidential • When code “never” changes (e.g. production)! • Extra 20-25% performance increase (similar to apc.stat = 0)! • Spends extra time on caching/JITing for maximum performance Repo Authoritative Mode

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HHVM Setup

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Proprietary and Confidential login.php HHVM Setup Nginx php-fpm mysql,pgsql,mongo,  gearman,redis, etc. index.php

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Proprietary and Confidential login.php HHVM Setup Nginx mysql,pgsql,mongo,  gearman,redis, etc. index.php HHVM

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Proprietary and Confidential server { server_name _; root /var/www; index index.php; location ~ \.php$ { fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/hhvm.sock; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /var/www$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_param; } } HHVM Setup

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Proprietary and Confidential hhvm.server.file_socket = /var/run/hhvm.sock hhvm.server.type = fastcgi hhvm.server.source_root = /var/www hhvm.log.level = Error hhvm.log.user_log_file = true hhvm.log.file = /var/log/hhvm-error.log hhvm.log.access.0.file = /var/log/hhvm-access.log hhvm.log.access.0.format=%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b HHVM Setup $ hhvm -m daemon -c /etc/hhvm/hhvm.ini -u www-data

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Long Term Support

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Proprietary and Confidential Long Term Support Version name Intended release date LTS? End of support 3.3 11 Sep 2014 yes 13 Aug 2015 3.4 6 Nov 2014 3.5 1 Jan 2015 3.6 26 Feb 2015 yes 28 Jan 2016 3.7 23 Apr 2015 3.8 18 Jun 2015 3.9 13 Aug 2015 yes 14 Jul 2016 3.10 8 Oct 2015 3.11 3 Dec 2015 3.12 28 Jan 2016 yes 29 Dec 2016 3.13 24 Mar 2016 3.14* 19 May 2016 3.15* 14 Jul 2016 yes 15 Jun 2017

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Hack A better PHP

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Proprietary and Confidential • Not a new language! • Runs through the same HHVM runtime! • Strongly typed… but thrown away at run time (type erasure)! • Super-fast static analysis! • Strict typing informs the runtime to enable better performance Hack A primary goal of hack is to not [negatively] impact the developers workflow — especially the REPL; whereby we can edit code and refresh our browser to immediately see changes. “ ” - Davey Shafik

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Editor Support Supports any editor (so long it’s vim or emacs)

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File Semantics

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Proprietary and Confidential • To promote best practices, you cannot mix Hack with HTML (or other non-code text)! • All hack files must start with

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Hack Modes

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Partial Mode

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Proprietary and Confidential • Default! • Gradual Typing! • Types are strictly adhered to however:! • Not everything must be typed! • May call into regular PHP code without error Partial Mode

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Strict Mode

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Proprietary and Confidential • All code must be typed! • Cannot call into non-Hack code! • No top-level code! • This means your codebase cannot be 100% strict! • Arrays must be type hinted! • Collections (Vector, Set, Map, Tuple) are preferred Strict Mode

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Declarations Mode AKA Decl

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Proprietary and Confidential • Type hints are trusted but not required Declarations Mode

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Ignoring Errors

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Proprietary and Confidential • You can ignore errors by marking code as UNSAFE! • Applied from the comment to the end of the current block: typically the next curly brace “}”! • Should be the last resort! • May result in run-time errors due to the lack of validation Ignoring Errors // UNSAFE

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Type Hints

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Proprietary and Confidential • Method Arguments! • Return Values! • Class Properties Type Hints

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Proprietary and Confidential Types Type bool Boolean true/false Type Name int Integer numbers float Floating Point numbers string Strings array Arrays (that can be typed) resource Resources (e.g. ﬁle streams) Class/Interface Name An object type-hint

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Proprietary and Confidential Types (Cont.) Type Name mixed Any (not recommended) Vector Numerical contiguously indexed Arrays Map A typed (both keys and values) associative array Set An unindexed collection of typed unique values Tuple A ﬁxed size set of typed values Pair A ﬁxed size set of typed values restricted to two values, indexed as 0 and 1.

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Proprietary and Confidential • void — for functions with no return value! • this — always refers to $this Special Types

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Nullable Types

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Proprietary and Confidential • Allows for nulls to be passed in addition to the specified type! • Prefix the type with a ?! • e.g. ?int or ?\DateTime. Nullable Types

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Soft Types

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Proprietary and Confidential • You can denote the a type-failure should not error by using soft types.! • This is great for migrating codebases! • To do this precede the type with an @! • e.g. @int or @\DateTime. Soft Types add("1", "2");

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Custom Types

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Proprietary and Confidential • Type Aliases (type)! • Opaque Types (newtype)! • Only used for static analysis. Custom Types

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Proprietary and Confidential $status = Map { self::OK => "200 OK", self::FOUND => "302 Found", self::NOT_FOUND => "404 Not Found", }; ! public function send(HTTPStatusCode $code): bool { if (isset($this->status[$code])) { header('HTTP/1.1 ' .$this->status[$code]); return true; } ! return false; } }

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Proprietary and Confidential send(404); }

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Proprietary and Confidential • Allows you to give more appropriate names to existing types! • e.g. unixtime for int Type Aliases

