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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · ia conference · 20 april 2022 E V E E E R H W Y R IA Conference Cassini Nazir

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 1 2 2 3 4 primer framework examples integration What is curiosity? How is it formed? How to compel curiosity? How do you sustain it? How do brands use it? How do they sustain it? How do we graft curiosity into our daily lives?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 3 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Three modes for this workshop: Slide Presentation Zoom Sit back, listen and enjoy. Take notes. Ask questions. Be curious. Breakout Rooms Zoom Interact and engage. Apply. Ask questions. Be curious. MURAL Board Web-link Explore and engage. Co-create. Ask questions. Be curious.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 * 4 background The larger context • Frames of reference • Curiosity’s childhood • Societal forces • Workplace environments • 21st-century design

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · ia conference · 20 april 2022 me

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 6 Our stories of curiosity are often intensely personal. CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · ia conference · 20 april 2022

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 8 We left behind the imaginary friends we had as children. CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Did you also leave behind your imagination?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 9 Introductions CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE • Your name • Where from (job or location) • Either (1) tell us about your imaginary friend 
 (2) briefly describe a moment of childhood curiosity

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 10 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE “ All the significant breakthroughs were break-withs 
 old ways of thinking.” — Thomas Kuhn (1962) Kuhn, Thomas (1962), The Structure of Scientifi

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 11 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Mags Hanley’s Design Career Map. Learn 0-2 years Build 2-5 years Establish 5-10 years Stretch 10-20 years Grown 20+ years 2 3 4 5 1 https://www.magshanley.com/career-architecture-book durable skills know thyself adaptation

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 12 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Mags Hanley’s Design Career Map. Learn 0-2 years Build 2-5 years Establish Stretch Grown 2 3 4 5 know more and more + about more and more + 1 https://www.magshanley.com/career-architecture-book

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 13 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Mags Hanley’s Design Career Map. Learn Build Establish 5-10 years Stretch 10-20 years Grown 2 3 4 5 know more and more + know more and more + about less and less — 1 https://www.magshanley.com/career-architecture-book

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 14 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Mags Hanley’s Design Career Map. Learn Build Establish Stretch 10-20 years Grown 20+ years 2 3 4 5 know more and more + know more and more + know less and less — about more and more + 1 https://www.magshanley.com/career-architecture-book

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 15 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE “The small wisdom is like water in a glass: clear, transparent, pure. The great wisdom is like 
 the water in the sea: dark, mysterious, impenetrable.” — Rabindranath Tagore

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 16 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Learn 0-2 years Build 2-5 years Establish 5-10 years Stretch 10-20 years Grown 20+ years 2 3 4 5 1 https://www.magshanley.com/career-architecture-book “The small wisdom is like water in a glass: clear, transparent, pure. The great wisdom is like 
 the water in the sea: dark, mysterious, impenetrable.” — Rabindranath Tagore

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 17 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE The most important characteristic to future-proof companies? https://youtu.be/xZJwMYeE9Ak 36% 33% 30% 29% 20% 5% Which percentage do you suppose is curiosity? n=23,000 people in 5 countries 


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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 18 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE The most important characteristic to future-proof companies? https://youtu.be/xZJwMYeE9Ak 36% communication 33% commitment 30% self-motivation 29% professionalism 20% passion 5% curiosity n=23,000 people in 5 countries 


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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 19 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE In many companies, curiosity is deviance… until there’s a discovery. unwanted > Whoa—this changes everything… significant >

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 20 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Who gets to be curious at work? https://hbr.org/2018/09/research-83-of-executives-say-they-encourage-curiosity-just-52-of-employees-agree%27 “No barriers exist to me being curious.” “Curiosity is encouraged a great deal.” “Being curious leads to earning more money.” “You don’t get real answers when you ask questions.” 0% 25 50 75 100 n=23,000 people in 5 countries 
 employees C-suite leaders

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 21 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Who gets to be curious at work? https://hbr.org/2018/09/research-83-of-executives-say-they-encourage-curiosity-just-52-of-employees-agree%27 “No barriers exist to me being curious.” “Curiosity is encouraged a great deal.” “Being curious leads to earning more money.” “You don’t get real answers when you ask questions.” 0% 25 50 75 100 83% of executives say they encourage curiosity
 52% of employees agree n=23,000 people in 5 countries 
 employees C-suite leaders

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 22 “Never be limited by 
 other people's limited imaginations. […] You can hear other people's wisdom, 
 but you've got to re-evaluate
 the world for yourself..” — Mae Jemison

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 https://youtu.be/dG-ZXiYtLy8 23 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE “I post something online 
 and then a second and a half
 and I have feedback. Social media is really designed 
 to mess with our insecurities.” — Christoph Niemann (2015) Immediate feedback is counter to some types of curiosity.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 24 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Spool’s five questions every design leader must answer… How might our UX design initiative… …increase overall revenue? …decrease operational costs? …increase revenues from new business? …increase revenues from existing business? …increase shareholder value? https://jmspool.medium.com/the-need-to-think-and-talk-like-an-executive-5c6b121e9315 Does design encompass more than just revenue?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 25 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Yes, there is more to design than just commercial design. Designer creates useful, useable, and desirable products that customers can afford and that generate adequate profit. Designer provides a useful, useable, and desirable product to those who are largely ignored by the market. Designer explores technological investigations that are often only obtusely practicable and relevant to the immediate and everyday. Designer creates tools for thinking that raise awareness and understanding of substantive and often debatable issues. Commercial Design Responsible Design Discursive Design Experimental Design https://www.core77.com/posts/12232 Intention
 Mass market appeal Intention
 Service Intention
 Experiment and discover Intention
 Encourage discourse Driver
 Make money Driver
 Help those in need Driver
 Exploration Driver
 Express ideas Success
 Return on investment Success 
 Serving the underserved Success
 Expand possibilities Success Greater dialogue

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ADES 5430 · Interaction 2 · Cassini Nazir · Spring 2021 26 The earliest humans turned raw materials into useful things. Since prehistoric times,
 we have made objects 
 that enhance daily life… … this is design.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 27 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE What most museums present as “art” are often really designed objects— with a functional purpose. 
 When was the last time you held the objects in a museum?

