Web Development with Python and Django (2015)

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Web Development with Python and Django Mike Pirnat • David Stanek • CodeMash 2015

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About Us Mike Pirnat American Greetings http://mike.pirnat.com @mpirnat David Stanek Rackspace http://traceback.org @dstanek

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Today •Iteratively build a full-featured site •Describe a feature we need •Implement a feature together •Review our example solution • Keep yours? git show tag • Follow directly? git reset --hard tag

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Useful Links •http://docs.python.org •https://docs.djangoproject.com •https://github.com/mpirnat/django-tutorial-v2

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Let’s Have a Show of Hands...

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Everything* You Need to Know About Python in One Slide *(more or less)

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from module.submodule import SomeClass class MyClass(SomeClass): "This explains what the class is about." def method(self, x, y=1): "This explains what the method does." dictionary = {'key1': 'val1', 'key2': 'val2'} if y == 1: return ["Hello", dictionary['key1']] else: return ["World", dictionary.get(x, 'val3')] instance = MyClass() for word in instance.method(42): print(word)

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Django

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Django?

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Django?

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Django! •A high-level Python web framework •Encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design •“For perfectionists with deadlines” •Focus on automation and DRY •Widely supported, many deployment options

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Perhaps You’ve Heard Of... •Disqus •Instagram •Mozilla •OpenStack •Pinterest •PolitiFact.com •Rdio

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Django •ORM •Automatic admin interface •Regex-based URL design •Templating system •Cache infrastructure •Internationalization •Command-line job framework

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The Django Stack

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Django

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Django Request

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Django Request Response

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Django Request Response

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Django Framework Request Response

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Django Framework Middleware Request Response

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Django Framework Middleware URLs Request Response

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Django Framework Middleware URLs Views Request Response

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Django Framework Middleware URLs Views Models Request Response

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Django Framework Middleware URLs Views Models DB Request Response

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Django Framework Middleware URLs Views Models Templates DB Request Response

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Framework Middleware URLs Views Models Templates DB Tags & Filters Request Response

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Setup

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Download and Install •Python 3.4 – https://python.org/downloads (or get it from your Linux distro’s package manager) •Git – http://git-scm.com

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Got Ubuntu? •Ubuntu’s Python 3.4 is currently broken •Prevents normal setup of virtual environments •We have a cloud server already set up that you can use –104.130.195.216 •Or make a new friend

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Got Windows? •Be sure to update the PATH so that Windows can ﬁnd your scripts: C:\Python34\;C:\Python34\Scripts\;C:\Python34\Tools \Scripts

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Installing Packages •pip install package •Installed packages go into a site-packages directory in your Python lib •That’s the “system Python” by default •But diﬀerent programs may need diﬀerent versions of packages... •So we have virtual environments!

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Virtual Environments •Creates an isolated Python environment with its own site-packages •Install whatever you want without fouling anything else up •Now part of the standard library

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Create & Activate the Virtual Environment # Mac/Linux/etc... $ pyvenv django-tutorial-v2 $ cd django-tutorial-v2 $ source bin/activate # Windows > pyvenv.py django-tutorial-v2 > cd django-tutorial-v2 > Scripts\activate.bat

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Get the Example Code # Normally... $ git init src # Today... $ git clone https://github.com/mpirnat/django-tutorial- v2.git ./src

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Deﬁning Requirements •requirements.txt •A basic example: MyApp Framework==0.9.4 Library>=0.2 http://someserver.org/packages/MyPackage-3.0.tar.gz

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Installing Requirements # Still in the 'src' directory from before... # Mac/Linux/etc... $ cd src $ pip install -r requirements.txt # Windows > cd src > pip.exe install -r requirements.txt

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Check Prerequisites # In that same 'src' directory... # Mac/Linux/etc... $ python prerequisites.py # Windows > python.exe prerequisites.py

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Rewind to the Start of Exercises # In that same 'src' directory... $ git reset --hard exercise01.1

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The Project...