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Proprietary and Confidential • Opaque types hide their underlying implementation outside of the file in which the type is defined.! • This means they become immutable except when calling called defined in that file! • This restriction is not enforced at runtime Opaque Types

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Proprietary and Confidential newtype HTTPStatusCode = int;

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Proprietary and Confidential send(HTTPStatus::NOT_FOUND); }

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Constructor Argument Promotion

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Proprietary and Confidential • Automatically create properties from constructor arguments! • Just precede the argument with a visibility keyword: public, private, protected Constructor Argument Promotion left + $this->right; } } $adder = new Adder(1, 3); $result = $adder->get(); // 4

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Collections

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Proprietary and Confidential • Arrays — must be typed in strict mode! • Tuples — typed arrays! • Pairs — can only contain 2 pieces of data! • Vectors — numerically, consecutively keyed only! • Maps — ordered dictionaries that allow int or string keys! • Sets — unordered collection of unique values! ! • Immutable variants Collections

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Arrays

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Proprietary and Confidential • array — Untyped (only allowed in partial mode)! • array<[type]> — [type] typed values, with integer keys! • array<[type1], [type2]> — [type1] typed keys, with [type2] typed values. Arrays { return array(1, 2, 3); }

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Tuples

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Proprietary and Confidential • Internally identical to arrays! • Fixed size! • Implicitly Type hinted by the values used to define it or! • Explicitly Type hinted using the literal syntax Tuples

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Pairs

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Proprietary and Confidential • Can contain only two values, keyed as 0 and 1! • Immutable Pairs { return Pair { "C039D17D", "checkPing" }; }

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Vectors

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Proprietary and Confidential • Vectors can only use integer keys Vectors { return Vector {"Davey", "PJ", "You?"}; }

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Maps

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Proprietary and Confidential • Maps are an ordered dictionary, which can have integer or string keys.! • Must specify both key and values types when type hinting. Maps { return Map {"php" => "PHP", "hack" => "Hack"}; }

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Sets

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Proprietary and Confidential • Unordered Collection with no keys! • Unique values { return Set { "php", "hack", "hhvm" }; }

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Immutability

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Proprietary and Confidential • Simply prefix the class name with Imm Immutability { $map = ImmMap {"php" => "PHP", "hack" => "Hack"}; $map["hhvm"] = "HHVM"; } |13 col 6 error| You cannot mutate this |12 col 13 error| This is an object of type ImmMap

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Appending Elements

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Proprietary and Confidential • Only Vectors allow $foo[] = "bar" syntax! • Pairs and Tuples do not allow additional elements! • Maps allow appending of Pairs. First value is key, second value is value Appending Elements "foo", 1 => "bar" }; $m[] = Pair { 5, "bat" }; var_dump($m); }

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Object Oriented Interface

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Proprietary and Confidential • Based on the SPL! • Allows adding/removing/manipulation methods! • Allows you to use them as objects, rather than just “better” arrays Object Oriented Interface

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Breaking Iteration

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Proprietary and Confidential • Because collections are objects, you cannot modify them during iteration. Breaking Iteration Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'InvalidOperationException' with message 'Collection was modified during iteration' in

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Shapes

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Proprietary and Confidential • Tuples with a pre-defined structure! • Can be used as a form of validation! • Ensures integrity Shapes newtype HTTPRequest = shape( 'status' => HTTPStatusCode, 'headers' => Map, 'data' => shape ( 'GET' => ?Map, 'POST' => ?Map, 'COOKIE' => ?Map, 'SERVER' => Map ), 'body' => ?string );

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Anonymous Functions

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Proprietary and Confidential • Like closures but they inherit parent scope! • Much more concise! ! • Multiple Expressions Anonymous Functions $fn = $args ==> expression; $fn = ($arg1, $arg2) ==> { expression; return ...; }; $list =

{$item}

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XHP — XML Fragments as Expressions

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Proprietary and Confidential • Makes XML syntax a top-level syntax! • No longer strings! • Auto-escapes for security! • Allows for OO semantics, for composable widgets, for tempting! • Must be XML, e.g.
XHP — XML Fragments as Expression echo

Hello World

;

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Proprietary and Confidential • Classes are defined by prefixing the class name with a colon! • Classes extend the :x:element base class which has DOM-like methods:! • appendChild() • prependChild() • replaceChildren() • getChildren() • getFirstChild() • getLastChild() • getAttribute(), getAttributes() • setAttribute(), setAttributes() • isAttributeSet() • removeAttribute() XHP (Cont.)

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Proprietary and Confidential The PHP Way '; foreach ($items as $item) { echo '

'; echo htmlentities($item, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8'); echo '

'; } echo ''; ?>

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Proprietary and Confidential The Hack Way ; foreach ($items as $item) { $list->appendChild(

{$item}

); }

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Proprietary and Confidential Feedback & Questions: !   Twitter: @dshafik Email: [email protected] Slides: http://daveyshafik.com/slides

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Proprietary and Confidential • Hack Lang: http://hacklang.org! • HHVM: http://hhvm.com! • Building a Better PHP: https://blog.engineyard.com/2014/hhvm-hack (Engine Yard Blog) Resources http://ey.io/hhvm-hack