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ADES 5430 · Interaction 2 · Cassini Nazir · Spring 2021 When, how and where did design begin for humans?

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ADES 5430 · Interaction 2 · Cassini Nazir · Spring 2021 There is no simple answer but Olduvia Gorge in Tanzania gives us some clues about early humans.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 30 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE It was thought what separated humans from 
 our ancestors, was the ability to craft tools.
 In the 1960s, Jane Goodall would demonstrate that it is not just humans that design and use tools. Tool-making human Hunter-gatherers Upright human Distinguished by the jaw Thinking human Encyclopedia Britannica (2013).

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 31 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE The earliest designed objects were meant for function. Not display. Encyclopedia Britannica (2013). Precision grip Power grip

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 32 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE Our earliest human tools are similar in function to early childhood tools. Encyclopedia Britannica (2013). Precision grip Power grip

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ADES 5430 · Interaction 2 · Cassini Nazir · Spring 2021 Many common objects of today, were primitive human interactions. before they were neolithic objects, Ceramic cup, circa 6000 BC Modern coffee cup Gesture of cupping hands

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ADES 5430 · Interaction 2 · Cassini Nazir · Spring 2021 Many common interactions of yesterday… are now an object used as an extension of ourselves. Using hands to eat Using utensil to eat

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ADES 5430 · Interaction 2 · Cassini Nazir · Spring 2021 …only more sophisticated.

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ADES 5430 · Interaction 2 · Cassini Nazir · Spring 2021 Is it possible that we have been shaped more by our consumer desires and demands than by our curiosity?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 37 CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE “The target of western 
 domestic technology design 
 is often not the user, 
 but the consumer.” — Genevieve Bell Bell, G. (2005), Making by Making Strange.

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designing curiosity: a beginner’s guide · HXD 2022 20th century design FROM Making the complex manageable; Rendering the complicated meaningful. Simplicity of form, function, materials, and manner. TO 21st century design THOUGHTS ACTION THINGS SYMBOLS Logos, signs Tools, objects Interactions, services Ecosystems, platforms Design of increasingly complex systems Problems of Communication Problems of Construction Problems of Action Problems of Integration Buchanan, R. (2001) Design research and the new learning. Design Issues, 17(4), 3–23 Many designers are still designing like it’s 1999. 4 3 2 1 38

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designing curiosity: a beginner’s guide · HXD 2022 20th century design FROM Making the complex manageable; Rendering the complicated meaningful. Simplicity of form, function, TO 21st century design Buchanan, R. (2001) Design research and the new learning. Design Issues, 17(4), 3–23 39

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 1 40 primer What is curiosity? How is it formed?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 41

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 There is no monolithic view of curiosity. CURIOSITY > EMPATHY Philosophy & Science tone and tenor of curiosity Psychology how curiosity manifests Education how curiosity edifies Arts & Design how experiences might intrigue Plato Aristotle Apuelius Augustine Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes David Hume Plutarch Seneca Galileo Speculative design Dunne & Raby Reflective practice Donald Schön Making Strange Viktor Shklovsky Estrangement Bertolt Brecht Self-Estrangement Eugene Ionesco Post-humanism Rosi Braidotti Alterity Ihde & Verbeek Strange-making Genevieve Bell Exformation Kenya Hara Design for Care Peter Jones Post-human pluralism Ron Wakkary Personal Growth Todd Kashdan Novelty Edward Deci Interest/Deprivation Jordan Litman Information Gap
 George Lowenstein Workplace curiosity Spencer Harrison Wheel of Emotions Robert Plutchik Sensation Seeking Marvin Zuckerman Optimal arousal Dan Berlyne Ethics of curiosity Sundar Sarukkai Knowledge gap William James Social / intellectual John Dewey Sensory curiosity 
 Jean Piaget Social Curiosity Britta Renner Power Perry Zurn 42

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 the recognition, pursuit, and desire
 to explore novel, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous events. Curiosity is WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Kashdan (2018) 43

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 motivation to explore. Curiosity is WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Hans-Georg Voss 44

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 curiosity what we 
 know what we 
 want to know Curiosity arises when there’s a gap between what we know and want to know. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? 45 Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 75–98.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 STATE Educators naturally want to harness curiosity’s power to create openness to change. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? TRAIT Environment Change Developing a creative climate… …enhances creativity… …creating openness to change. Deepens situational assessment 
 & Divergent thinking Inherent personality trait Innovation 46 Environment Adapted from Puccio, Murdock & Mance, 2007

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 47 inform engage delight attract Businesses seek to harness curiosity and creativity. CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 48 inform engage delight attract Businesses seek to harness curiosity and creativity. CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 49 inform engage delight attract Businesses seek to harness curiosity and creativity. CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 50 inform engage delight attract Businesses seek to harness curiosity and creativity. CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE curiosity

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 51 inform engage delight attract Businesses seek to harness curiosity and creativity. CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE curiosity

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 52 inform engage delight attract Businesses seek to harness curiosity and creativity. CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 53 inform engage delight attract Well executed moments of curiosity can shorten the distance. CURIOSITY IN PRACTICE