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“Dungeons & Djangos” •Web-based fantasy role playing game •Inspired by D&D (5E is great, btw) •We’ll build the core of the app: • character creation • user registration, login/logout • admin interface • a fancy landing page

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1. Start the Project

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Starting a Project •Mac/Linux: $ django-admin.py startproject projectname ./ $ python manage.py runserver •Windows: > python Scripts\django-admin.py startproject projectname > python manage.py runserver

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git reset --hard exercise01.1 | git show solution01.1 Exercise 1.1 •Start a new project “mysite” •Run the server •Open your browser to localhost:8000

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New Project Contents src/ mysite/ __init__.py settings.py urls.py wsgi.py manage.py

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Start an App •Django believes strongly in separating chunks of a site into apps that can be reused •Ecosystem of reusable apps available •Create an app; from the src directory: $ python manage.py startapp myapp •Add it to INSTALLED_APPS in settings.py

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git reset --hard exercise01.2 | git show solution01.2 Exercise 1.2 •Start a new app named “characters”

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New App Contents src/ mysite/ characters/ __init__.py admin.py models.py tests.py <-- you should write them! views.py migrations/

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git reset --hard exercise01.3 | git show solution01.3 Exercise 1.3 •Add the characters app to the list of INSTALLED_APPS in settings.py

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2. Create a Character Model

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Models •Model classes are the nouns of the system •Used to create database tables •Integrated with the ORM to interact with the database •Need to create & run migrations when adding or changing model classes

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git reset --hard exercise02.1 | git show solution02.1 Exercise 2.1 •Create a Character model; it should have: • name – text, up to 200 characters • background – text, open-ended • level, experience_points, max_hit_points, current_hit_points – integers • strength, dexterity, constitution, intelligence, wisdom, charisma – integers • created, modiﬁed – datetimes, automatically populated • a __str__ method that returns the character’s name

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Migrations •Propagates model changes into the database •Keeps a record of changes made to the models •Can migrate forward and backward •Formerly provided by third-party tools •New in Django 1.7, required by Django 1.9

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Making & Running Migrations •Creating a migration for an app: $ python manage.py makemigrations •See the SQL that will be executed: $ python manage.py sqlmigrate •Run migrations: $ python manage.py migrate

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git reset --hard exercise02.2 | git show solution02.2 Exercise 2.2 •Create a migration for the initial version of the Character model •Run the migration

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Trying Out the Model •Start a Python shell with all the Django stuﬀ all ready to go: $ python manage.py shell •Now we can test out our model

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Try the Admin Interface •Django comes with a built-in admin interface to explore and manipulate models •Runs on /admin/ by default •Need to create an admin superuser: $ python manage.py createsuperuser •Need to register models in the app’s admin.py

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git reset --hard exercise02.3 | git show solution02.3 Exercise 2.3 •Create a superuser for using the admin interface •Register the Character model for use with the admin interface •Open your browser to localhost:8000/ admin

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3. Add Some Defaults to the Character Model

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Worthwhile Defaults •Level •Experience points •Hit points •Stats – simulate dice rolling!

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Anatomy of a Dice Roll

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Anatomy of a Dice Roll 2d8+ 1

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Anatomy of a Dice Roll 2d8+ 1 number of dice

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Anatomy of a Dice Roll 2d8+ 1 type of die number of dice

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Anatomy of a Dice Roll 2d8+ 1 type of die number of dice modiﬁer

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git reset --hard exercise03.1 | git show solution03.1 Exercise 3.1 •Add defaults to the Character model: • level – default to 1 • experience_points – default to 0 • max_hit_points, current_hit_points – default to 10 • stats (strength, dexterity, etc.) – use a function that uses Python’s random.randint to model a 3d6 dice roll

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git reset --hard exercise03.2 | git show solution03.2 Exercise 3.2 •Extract dice rolling from stat generation so that we can model any XdY + Z dice roll •Can do it in a one-line function •Don’t panic — this is the weirdest the code gets today!

