A Participatory Framework to Catalyze Development in Emerging Economies Tim Tocci \ MFA IDUS Candidate \ dream.poweredbysilas.com 

OVERVIEW Context Characters Conflict 01 INTRO Categories Authors Toolkits 02 LIT REVIEW Site Methods Tools 03 RESEARCH Synthesis Analysis Heuristics 04 FINDINGS Ideation Prototypes Frameworks 05 DESIGN Future Work Conclusions 06 CONCLUSION Table of Contents DREAMdev \ 2 

INTRODUCTION Context / Characters / Conflict 01 

THE (WICKED) PROBLEM TIER 1 TIERS 2-3 TIER 4 TIER 5 Population in Millions 75-100 1,500-1,750 4,000 Purchasing Power Parity in US Dollars > $20,000 $1,500-$20,000 $1,500 <$1,500 Introduction DREAMdev \ 4 C. K. Prahalad’s Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (2006) 

UN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger GOAL 1 GOAL 2 GOAL 3 GOAL 4 GOAL 5 GOAL 6 GOAL 7 GOAL 8 Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and promote women Reducing child mortality rates Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases Ensure environ- mental sustainability Develop global partnership for development Introduction DREAMdev \ 5 

ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD “...the difficulty in getting widespread adoption of even proven innovation due to misunderstanding the social and cultural environment in which the innovation is to be introduced.” (Kraemer, Dedrick and Sharma 2009, 68) Introduction DREAMdev \ 6 

HOW DO WE DESIGN FOR THE OTHER 90%? Introduction DREAMdev \ 7 

HOW DO WE DESIGN WITH THE OTHER 90%? Introduction DREAMdev \ 8 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS Within participatory design communities, who are the stakeholders and decision makers? What are the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legislative (PESTEL) factors that influence development? How can an external agency determine needs and desires of a local population? How can the participatory design method be designed to mitigate unintended consequences and misuse? What are community perceptions of microcredit? 01 STAKEHOLDERS 02 PESTEL 03 NEEDS 04 CONSEQUENCES 05 MICROCREDIT Introduction DREAMdev \ 9 

LITERATURE REVIEW Categories / Authors / Toolkits 02 

CATEGORIES Humanitarian Design Sustainability Participatory Design Social Entrepreneurship DREAMdev \ 11 Literature Review 

NOTABLE AUTHORS Victor Papanek Paul Polak C.K. Prahalad Ezio Manzini Liz Sanders DREAMdev \ 12 Literature Review 

TOOLKITS Liz Sanders MakeTools DREAMdev \ 13 Literature Review 

RESEARCH Site / Methods / Tools 03 

CASE STUDY: OMETEPE, NICARAGUA DREAMdev \ 15 Research 

OMETEPE, NICARAGUA DREAMdev \ 16 Research 

$50 PER MONTH DREAMdev \ 17 Research 

SECONDARY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL TECHNO- LOGICAL LEGISLATIVE ENVIRON- MENTAL DREAMdev \ 18 Research 

PRIMARY RESEARCH DREAMdev \ 19 Research 

PHOTO JOURNALS & DIARIES DREAMdev \ 20 Research 

ASPIRATION CARDS DREAMdev \ 21 Research 

WORKSHEETS DREAMdev \ 22 Research 

PROJECTIVE STIMULI DREAMdev \ 23 Research 

FINDINGS Synthesis / Analysis / Heuristics 04 

SYNTHESIS DREAMdev \ 25 Findings 

SWOT PESTEL MATRIX SWOT CURRENT SITUATION FUTURE SITUATION Categories Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Political Stability from FSLN Election Fraud / Arbitrary Action Green Climate Fund Instability, Civil Unrest/War Economic -DREAMdev Sustainable Innovation Fund Oil Demand and Cost Packaged Financing Global Recession Economic -Customer Ecotourism Low Available Capital Access MFI Capital Decreased Tourism Social Humanitarian Co- design Urbanization Social Networking Imperialism Stigma Technological Mobile Collaboration Limited internet access Energy Storage Material/Tech Cannibalization Environmental Strong wind power density Vulnerable to Natural Disasters Environmental Preservation Deforestation Pollution Legislative 2011 COP17 in Durban NGO Donor Limitations Clean energy mandates Limit foreign involvement DREAMdev \ 26 Findings 

ENVIRONMENTAL OPPORTUNITIES DREAMdev \ 27 Findings 

PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS DREAMdev \ 28 Findings 

PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS DREAMdev \ 29 Findings 

PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS DREAMdev \ 30 Findings 

PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS DREAMdev \ 31 Findings 

THE VOLTA “Es cierto que no tenemos energía ahorita, pero hay un sueño en nuestra mente [que] vamos a tener energía mas adelante...Un día vamos a tener energía.” DREAMdev \ 32 Findings 