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Berlyne, D. E. (1954). A theory of human curiosity. British Journal of Psychology, 45, 180–191. epistemic perceptual MOTI VATI ON instinctual, exploratory behavior — not just in humans desire for knowledge — primarily in humans Berlyne (1954) 54 Early research uncovered motivations behind curiosity.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Confl diversive specific B E H AVI O R persevere to find an answer desire for stimulation, 
 related to boredom Berlyne (1960) 55 Then the behavior behind curiosity.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 epistemic diversive specific perceptual MOTI VATI ON B E H AVI O R instinctual, exploratory behavior — not just in humans desire for knowledge — primarily in humans persevere to find an answer desire for stimulation, 
 related to boredom 56 Putting them together shows the intersections of motivation and behavior.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 epistemic diversive specific perceptual MOTI VATI ON B E H AVI O R instinctual, exploratory behavior — not just in humans desire for knowledge — primarily in humans persevere to find an answer desire for stimulation, 
 related to boredom monkey solves a problem rat explores a maze bored teenager flips channels scientist search for solutions 57 Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 75–98. Curiosity is a phenomenon that occurs in humans and animals.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 epistemic diversive specific perceptual MOTI VATI ON B E H AVI O R instinctual, exploratory behavior — not just in humans desire for knowledge — primarily in humans persevere to find an answer desire for stimulation, 
 related to boredom 58 children As children our curiosity is perceptual and diversive.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 epistemic diversive specific perceptual MOTI VATI ON B E H AVI O R instinctual, exploratory behavior — not just in humans desire for knowledge — primarily in humans persevere to find an answer desire for stimulation, 
 related to boredom 59 adults As adults, it becomes epistemic and specific.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 epistemic diversive specific perceptual MOTI VATI ON B E H AVI O R instinctual, exploratory behavior — not just in humans desire for knowledge — primarily in humans persevere to find an answer desire for stimulation, 
 related to boredom 60 For aging brains, engaging in all four intersections of curiosities helps keep the brain active and healthy.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 61 πόλλ' οἶδ' ἀλώπηξ, 
 ἀλλ' ἐχῖνος ἓν μέγα “A fox knows many things, but a hedgehog knows one big thing.” — Archilocus

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Views the world through a single idea. Draws on a variety of experiences. No singular worldview. The hedgehog Knows only one thing The fox Knows many things

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 63 Let’s discover what kind of curious you are. 1. Take the short quiz on the page at bit.ly/5dcscale.
 It will show how you rate on the five dimensions on curiosity. 
 Do not close the web page.
 
 2. Visit bit.ly/iac22curious and follow the instructions there. 
 Place a sticky on where you rate on each dimension of curiosity.

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joyous exploration • curiosity for curiosity’s sake • exhibited clearly in the ways in which most children learn • why children ask “why?” • also found in adults five-dimensional curiosity scale the recognition and desire 
 to seek out new knowledge and information, 
 and the subsequent joy of learning 1

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deprivation sensitivity • Ponders complex ideas, solves difficult problems, and strives to diminish gaps in knowledge • Learning new things satisfies a curiosity to master new things. • Need challenges: puzzles, adult learning classes, and feel satisfaction in learning new skills five-dimensional curiosity scale emotional curiosity driven more 
 by tension and hard labor than by joy 2

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stress tolerance • primary driver for travelers who love to experience new cultures, • seen in wilderness trekkers • endures discomfort and stress for the rewarding experience five-dimensional curiosity scale willingness to embrace the stress and ambiguity 
 of exploring new, mysterious or risky experiences 3

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social curiosity • love to listen on conversations and observe behavior • not nosy: natural anthropologists five-dimensional curiosity scale desire to know what other people are thinking and doing by listening to, talking and socializing with other people 4

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thrill seeking • seen in extreme sports, serial entrepreneurs and stand-up comedians. • the curiosity of the thrill five-dimensional curiosity scale willingness to take 
 physical, social and financial risks 
 to acquire new experiences 5

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fascinated • social, enthusiastic, assertive, 
 and aspiring • love to be in-the-know • influential leaders and doers • thrive on the unpredictable • see life as an adventure Think Balki Bartokomous from Perfect Strangers types of curious people1 2 3 4

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Think Angus MacGyver from MacGyver (the original—and best) types of curious people1 2 3 4 problem solvers • hard-working individuals • core value of independence • love to learn while working relentlessly at problems they feel must be solved • tend to not ask a lot of questions • often less interested in understanding people

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Think Rose Nylund from Golden Girls types of curious people empathizers • loves to know why people do what they do. • socially perceptive • often prefer to observe what is going on around them instead of participating • describes themselves as anxious and introverted 1 2 3 4

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Think Larry Appleton from Perfect Strangers types of curious people avoiders • the least curious, least confident • avoids things they don’t know • feels stressed often • escapes from difficult situations • avoids confrontation • has few passionate interests 1 2 3 4

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 73 The intersection of the 5DC scale and archetypes TYPES OF CURIOUS PEOPLE fascinated problem-solver empathizer avoiders 5-DIMENSIONAL CURIOSITY SCALE deprivation 
 sensitivity joyous 
 exploration social 
 curiosity stress 
 tolerance thrill 
 seeking Adapted from “The five-dimensional curiosity scale: Capturing the bandwidth of curiosity and identifying four unique subgroups of curious people” by Todd Kashdan, et al. (2018).