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4. Add Alignment to the Character Model

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Choices •When a field can have only a finite set of values that won’t change often, use choices •Can define both database native values and their human-friendly equivalents that will be displayed in the app

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git reset --hard exercise04.1 | git show solution04.1 Exercise 4.1 •Add alignment to the Character model; it should have a ﬁxed set of choices: • Lawful Good • Lawful Neutral • Lawful Evil • Neutral Good • Neutral • Neutral Evil •It should default to Neutral • Chaotic Good • Chaotic Neutral • Chaotic Evil

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git reset --hard exercise04.2 | git show solution04.2 Exercise 4.2 •Create the migration to add alignment to the Character model •Run the migration

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5. Add Race and Class

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Foreign Keys •Use a separate model when the data is too rich for a simple set of choices •When a model (Character) can be related to only one of some other model (Race, Class), use a ForeignKey •When using the model, need an instance: hobbit = Race('hobbit').save() bilbo = Character(..., race=hobbit)

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Foreign Keys •Have to be careful when adding non-null ﬁelds to an existing model, doubly so when it’s a ForeignKey •Migration will ask for a default •If adding a new model and an FK relationship, no defaults yet! •Do it in several steps...

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git reset --hard exercise05.1 | git show solution05.1 Exercise 5.1 •Create very basic models for Race and Class; they should each have: • name – text, up to 200 characters • description – text, open-ended • a __str__ method that returns the name

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git reset --hard exercise05.2 | git show solution05.2 Exercise 5.2 •Create the migration to create the Race and Class models in the database •Run the migration

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git reset --hard exercise05.3 | git show solution05.3 Exercise 5.3 •Add a ForeignKey relationship from the Race model to the Character model •Add a ForeignKey relationship from the Class model to the Character model •Be careful about names here; “class” is a Python builtin that we don’t want to shadow

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Data Migrations •Adding default values into a DB is best accomplished with data migrations •Allow you to reliably populate data at the right point in the evolution of the DB •To create one: $ python manage.py makemigrations --empty appname

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git reset --hard exercise05.4 | git show solution05.4 Exercise 5.4 •Create a data migration that populates a default race (“Human”) and class (“Generic”) into the database •Run the migration

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git reset --hard exercise05.5 | git show solution05.5 Exercise 5.5 •Create a migration to add the ForeignKey relationships for Character/Race and Character/Class •Run the migration •When prompted for a default for the FK, enter the id you want (in this case 1 to match the data migration)

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git reset --hard exercise05.6 | git show solution05.6 Exercise 5.6 •Register the Race and Class models for use with the admin interface •What do you notice about the Class model in the admin interface?

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git reset --hard exercise05.7 | git show solution05.7 Exercise 5.7 •Fix the pluralization of “class” in the admin interface by adding verbose_name_plural metadata to the Class model •Observe the change in the admin app •What do you notice about how the class appears when looking at a character?

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git reset --hard exercise05.8 | git show solution05.8 Exercise 5.8 •Add a verbose_name of “class” to the Character/Class ForeignKey in the Character model •Observe the change in the admin interface

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git reset --hard exercise05.9 | git show solution05.9 Exercise 5.9 •Create a migration to sync up the previous change •Run the migration

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6. Inventory

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Many-to-Many Relations •When a model (Character) can be related to many of some other model (Item), use a ManyToManyField •When using the model, need a list of instances: arkenstone = Item(name='Arkenstone').save() sting = Item(name='Sting (shortsword)').save() bilbo.inventory = [arkenstone, sting]

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git reset --hard exercise06.1 | git show solution06.1 Exercise 6.1 •Create an Item model; it should have: • name – text, up to 200 characters • description – text, open-ended • value – integer, default to 0 • weight – integer, default to 1 • a __str__ method that returns the name •Add a ManyToMany relation between Character and Item to the Character

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git reset --hard exercise06.2 | git show solution06.2 Exercise 6.2 •Create a migration to add the Item model and the ManyToMany relation to the database •Run the migration

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git reset --hard exercise06.3 | git show solution06.3 Exercise 6.3 •Register the Item model for use with the admin interface •Create an Item using the admin interface •Edit a Character in the admin interface; add an item to it •Create a Character without any items in the admin interface; what do you notice?

