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Introduction to Rust
own your garbage, so others
don't have to collect it for you
Colóquios Ciência da Computação
14/07/2021
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Alan R. Fachini
alfakini
alanfachini
alfakini.com
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Pq eu fui aprender Rust?
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Por que você deveria aprender Rust?
● Não existe um grande mercado 😭
● Comunidade legal
● Muito material disponível
● Oportunidade de trabalhar com memory management, borrow checker, lifetimes,
tipos expressivos
● Aprender boas práticas de desenvolvimento com mensagens de erro
● Not Haskell, but functional Programming and types
● Not List, but Macros
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Introduction
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Rust
A system programming language focused on three
goal: safety, speed, and concurrency.
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Why Rust?
● Desempenho like C/C++
● System Programming Language
● Guaranteed memory safe, no memory leak
● Threads without data races
● No runtime, no Garbage Collection
● No undefined behaviour
● Zero-cost abstractions
● Ergonômica, developer happyness
● Expressive data structures
● Pattern matching
● Type inference
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Are we * yet?
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Are we * yet?
● Firefox (Servo)
● Linux
● Railcae (container engine Oracle)
● Embedded devices: ARM, Intel, Microsoft Azure IoT Edge
● Web: OpenDNS, Discord, Facebook ...
● Tor
● WebAssembly wasm web standard
● Command-line apps
● Network services
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Comparada ao C, Rust é
● Menos verbosa
● Não é baseada em gambiarra
● Fácil de escrever testes automatizados
● Fácil de gerir dependências
● Fácil de gerir projetos
● De modo geral, Integração Contínua é muito mais fácil
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Tools
● rustup: the rust toolchain installer
● rustc: the rust compiler
● cargo: the package and project manager
● rustdoc: the documentation builder
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curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
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$ cargo new hello_cargo
$ cd hello_cargo
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fn main() {
println!("Hello, world!");
}
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$ cargo build
Compiling hello_cargo v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello_cargo)
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 2.85 secs
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$ cargo run
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.0 secs
Running `target/debug/hello_cargo`
Hello, world!
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Release flow
● RFCs: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs
● Nightly: include unstable features
● Beta: upcoming stable releases
● Stable: new features with docs every 6 weeks
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Ecossistema
● crates.io: registry for libs and applications
● docs.rs: documentation for published libs
● https://users.rust-lang.org
● https://discordapp.com/invite/rust-lang
● https://www.rust-lang.org/community
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Ferries,
the crab
crustacean
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Everything is
about control
and safety
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Mais controle, mais segurança
CONTROLE SEGURANÇA
operate at low level with high-level constructs
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The language
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Immutability
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Immutability
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Shadowing
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Shadowing
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The Character Type (UTF)
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The Tuple Type
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The Array Type
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Functions
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Statements and Expressions
● Rust is an expression-based language, this is an important distinction to understand
● Statements are instructions that perform some action and do not return a value
○ Creating a variable and assigning a value to it with the let keyword
○ Function definitions
○ C and Ruby assignment returns the value of the assignment
● Expressions evaluate to a resulting value
○ the 6 in the statement let y = 6
○ Calling a function
○ Calling a macro
○ The block that we use to create new scopes, {}
● Function bodies are made up of a series of statements optionally ending in an
expression
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Functions
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Control Flow
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Control Flow
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Ownership is Rust’s most
unique feature, and it enables
Rust to make memory safety
guarantees without needing a
garbage collector
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Ownership
● Heap: Memory set aside for dynamic allocation
● Stack: Memory set aside for a thread
● Ownership rules:
○ Each value in Rust has a variable that's called its owner
○ There can only be one owner at a time
○ When the owner goes out of scope, the value will be dropped
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Referências
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References and Borrowing
Como não tem
ownership, mas é
uma referência,
não dropa ela
aqui
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References and Borrowing
Como tá fazendo
borrowing, não
pode modificar
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Mutable References
Pode mudar se
indicarmos que a
referência é
mutável.
Mas só podemos
ter uma
referência
mutável!
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Dangling References
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Structs
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Method Syntax
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Pattern
Matching
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Pattern Matching
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Matching with Option
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Collections
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Vectors
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Hash Map
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Error Handling
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Unrecoverable Errors with panic!
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Recoverable Errors with Result
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Shortcuts for Panic on Error: unwrap and expect
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Generic Data Types
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Traits: Defining Shared Behavior
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Functional
Stuff
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Closures and Iterators
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Ficou de fora
● Slices
● Associated Functions
● Enums
● Modules
● Errors with unwrap and expect and ?
● Lifetime (não entendi ainda)
● Smart Pointers
● Object Oriented Programming Features
● Concorrência
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Onde aprender?
https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book
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Onde aprender?
● https://serokell.io/blog/learn-rust
● http://intorust.com
● https://stevedonovan.github.io/rust-gentle-intro/readme.html