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 74 The intersection of the 5DC scale and archetypes TYPES OF CURIOUS PEOPLE fascinated problem-solver empathizer avoiders 5-DIMENSIONAL CURIOSITY SCALE deprivation 
 sensitivity joyous 
 exploration social 
 curiosity stress 
 tolerance thrill 
 seeking

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 75 The intersection of the 5DC scale and archetypes TYPES OF CURIOUS PEOPLE fascinated problem-solver empathizer avoiders 5-DIMENSIONAL CURIOSITY SCALE deprivation 
 sensitivity joyous 
 exploration social 
 curiosity stress 
 tolerance thrill 
 seeking

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 76 The intersection of the 5DC scale and archetypes TYPES OF CURIOUS PEOPLE fascinated problem-solver empathizer avoiders 5-DIMENSIONAL CURIOSITY SCALE deprivation 
 sensitivity joyous 
 exploration social 
 curiosity stress 
 tolerance thrill 
 seeking

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 77 The intersection of the 5DC scale and archetypes TYPES OF CURIOUS PEOPLE fascinated problem-solver empathizer avoiders 5-DIMENSIONAL CURIOSITY SCALE deprivation 
 sensitivity joyous 
 exploration social 
 curiosity stress 
 tolerance thrill 
 seeking

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 78 5-dimensional curiosity scale among the design community Low Medium high n=96 64.5% 17.7% 17.7% deprivation sensitivity 71.8% 19.8% 8.3% joyous exploration 51.0% 43.7% 5.2 stress tolerance 51.0% 43.8% 5.2 social curiosity 54.2% 26.0% 19.8% thrill seeking low medium high How curious are designers and information architects?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 79 Low Medium high 64.5% 17.7% 17.7% deprivation sensitivity 71.8% 19.8% 8.3% joyous exploration 51.0% 43.7% 5.2 stress tolerance 51.0% 43.8% 5.2 social curiosity 54.2% 26.0% 19.8% thrill seeking How curious are designers and information architects? 5-dimensional curiosity scale among the design community low medium high

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 80 Low Medium high 64.5% 17.7% 17.7% deprivation sensitivity 71.8% 19.8% 8.3% joyous exploration 51.0% 43.7% 5.2 stress tolerance 51.0% 43.8% 5.2 social curiosity 54.2% 26.0% 19.8% thrill seeking How curious are designers and information architects? 5-dimensional curiosity scale among the design community low medium high

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 1 2 81 primer framework What is curiosity? How to compel curiosity? How do you sustain it?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Coaxing curiosity to come forward is challenging. 82 Huh? Hmm...

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 rage vigilance ecstasy admiration terror amazement grief loathing disgust boredom anger annoyance interest anticipation joy serenity acceptance trust fear apprehension distracted surprise sadness pensive remorse disapproval awe submission love optimism aggressiveness contempt 83 Emotions are complex. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Plutchik, R. (2001). The Nature of Emotions. American Scientist, 89(4), 344-350.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 84 joy trust trust fear fear surprise surprise sadness sadness disgust disgust anger anger anticipation anticipation joy love submission alarm remorse contempt aggression optimism disappointment often-felt emotions joy trust trust fear fear surprise surprise sadness sadness disgust disgust anger anger anticipation anticipation joy delight sentimentality shame pessimism morbidness dominance anxiety outrage seldom felt anticipation surprise joy fear fear surprise sadness sadness anger anger trust disgust anticipation joy guilt despair envy pride fatalism unbelief sometimes felt trust disgust curiosity cynicism Emotions are complex. WHAT IS CURIOSITY?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 85 joy trust trust fear fear surprise surprise sadness sadness disgust disgust anger anger anticipation anticipation joy love submission alarm remorse contempt aggression optimism disappointment often-felt emotions joy trust trust fear fear surprise surprise sadness sadness disgust disgust anger anger anticipation anticipation joy delight sentimentality shame pessimism morbidness dominance anxiety outrage seldom felt anticipation surprise joy fear fear surprise sadness sadness anger anger trust disgust anticipation joy guilt despair envy pride fatalism unbelief sometimes felt trust disgust curiosity cynicism Emotions are complex. WHAT IS CURIOSITY?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 fear sadness guilt surprise trust curiosity + 86 Emotions are complex. WHAT IS CURIOSITY?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 87 joy trust trust fear fear surprise surprise sadness sadness disgust disgust anger anger anticipation anticipation joy love submission alarm remorse contempt aggression optimism disappointment often-felt emotions joy trust trust fear fear surprise surprise sadness sadness disgust disgust anger anger anticipation anticipation joy delight sentimentality shame pessimism morbidness dominance anxiety outrage seldom felt anticipation surprise joy fear fear surprise sadness sadness anger anger trust disgust anticipation joy guilt despair envy pride fatalism unbelief sometimes felt trust disgust curiosity cynicism Emotions are complex. WHAT IS CURIOSITY?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 88 anticipation WHAT IS CURIOSITY? surprise curiosity shock cynicism fatalism trust disgust joy sadness delight disappointment anticipation optimism pessimism Orlando Gomez. Plutchik and economics: ‘...Disgust, Fear, and, Oh Yes, Love’. http:/ /hdl.handle.net/10071/17999 Curiosity is fragile: slight changes and the tincture changes entirely.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 89 anticipation WHAT IS CURIOSITY? surprise curiosity shock cynicism fatalism trust disgust joy sadness delight disappointment anticipation optimism pessimism Orlando Gomez. Plutchik and economics: ‘...Disgust, Fear, and, Oh Yes, Love’. http:/ /hdl.handle.net/10071/17999 Curiosity is fragile: slight changes and the tincture changes entirely.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 90 anticipation WHAT IS CURIOSITY? surprise curiosity shock fatalism trust disgust sadness anticipation optimism pessimism Orlando Gomez. Plutchik and economics: ‘...Disgust, Fear, and, Oh Yes, Love’. http:/ /hdl.handle.net/10071/17999 disappointment Curiosity is fragile: slight changes and the tincture changes entirely. sadness joy delight cynicism