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git reset --hard exercise06.4 | git show solution06.4 Exercise 6.4 •Change the ManyToMany to be nullable and blank

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git reset --hard exercise06.5 | git show solution06.5 Exercise 6.5 •Create a migration to alter the relationship •Run the migration •Observe the change in the admin app

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7. Basic Admin Customizations

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git reset --hard exercise07.1 | git show solution07.1 Exercise 7.1 •Modify the admin wiring to group character ﬁelds in meaningful groups: • name, level, class, background • max hit points, current hit points • stats (strength, dexterity, constitution, intelligence, wisdom, charisma) • experience points, inventory

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git reset --hard exercise07.2 | git show exercise07.2 Exercise 7.2 •Make the character’s creation and modification dates appear in the admin interface •Show the creation and modification dates in a separate fieldset

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git reset --hard exercise07.3 | git show solution07.3 Exercise 7.3 •Add more ﬁelds to the character list in the admin interface: • name • level • race • class • creation & modiﬁcation dates

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git reset --hard exercise07.4 | git show solution07.4 Exercise 7.4 •Add ﬁlters for race, class, creation, and modiﬁcation date to the admin interface

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git reset --hard exercise07.5 | git show solution07.5 Exercise 7.5 •Change the model name of Race.name to “race” •Change the model name of Class.name to “class”

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git reset --hard exercise07.6 | git show solution07.6 Exercise 7.6 •Create the migration for adding model names to Race.name and Class.name •Run the migration

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git reset --hard exercise07.7 | git show solution07.7 Exercise 7.7 •Add search capability to the character list in the admin interface •Make characters searchable by name, background, race, and class

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8. Add Basic Views

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URLs •Map URLs in requests to code that can be executed •Regular expressions! •Each app has its own urls.py

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Views •Code that handles requests •Other frameworks often call these “controllers” •Basically a function that: • gets a request passed to it • returns text or a response

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git reset --hard exercise08.1 | git show solution08.1 Exercise 8.1 •Create a simple view in the characters app •It can just emit “hello world” for now •Create a URL mapping for /characters/ to this view

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git reset --hard exercise08.2 | git show solution08.2 Exercise 8.2 •Create a stub view for viewing details of a single character •The URL should include the character_id •The view should say which character_id is being displayed •The view does NOT need to query the DB

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git reset --hard exercise08.3 | git show solution08.3 Exercise 8.3 •Change the character index view to return a list of all characters •Change the character detail view to return the requested single character

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9. Templates & Basic Improvements

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Django Template Language •Call a function or do logic: {% ... %} •Variable substitution: {{ bar }} •Filters: {{ foo|bar }}

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git reset --hard exercise09.1 | git show solution09.1 Exercise 9.1 •Create a template to list characters •Change the character list view to use the template

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git reset --hard exercise09.2 | git show solution09.2 Exercise 9.2 •Create a template to show the details of a character •Change the character detail view to use the template

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git reset --hard exercise09.3 | git show solution09.3 Exercise 9.3 •Change the character details template to show a character’s inventory

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Relations in Templates •When a model object retrieved from the ORM has relations, you get a relation manager and not an actual iterable collection •Need to call .all() (or get or ﬁlter) on it before you get back the related model objects

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Optimizing Queries •Be careful using relations in loops in templates; can result in many extra queries •Go read up on: • select_related: does a join in SQL • prefetch_related: queries in advance, caches results, allows “join” in Python

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git reset --hard exercise09.4 | git show solution09.4 Exercise 9.4 •Change the character details view to return a 404 if it can’t ﬁnd a character