HEURISTICS Use inexpensive materials and manufacturing methods. 01 AFFORDABILITY Use local labor and materials to promote maintenance and upkeep. 02 SUSTAINABILITY Combine local symbols of pride with aspirational design semantics. 03 DESIRABILITY ? DREAMdev \ 33 Findings 

DESIGN Ideation / Prototypes / Frameworks 05 

IDEATION DREAMdev \ 35 Design 

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN REVIEW DREAMdev \ 36 Design 

CRUDE PROTOTYPES DREAMdev \ 37 Design 

ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS DREAMdev \ 38 Design 

ROTOR COMPARISON DREAMdev \ 39 Design 

PROTOTYPE 1 DREAMdev \ 40 Design 

PROTOTYPE FAIL DREAMdev \ 41 Design 

PROBLEM DETAIL DREAMdev \ 42 Design 

WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE? DREAMdev \ 43 Design 

THE PAPANEK TRAP DREAMdev \ 44 Design 

THE PAPANEK TRAP “Of course, the radio is ugly. But there is a reason for this ugliness. It would have been simple to paint it ('grey', as the people at Ulm suggested). But painting it would have been wrong... I feel that I have no right to make aesthetic or 'good taste' decisions that will affect millions of people…” – Victor Papanek DREAMdev \ 45 Design 

NEW HEURISTICS Use inexpensive materials and manufacturing methods. 01 AFFORDABILITY Use local labor and materials to promote maintenance and upkeep. 02 SUSTAINABILITY Combine local symbols of pride with aspirational design semantics. 03 DESIRABILITY DREAMdev \ 46 Design 

TAKE 2 DREAMdev \ 47 Design 

DC MOTORS DREAMdev \ 48 Design 

DREAMdev \ 49 Design 

DREAMdev \ 50 Design 

DREAMdev \ 51 Design 

HOW DO WE MAKE THIS DESIRABLE? DREAMdev \ 52 Design 

DESIGN LANGUAGE National Pride Power, Speed, Efficiency, Flight DREAMdev \ 53 Design 

EVOLUTIONARY DREAMdev \ 54 Design 

COMPONENTS Mast Nose Cone Rotors Brackets Yaw Sleeve Guy Wires Motor Housing Tail Boom Tail Fin Ribs Motor Mounting Hardware Hub DC Motor Rotor Hardware DREAMdev \ 55 Design 

COST DREAMdev \ 56 Item Description Material / Size QTY Each Cost 1 Mast 8’ Fence Post 1 $15.98 $15.98 2 Metal Bracket 2 $3.35 $6.70 3 Yaw Sleeve 2" PVC, 4" PVC, + 4"-to-2" reducer 1 $11.04 $11.04 4 Motor Housing ABS 1 $8.38 $8.38 5 Tail Boom 1 1/2" PVC + 3-to-1.5" reducer 1 $6.75 $6.75 6 Ribs 1/4" Plywood (included below) 3 Included Included 7 Tail Fin 1/4" Plywood 1 $1.74 $1.74 8 Tail Cap 1/4" Plywood (included above) 1 Included Included 9 Cables 1/8" 230lb limit 1 $28.69 $28.69 10 DC Motor Average Used Starter Motor Price 1 $51.30 $51.30 11 Hub PE High Density 1 $9.98 $9.98 12 Rotor 6" PVC 3 $2.55 $7.64 13 Flat Washer 1/4" 10 $0.10 $1.00 14 Hex Bolt 1/4-20x1" 4 $0.24 $0.96 15 Hex Bolt 1/4-20x0.5" 8 $0.15 $1.20 16 Lock Washer 1/4" 8 $0.16 $1.28 17 Hex Nut 1/4-20 8 $0.12 $0.96 18 Nose Cone 4" PVC Cap 1 $5.34 $5.34 19 Electrical Cord 25’ Extension Cord 1 $6.05 $6.05 20 Body Filler 1pint with hardener 1 $6.14 $6.14 21 Paint 3 quarts (Primer, White, Blue) 1 $26.09 $26.09 TOTAL $ 197.31 Design 