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 91 anticipation Curiosity is fragile — slightly change the tincture and its composition changes entirely. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? surprise curiosity shock cynicism fatalism trust disgust joy sadness delight disappointment anticipation optimism pessimism Inspired by Orlando Gomez. Plutchik and economics: ‘...Disgust, Fear, and, Oh Yes, Love’. http:/ /hdl.handle.net/10071/17999

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 92 anticipation A word about trust… WHAT IS CURIOSITY? surprise curiosity shock cynicism fatalism trust disgust joy sadness delight disappointment anticipation optimism pessimism Inspired by Orlando Gomez. Plutchik and economics: ‘...Disgust, Fear, and, Oh Yes, Love’. http:/ /hdl.handle.net/10071/17999

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 93 Think of a person you trust the most. What words best describe that person? Do those words also describe you? WHAT IS CURIOSITY?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 94 40 years of academic research on trust can be summarized by three attributes: WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Definition of trust The willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other party will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control the other party Risk or having something invested, is requisite to trust; trust is evident only in situations where the potential damage from unfulfilled trust is greater than possible gain if trust is fulfilled
 1. trust entails the assumption of risks some form of trust in inherent in all relationships Willingness to take risks (one of the few characteristics common to all trust situations) There must be some meaningful incentives at stake and that the trustor must be cognizant of the risk involved Cognitive trust refers to beliefs about another's trustworthiness Affective trust refers to the important role of emotions in the trust process Behavioral trust in teams is relying on another and disclosing sensitive information to another Accepting the risks associated with the type and depth of the interdependence inherent in a given relationship Group's trust for another: A shared belief by member's of a focal group about how willing that group is to be vulnerable to the a target group Interorganizational trust is collectively held trust orientation toward the partner firm Mutual trust exists when two people have complementary trust for one another and when each perceives that the other is aware of his intent and his trust Reciprocal trust is the trust that results when a party observes the actions of another and reconsiders one's attitude and subsequent behavior based on those observations Trust implies a belief that an individual will not act opportunistically or in a self-serving manner; belief of a congruence of values Trust (3 Facets) 
 1. trust in another party reflects an expectation or belief that the other party will act benevolently
 2. trust involves a willingness to be vulnerable and risk that the other party may not fulfill the expectations
 3. trust involves some level of dependency on the other party so that the outcomes of one individual are influenced by the actions of another Source Mayer et al. (1995) Sheppard & Sherman, 1998; Deutsch, 1958 Johnson-George and Swap (1982) Kee and Knox (1970) Gillespie & Mann, 2004; Gillespie, 2003 Sheppard and Sherman (1998)
 Serva, Fuller, & Mayer, 2005; Mayer et al., 1995 Serva et al., 2005; Zaheer, McEvily, & Perrone, 1998 Serva et al., 2005; Deutsch, 1958 Serva et al. (2005)
 Hall et al., 2004; Lewicki & Bunker, 1995 Whitener et al. (1998) Definition of trust Trust can be viewed as an attitude (derived from trustor's perceptions, beliefs, and attributions about the trustee based upon trustee's behavior) held by one individual toward another A psychological state compromising the intention to accept vulnerability based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behavior of another Willingness to be vulnerable Willingness to rely on another Interpersonal trust: two dimensions
 1. Cognitive — reflect issues such as the reliability, integrity, honest, and fairness of a referent
 2. Affective — reflect a special relationship with the referent to demonstrate concern about one's welfare One's willingness to rely on another's actions in a situation involving the risk of opportunism Based on individuals' expectations that others will behave in ways that are helpful or at least not harmful One believes in and is willing to depend on another party Two components:
 Trusting intention: one is willing to depend on the other person in a given situation Trusting beliefs: one believes the other person is benevolent, competent, honest,
 or predictable in a situation Disposition to trust: refers to a tendency to be willing to depend on others Institution-based trust: one believes impersonal structures support one's likelihood for success in a given situation; reflects the security one feels about a situation because of guarantees, safety nets, or other structures Personality-based trust: develops during childhood as an infant seeks and receives help from his or her benevolent caregiver resulting in a general tendency to trust others Cognitive-based trust: relies on rapid, cognitive cues or first impressions as opposed to personal interactions Source Whitener et al. (1998) Rousseau et al. (1998) Rousseau et al. (1998)
 Rousseau et al., 1998; Doney, Cannon, & Mullen, 1998
 Dirks & Ferrin, 2002; McAllister, 1995 Williams, 2001; Mayer et al., 1995; Zand, 1972 Williams, 2001; Gambetta, 1998 McKnight, Cummings, & Chervany, 1998; Mayer et al., 1995
 McKnight et al., 1998; Currall & Judge, 1995 McKnight et al., 1998; Mayer et al., 1995 McKnight et al. (1998) McKnight et al., 1998; Shapiro, 1987; Zucker, 1986 McKnight et al., 1998; Bowlby, 1982;
 Erikson, 1968; Rotter, 1967
 McKnight et al., 1998; Brewer, 1981; Lewis & Weingert, 1985; Meyerson, Weick, & Kramer, 1996

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 95 40 years of academic research on trust can be summarized by three attributes: WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Integrity Benevolence A group of skills, competencies, and characteristics that enable a person to have influence with others The perception that a person adheres to a set of principles that you find acceptable Genuine care about others and authentic concern in relationships Shawn Burke DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.09.006

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 96 Multiply all attributes to conceptualize a trust index. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Integrity Benevolence x x = Trust Index Ideal is to score high in all attributes. 10 10 10 1000 x x =