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git reset --hard exercise09.5 | git show solution09.5 Exercise 9.5 •Change the character details view to use the get_object_or_404 shortcut

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git reset --hard exercise09.6 | git show solution09.6 Exercise 9.6 •Change the templates to use dynamically generated URLs in links

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git reset --hard exercise09.7 | git show solution09.7 Exercise 9.7 •Add a namespace to the characters app URLs to prevent collisions with other apps •Update dynamic links in templates to include the namespace

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10. Add a Basic Form to Create Characters

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Form Validation •Why? •Classes for each kind of input ﬁeld •Form class to gather input ﬁelds •View uses the form class to validate inputs

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git reset --hard exercise10.1 | git show solution10.1 Exercise 10.1 •Create a page with a simple form to create new characters •Just show minimal ﬁelds (name, background) for now •Default race and class to the defaults we created earlier •Redirect to the character list

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git reset --hard exercise10.2 | git show solution10.2 Exercise 10.2 •Change how race and class are set to reduce the number of database queries during character creation

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Class-Based Views • Separate methods for separate HTTP methods instead of conditional logic • Ease development for common cases • Enables advanced designs • Optional; our example code today doesn’t use them

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11. Refactor Views to Reduce Boilerplate

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Generic Views •Many views fall into the same patterns •Django provides generic view classes for things like showing a list of objects, creating an object, updating an object, deleting, etc. •Subclass and set properties or override certain methods to customize

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git reset --hard exercise11.1 | git show solution11.1 Exercise 11.1 •Change the character list to use a generic ListView •Change the character detail view to use a generic DetailView

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git reset --hard exercise11.2 | git show solution11.2 Exercise 11.2 •Change the character list queryset to order results by character name

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git reset --hard exercise11.3 | git show solution11.3 Exercise 11.3 •Change the character creation view to use a generic CreateView

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12. Make Forms More Eﬃciently

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Model Forms •Forms must declare every field explicitly •ModelForms read a model and automatically create the necessary fields •Can quickly customize •Use with caution; exclude fields which should not be visible/editable

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git reset --hard exercise12.1 | git show solution12.1 Exercise 12.1 •Refactor character creation to use a ModelForm

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git reset --hard exercise12.2 | git show solution12.2 Exercise 12.2 •During character creation, only show the ﬁelds the user can choose: • name • background • race • class • alignment

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git reset --hard exercise12.3 | git show solution12.3 Exercise 12.3 •Show the stats (strength, dexterity, constitution, intelligence, wisdom, charisma) as read only during character creation •The solution is for illustration only; it has some security issues outside of our scope

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13. Update & Delete Characters

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git reset --hard exercise13.1 | git show solution13.1 Exercise 13.1 •Create a page to update characters using a generic UpdateView

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git reset --hard exercise13.2 | git show exercise13.2 Exercise 13.2 •Create a page to delete characters using a generic DeleteView

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14. User Registration

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No Need to Reinvent •Django comes with a robust user framework: django.contrib.auth •Registration •Login/Logout •Password Recovery •Etc.

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git reset --hard exercise14.1 | git show solution14.1 Exercise 14.1 •Start a new “accounts” app for managing user accounts

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git reset --hard exercise14.2 | git show solution14.2 Exercise 14.2 •Create a page for registering users •Use django.contrib.auth’s user creation form •Provide our own template and view; base the view on a generic FormView •Don’t forget URLs and settings.py!

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The User Object •Always have one in every request •Always available to templates •Can be anonymous or populated depending on whether the user has authenticated

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git reset --hard exercise14.3 | git show solution14.3 Exercise 14.3 •Change the character list template •Show the username when signed in •Show the registration link when signed out

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15. User Login & Logout

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More Reusable Goodness •django.contrib.auth provides URLs and views for login and logout •Will want to provide our own templates

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git reset --hard exercise15.1 | git show solution15.1 Exercise 15.1 •Enable user login and logout •Create templates for login and logged out pages •Use django.contrib.auth views •Link to the login/logout in the character list template •Try it out; what do you observe?