HOW DO WE TURN THIS PROTOTYPE INTO A BUSINESS? DREAMdev \ 57 Design 

CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT DREAMdev \ 58 Design 

CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT DREAMdev \ 59 Design 

CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT DREAMdev \ 60 Design 

CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT DREAMdev \ 61 Design 

CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT DREAMdev \ 62 Design 

DIFFUSION GLOBAL NATIONAL REGIONAL LOCAL DREAMdev \ 63 Design 

HOW DOES THE OMETEPE MODEL TRANSLATE INTO A FRAMEWORK? DREAMdev \ 64 Design 

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK DREAMdev \ 65 Design 

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK DREAMdev \ 66 Design 

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK DREAMdev \ 67 Design 

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK DREAMdev \ 68 Design 

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK DREAMdev \ 69 Design 

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK DREAMdev \ 70 Design 

DENOUEMENT Conclusions / Further Work 06 

TACIT ASPIRATIONS DREAMdev \ 72 Denouement 

EXPLICIT ASPIRATIONS DREAMdev \ 73 Denouement 

ASPIRATIONAL AESTHETICS DREAMdev \ 74 Denouement 

Incorporate offerings into a holistic business and marketing plan Develop concepts into prototypes with attention to locally available material and labor assets Refine research findings into heuristics Use heuristics to guide ideation Explore users’ tacit and explicit needs Discover personal and community values 5 STEPS FOR THE NEXT (WICKED) PROBLEM Understand the context Determine involvement for users 01 PLAN 02 PRIME 03 DREAM 04 DEVELOP 05 DELIVER DREAMdev \ 75 Denouement 

...BUT CO-DESIGN IS NOT AN ALGORITHM DREAMdev \ 76 Denouement 

3 DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Prototype Development System Development Implementation Development DREAMdev \ 77 Denouement 

PROTOTYPE Increase output with planetary gear box or low-speed generator DREAMdev \ 78 Denouement 

SYSTEM Charge Controller Battery Bank Inverter & Fuse Box Load DreamCatcher Prototype DREAMdev \ 79 Denouement 

IMPLEMENTATION – THE 4 A’S DREAMdev \ 80 Photo diaries and visits suggest prolific DVD player ownership. Create small business opportunities by formatting internet content for DVD distribution. AWARENESS It takes 3 years to build trust with participants. Create and maintain an access network where designers and researchers can build trust with participants through an ongoing relationship. ACCESSIBILITY “Using local rural workshops to produce prototypes is an advantage....” (Polak 2008). This presents an opportunity for a part substitution database based on locally available technologies. AVAILABILITY Inhabitants living on $2/day cannot afford to take financial risks. Risk can be mitigated through iterative testing and reduced capital investment through rent-to-own revenue models. AFFORDABILITY Denouement 

EPILOGUE “I received this question recently...’Isn’t design a bit of luxury for a product destined for the developing world?’ This typical Western view misses the point completely: quality and values are universally understood! How dare we think that people living in conditions less ideal than ours do not understand, expect, or deserve the same high standards of design?” - Yves Behar DREAMdev \ 81 Denouement 

THANK YOU PHOTO CREDITS THESIS COMMITTEE bit.ly/DREAMdev Slides 2 & 11 Photo of Victor Papanek (NC State) Slide 6 • Maria by More Altitude (flickr.com) • USAID (flickr.com) • UNHCR (flickr.com) • United Nations (flickr.com) • Women in the World (flickr.com) • Mother at School – Malawi by Maciej Dakowicz • Robert Douglas • Rencontre au Marrakech by Julie Kertesz Slide 7 OLPC by fuseproject (ArchDaily.org) Slide 10 • Sandinista Silhouette by Stacy • Inter-American Investment Corporation (http://www.iic.org) • Everest Parabolic Solar Cooker • Maslah Camp for Displaced (United Nations) Slide 12 • Muhammad Yunus (various sources) • Levitt and Richards. “Beyond Observation” Innovation. IDSA. Spring 2010. • SELF (http://katerva.org/ ) • IDE (MIT Innovations) Slide 13 • Ezio Manzini by jeanbaptisteparis • Victor Papanek (papanek.org) • Paul Polak by Ray Ng (Smithsonian Magazine) • CK Prahalad (World Economic Forum) • Liz Sanders (The Ohio State University) Slide 14 • IDEO HCD Toolkit (ideo.com) • frog Collective Action Toolkit (frodesign.com) • D4S Manual (d4s-de.org) Slide 16 Nicaragua Relief Map (Wikimedia Commons ) Slide 18 Map of Ometepe (OmetepeNicaragua.com) Slide 19 Old Man by Marc Vaxineta Slide 29 US National Renewable Energy Lab (nrel.gov) Slides 35 & 48 • Walls and Electrical Conduits (nicaragua365.com) • Furniture Artisan by Eddy G • Nicaragua Flag by Nathaniel Garnick Slides 46-47 Papanek’s Tin Can Radio Slide 79 frog’s Hartmut Esslinger - Advice For Designers (frogdesign.com) Victor Ermoli Dean of the School of Design, SCAD Robert Fee Design Management Coordinator, SCAD Lane Thames, Ph.D. Electrical Engineering, Georgia Tech