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 97 Multiply all attributes to conceptualize a trust index. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Integrity Benevolence x x = Trust Index Ideal is to score high in all attributes. 10 10 10 1000 x x = Captain Picard from ST:NG

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Score high on two, but a blind spot in a third. 1 10 10 100 x x = 98 Multiply all attributes to conceptualize a trust index. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Integrity Benevolence x x = Trust Index Ideal is to score high in all attributes. 10 10 10 1000 x x = Captain Picard from ST:NG

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Score high on two, but a blind spot in a third. 1 10 10 100 x x = 99 Multiply all attributes to conceptualize a trust index. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Integrity Benevolence x x = Trust Index Ideal is to score high in all attributes. 10 10 10 1000 x x = Captain Picard from ST:NG Michael Scott from The Office

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Score high on two, but a blind spot in a third. 1 10 10 100 x x = 100 Multiply all attributes to conceptualize a trust index. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? = Ability Integrity Benevolence x x = Trust Index Ideal is to score high in all attributes. 10 10 10 1000 x x = Captain Picard from ST:NG Michael Scott from The Office Score zero anywhere, and your total index is zero. 10 0 0 x x = 5

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Score high on two, but a blind spot in a third. 1 10 10 100 x x = 101 Multiply all attributes to conceptualize a trust index. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Integrity Benevolence x x = Trust Index Ideal is to score high in all attributes. 10 10 10 1000 x x = Captain Picard from ST:NG Michael Scott from The Office Score zero anywhere, and your total index is zero. 10 0 0 x x = 5 Harvey Weinstein the bastard from real life

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 102 Take a moment to score yourself (from 0 to 10) in each attribute. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Be as honest as possible Designer Individual ATTRIBUTES OF TRUST Ability Skills x influence Integrity Principles Benevolence Care and concern

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 103 But trust is more than just you. You probably are on a team.
 How trustworthy is your team? WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Team Interdisciplinary Designer Individual ATTRIBUTES OF TRUST SCOPE OF TRUST Ability Skills x influence Integrity Principles Benevolence Care and concern

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 104 Your team exists inside an organization. 
 How trustworthy is it? WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Skills x influence Integrity Principles Benevolence Care and concern Team Interdisciplinary Company Org-at-large Designer Individual ATTRIBUTES OF TRUST SCOPE OF TRUST

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Try calculating a trust index for your unique scenario. The numbers are often lower with each higher rung. This grid of trust shows each trust attribute applied to the designer, their team and the company at large. 105 WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Skills & influence Integrity Principles Benevolence Care and concern Team Interdisciplinary Company Org-at-large Designer Individual ATTRIBUTES OF TRUST SCOPE OF TRUST T IM E Ability Integrity Benevolence Team Your team Company Your company Designer You 5 5 8 4 3 9 4 3 6 200 108 72

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 What might the indices be in… 1 year? 5 years? 10 years? 106 WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Skills & influence Integrity Principles Benevolence Care and concern Team Interdisciplinary Company Org-at-large Designer Individual ATTRIBUTES OF TRUST SCOPE OF TRUST T IM E

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Reminder: As you move up in management, your EQ gets progressively lower. 107 WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Ability Skills & influence Integrity Principles Benevolence Care and concern Team Interdisciplinary Company Org-at-large Designer Individual ATTRIBUTES OF TRUST SCOPE OF TRUST T IM E CEO Sr. Exec Exec/VP Director Manager Boss Individual 80% 78 76 74 72 70 68 Emotional Intelligence Scores and Job Title Travis Bradberry, Emotional Intelligence 2.0 (2009) Our EQ declines as we make 
 enterprise-wide decisions

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 1 2 108 primer framework What is curiosity? How to compel curiosity? 3examples How do brands use it? How do they sustain it?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 invitation 110

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 invitation trust approaches elicits emotions anticipation awe distraction frustration interest reflection splendor Inquisitiveness speculation wonder challenge delay hide humor novelty obscure playfulness perceptual sensory tease 111

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 invitation response trust 112

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 invitation response inflection 113 trust

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 surprise invitation response reward 114 trust

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 invitation response reward 115 surprise trust

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 invitation response reward 117 surprise trust

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 trust surprise 118 response accepted reward joy + connection invitation playfulness inquisitiveness →

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 120 Christa Sommerer and Laurent Mignonneau. Nano-scape (2002). interface.ufg.ac.at/christa-laurent

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Applying current research DESIGN PROCESS 121 Collaborations: Toyota - Extending Driving Years for the Eldery Health Time Machine 3.0 App Prototype Mock-Up February 15, 2022

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 invitation response reward surprise trust Humor is a useful parallel to curiosity. Aha! is similar to ha-ha! curiosity

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 setup punchline trust Humor is a useful parallel to curiosity. Aha! is similar to ha-ha! humor Why do gorillas have big fingers?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 setup punchline revelation surprise trust Humor is a useful parallel to curiosity. Aha! is similar to ha-ha! humor Why do gorillas have big fingers? Because they have big nostrils.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Visit bit.ly/iac22curious for a workshop activity. invitation response reward surprise trust curiosity

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 1 2 126 3 4 primer framework examples integration What is curiosity? How to compel curiosity? How do brands use it? How do we graft curiosity into our daily lives?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 In an increasingly complex world, questions are more important than answers. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? High value Low value Low complexity High complexity value of questions increase 127 value of answers decreases

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Gaining empathy for users is widely considered a central task in design. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? 128 empathize define ideate prototype test Empathy is the “centerpiece of 
 a human-centered design process” — Stanford d.school Empathy a value that distinguishes design from the established cultures of sciences and humanities — Nigel Cross (1982)

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 WHAT IS CURIOSITY? 129 We often don’t know 
 or understand what 
 we ourselves are feeling, 
 let alone what those around us might be feeling. https://xd.adobe.com/ideas/perspectives/leadership-insights/


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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 130 • We easily confuse and conflate empathy, sympathy, and compassion. 
 • Empathic resonance in the brain is extremely biased. 
 • Having too much empathy may also be problematic and can be weaponized by bad actors. Bloom, P. Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. New York: Ecco (2016).