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git reset --hard exercise15.2 | git show solution15.2 Exercise 15.2 •Change the default login redirect URL to the character list page (/characters)

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git reset --hard exercise15.3 | git show solution15.3 Exercise 15.3 •Fix the template resolution order for logout

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git reset --hard exercise15.4 | git show solution15.4 Exercise 15.4 •Create a base template for the site •Change all existing templates to extend the base template •Move the header navigation block (with our login/logout and registration links) to the base template

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16. Let Users OWN Characters

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git reset --hard exercise16.1 | git show solution16.1 Exercise 16.1 •Add a ForeignKey relationship between Characters and Users

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git reset --hard exercise16.2 | git show solution16.2 Exercise 16.2 •Create the migration to add the Character/ User relationship •Run the migration

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git reset --hard exercise16.3 | git show solution16.3 Exercise 16.3 •Add the User that created a Character to the admin ﬁelds

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git reset --hard exercise16.4 | git show solution16.4 Exercise 16.4 •Add the player username to the player details page

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git reset --hard exercise16.5 | git show solution16.5 Exercise 16.5 •Require the user to be logged in when creating, editing, or deleting a character

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git reset --hard exercise16.6 | git show solution16.6 Exercise 16.6 •When creating a character, save the user who created the character

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17. Restrict Object Access

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Model Managers •A place to encapsulate data queries •Extend to provide extra queries with developer-friendly interfaces •Generic views can restrict access by limiting the queryset available in the view

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git reset --hard exercise17.1 | git show solution17.1 Exercise 17.1 •Create a model manager for the Character model •Use the model manager to lock down the edit and delete functions

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git reset --hard exercise17.2 | git show solution17.2 Exercise 17.2 •Remove the edit and delete character links when the user doesn’t own the character

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18. Finishing Touches

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git reset --hard exercise18.1 | git show solution18.1 Exercise 18.1 •Add a basic landing page on the root URL •Include a spiﬀy logo image

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git reset --hard exercise18.1 | git show solution18.2 Exercise 18.2 •Make sure our pages have awesome branding •Put a small logo on every page

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19. Bonus / Ideas

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git reset --hard bonus | git show bonus Bonus Ideas •User proﬁles •Character pictures •Parties (groups of characters) •Rooms/locations •Combat •Loot! •Experience points/ leveling up •Weapons & armor •Race and class, for real •Spells •Multi-classing •REST API

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No content

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A Little Bit About Deployment

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Django

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Django

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Django

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Django Django Gunicorn Django or uwsgi!

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Django Django Nginx Gunicorn Django or uwsgi!

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Django Django Nginx Static Files Gunicorn Django or uwsgi!

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Django Django Nginx Static Files Gunicorn Django Varnish or uwsgi!

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Where to Deploy •Gondor.io •Heroku •Webfaction •Your favorite VPS (Rackspace, AWS, etc.) •Google App Engine (if that’s what you’re into)

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Production Advice •Don’t enable admin in production •Don’t enable debug in production •Don’t enable the Django Debug Toolbar in production •Don’t publish your production settings & secrets on github

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Questions?

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Links •http://python.org •https://djangoproject.com •https://github.com/mpirnat/django-tutorial-v2

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Credits • Image from Django Unchained by Sony Pictures http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/django-star-foxx-life- built-race-article-1.1220275 • Image of Django Reinhardt by ~Raimondsy http://raimondsy.deviantart.com/art/Django-Reinhardt-314914547 • Image of Gaming Dice http://www.clker.com/cliparts/R/y/7/z/q/z/role-playing-dice-hi.png • Other images from ClipArt Etc. http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/

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Contact Information Mike Pirnat American Greetings http://mike.pirnat.com @mpirnat David Stanek Rackspace http://traceback.org @dstanek

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Thanks for coming & happy hacking!