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 131 WHAT IS CURIOSITY? “I’d like to know you more and design with you.” “I know enough about you to design for you.” THIS SOUNDS LIKE THIS SOUNDS LIKE Empathy alone is not enough for 21st century problems.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 What do these four things have in common? WHAT IS CURIOSITY? “I’m looking /
 And feeling Minnesota” Outshined by Soundgarden 132

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 California Robert California (played by David Spader) Ferrari California California look What do these four things have in common? WHAT IS CURIOSITY? “I’m looking California / And feeling Minnesota” Outshined by Soundgarden 133

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Robert California (played by David Spader) “I’m looking California / And feeling Minnesota” Outshined by Soundgarden person place thing idea I can empathize with… ⬤ What do these four things have in common? They are nouns. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? California Ferrari California California look 134

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Our modern mindset affords us empathy for only living beings. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? “We think of empathy as an intimate, feeling- based understanding of another’s inner life. We do not think of it as a way of understanding inanimate objects.” — Gregory Currie 6 Empathy for Objects1 Gregory Currie We think of empathy as an intimate, feeling-based understanding of another’s inner life. We do not think of it as a way of understanding inanimate objects. Yet a century ago, talk of empathy for objects would have seemed very natural; it was the theme of a group of thinkers whose writings helped to found the notion of empathy itself. They were particularly interested in empathy as a means of attending to the aesthetic properties of things. That earlier programme will be my starting point, and I’ll call the participants in it the Empathists. I will move on quickly to see what light can be shed on their idea of empathy for objects by current research in the sciences of mind. I identify a class of processes which, I claim, underlie empathy for objects as well as personal empathy; these processes are often called simulative in a special sense that I will try to explain. I then have two questions to which I seek answers of at least a preliminary sort. What sort of access to worldly things, including artworks, are we given by these simulative processes; is it, in particular, a perceptual form of access? Second, what role if any does conscious awareness of these processes play in our aesthetic encounters with things? 6.1 Einfühlung The work of the Empathists has now largely disappeared from view, and the contem- porary research which supports some of its claims owes little to it.2 In some respects it 1 Versions of this paper were read to the Claremont Philosophy Colloquium at Pitzer College, and at conferences and colloquia at the Universities of Barcelona, Durham, Geneva, Illinois Urbana-Champagne, Nottingham, and Otago. Aaron Meskin, Jerome Singer, and Kathleen Stock commented on the paper at Durham and I am grateful for their criticisms and suggestions. Thanks also to Noe ¨l Carroll, Paul Harris, Henry Kripps, Patrizia Lombardo, Michele Miozzo, Margaret Moore, Kevin Mulligan, Jenefer Robinson, and Kendall Walton. Comments from Rae Langton brought about some late changes to Section 2, while Matthew Kennedy and Murray Smith were especially helpful in formulating the claims of Section 3. Discussions with Michael Mack helped me to find my way through some of the history. 2 Kevin Mulligan brought to my attention Melchior Pala ´gyi, an intriguing figure whose work, contem- porary with that of the Empathists but not so far as I know related to it, is suggestive of the direction empirical work has subsequently taken. William Boyce Gibson wrote an appreciative, two-part account of Pala ´gyi’s work, the second part of which describes his theory of the imagination (1928). 135

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 “I’m looking California / And feeling Minnesota” Outshined by Soundgarden person place thing idea I can empathize with… ⬤ I can be curious about… ⬤ ⬤ ⬤ ⬤ I can care for… ⬤ ⬤ ⬤ ⬤ We tend to empathize only with people. Curiosity and care are more versatile. WHAT IS CURIOSITY? Robert California (played by David Spader) California Ferrari California California look 136

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 WHAT IS CURIOSITY? 137 Care and curiosity are linguistically rooted. curius Old French (1000s) curioso Spanish curioso Italian (1300S) full of care or pains, careful, assiduous, inquisitive cūriōsus Latin (300s) curious Modern English coryous, corious, 
 curiuse, curiyus Middle English (1500s) cura Latin Care, concern, means of healing (cure) "curious, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2021. “ “ “ “

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 “Only brush the teeth you want to keep.” 138

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 139 “ Human-centered design is not the answer to our problems but is itself 
 part of the problem.” — Wakkary

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 140 : , of design decision-making well in mind. Because we now operate in a globalized state of culture, design needs to seek new territories to off- set the relentless uniformity derived from our current cycle of mass culture/consumption. As defined here, care cannot follow trends that become out-dated after a short time, and therefore reflects a profound evolution in our vision and perception of the world and our way of inhabiting it. Because our universe has become a territo- ry, all dimensions of which may be traveled both in time and space, it is only with care that design can make contributions towards the maintenance of a stable environment and sensible material situation worldwide. Further, design needs to take as much care as possible as it evolves its educational and professional practices because it can now only try to make sense from journeying through a chaotic and undisciplined ecology layered with non-essentials. It must be stressed that care is not a service product designed primarily to be served. Like design, the purpose of care is to affect the way we live. In our increas- ingly population-aging world, within which we are about to cross a demographic landmark of huge social and economic importance—the proportion of the global population aged 65 years and over is set to outnumber the population of children under five years of age for the first time—how we design and care for unprecedented numbers of pensioners and retirees will bring with it huge challenges for policy- makers, designers, healthcare providers, and families. ³⁴ There will be more than 1 billion people living in the world who will have effectively aged out of its workforce by 2040. With care, however, design can play a major role in transforming how health and social care looks and feels for many of these people. Working collaboratively, designers, to- 34 National Institute on Aging. Global Health and Aging, Washington D.C., USA: National Institute on Aging and National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011. 29 projects of the user and designer. The phenomenon of fashion points to new possibilities for the notion of usability, wherein people might now have to craft their own personalized and customized world. ³³ 08 Design with Care With the failure of the structural mega-programs of the twentieth century, there is a need to transgress frigid technological perfection into genial ecological possibilities, and this has to be done with care. In this context, care refers to designing with the macro and micro social, technological, economic, environmental and political effects 32 Bateson, G. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York, NY, USA: Ballantine Books, 1972. 33 Bremner, C. “Usability.” In Design Dictionary: Perspectives on Design Terminology, edited by T. Marshall & M. Erlhoff, pgs. 425-428. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser, 2008. Dialectic Volume I, Issue I: Theoretical Speculation The Concept Of The Design Discipline . ¹ ² 1. Imagination, Lancaster University, 2. Charles Sturt University, School of Creative Industries, Australia : Rodgers, P.A., & Bremner, C. “The Concept of the Design Discipline.” Dialectic, 1.1 (2016): pgs. 19-38. : http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/dialectic.14932326.0001.104 Abstract In their previous work, the authors have demonstrated that the discipline of design has been su- perseded by a condition where conventionally set design disciplines have dissolved. ¹²³ In this age where design is typified by fluid, evolving patterns of practice that regularly traverse, transcend and transfigure historical disciplinary and conceptual boundaries, the authors have argued that globalization and the proliferation of the digital has resulted in connections that are no longer ‘amid,’ cannot be measured ‘across,’ nor encompass a ‘whole’ system. In short, this ‘disciplinary turn’ has generated an ‘other’ dimension—an alternative disciplinarity. ⁴ Moreover, this reliance on the ‘exhausted’ historic disciplines has become obsolete as the boundaries of our understand- ing have been superseded by a boundless space/time that we call ‘alterplinarity.’ ⁵ The fragmenta- tion of distinct disciplines has shifted creative practice from being ‘discipline-based’ to ‘issue- or project-based.’ ⁶ Consequently, this paper presents a manifesto for the future design discipline that emphasizes disposing carefully of what you know, teaching what you do not know whilst al- ways taking design seriously, protecting us from what we want, objecting to sustaining everything, designing without reproach, ensuring that objects are invisible but designed with care and within history whilst exploring design as an idea rather than an ideal. 1 Rodgers, P.A. & Bremner, C. “Alterplinarity—‘Alternative Disciplinarity,’ in Future Art and Design Research Pur- suits.” Studies in Material Thinking, 6 (2011). 2 Rodgers, P.A. & Bremner, C. “Exhausting Discipline: Undisciplined and Irresponsible Design.” Architecture and Culture, 1.1 (2013): pgs. 138-158. 3 Ibid. 4 Rodgers, P.A. & Bremner, C. “Alterplinarity—‘Alternative Disciplinarity,’ in Future Art and Design Research Pur- suits.” Studies in Material Thinking, 6 (2011). 5 Rodgers, P.A. & Bremner, C. “Exhausting Discipline: Undisciplined and Irresponsible Design.” Architecture and Culture, 1.1 (2013): pgs. 138-158. 6 Heppell, S. “RSA Lectures: Stephen Heppell: Learning 2016,”RSA Lectures, 30 June, 2006. Online. Available at: http://www.teachers.tv/video/4957 (Accessed December 22, 2010). Copyright © 2016, Dialectic and the Design Educators Community ( ).All rights reserved. Rodgers, P.A., & Bremner, C. “The Concept of the Design Discipline.” Dialectic, 1.1 (2016): pgs. 19-38. “ Care refers to designing with the macro and micro social, technological, economic, environmental and political effects of design decision-making well in mind.” — Rodgers and Bremner

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 “Only brush the teeth you want to keep.” 141

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 “Only brush the teeth you want to keep.” 142 Only care for the planets you wish to keep.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 143 … in a world of near infinite possibilities, it almost seems impossible. How do we begin? How do we keep going?

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Neither curiosity nor care matters without moments of reflection. PENULTIMATE SLIDE 144

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 Neither curiosity nor care matters without moments of reflection. PENULTIMATE SLIDE 145 experience understanding “ The irony of life 
 is that it is lived forward 
 but understood backward.” — Kierkegaard

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · 20 april 2022 WHAT IS CURIOSITY? 146 What we tell ourselves often prevents us from reflecting. You assume that you know what people think without having enough evidence of their thoughts. You predict the future negatively: things will get worse, 
 or there is danger ahead. You believe that what has happened or will happen will be so awful and unbearable that you won’t be able to stand it. You believe the situation that’s irritating you will always be that way and never change. You focus on the negatives almost exclusively and 
 seldom notice the positives. 24 7 MIND READING FORTUNE-TELLING CATASTROPHIZING NEGATIVE FILTERING ALWAYS & NEVER He thinks I’m a loser. I’m gonna fail this class… It’ll be terrible when I fail. I always make a fool of myself when presenting. Look at all the people who don’t like me.

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curiosity, everywhere · cassini nazir · ia conference · ia conference · 20 april 2022 147 curiosity is everywhere: 
 is it also 
 in you? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?