Accelerating the IoT IoT on the Move with Public Transit Joffrey Lauthier IoT Tech Expo North America Santa Clara, CA | May 17, 2023 

Railcar tracking and condition monitoring IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 2 U.S. freight rail network 1.6 million railcars 140,000 miles of track 6,000+ hotbox detectors LoRa BLE 5G Satellite — Location — Vibration — Temperature — Load — Tilt Railcar owners Vehicle sensors Vehicle gateway Operators Trackside sensors Cloud Repair shops Shippers 

3 o low-power: vehicle-mounted tags run on batteries o no power / network wiring required in the vehicle o no vehicle-to-infrastructure data communication required o UWB ranging works indoors Ultra-wideband radio ranging Tracking railcars in yards with UWB sensors 

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 4 Trackside sensors Carborne sensors Tracking and condition monitoring of linear assets 

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 5 Voice radio Train control Passenger Wi-Fi Train CCTV Vehicle diagnostics Passenger mobile Public address Intercom Passenger information Wi-Fi Wi-Fi P25 or TETRA 5G mmWave or Wi-Fi 5G mid-band Vehicle-to-infrastructure communications — urban railway 

6 IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit o 100% coverage of the tracks o High-availability redundant wireless networks o Quality of service management o Coverage gaps on the route o System availability not guaranteed o No control on the quality of service Dedicated V2I comms Mobile network carrier Trackside wireless access point Building- mounted radio antenna High-availability vehicle-to-infrastructure communications 

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 7 Train supervision Power SCADA Tunnel ventilation Scheduling Crew rostering Asset management Interlocking systems Train control zone controllers Wired networking equipment Signals Switches Train detection Transponders Wireless radio access points Driver console Train control computers Transponder antennas Positioning system Train-to-wayside radios Train communication network Rolling stock Track equipment Control center Wayside equipment Train control system architecture 

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 8 Train supervision Power SCADA Tunnel ventilation Scheduling Crew rostering Asset management Interlocking systems Train control zone controllers Wired networking equipment Signals Switches Train detection Transponders Wireless radio access points Driver console Train control computers Transponder antennas Positioning system Train-to-wayside radios Train communication network Rolling stock Track equipment Control center Wayside equipment Carborne controllers Private cloud Processing shift to the Cloud and to the Edge 

9 9 Streetcar, tramway, light rail Automated people mover, monorail, metro, heavy rail Airport express railway, commuter rail Intercity, high-speed rail Very high-speed rail PTC Positive Train Control CAD/AVL Computer-Aided Dispatch / Automatic Vehicle Location ERTMS European Rail Traffic Management System Low speed, drive-on-sight operations Difficult to automate, sharing the right of way with road vehicles and pedestrians High-frequency operations: designed for up to 60 trains per hour per direction Automation enables short headways and unattended train operations Mostly proprietary technology PTC and ERTMS offer interoperability between suppliers Automatic train operation performance still limited CBTC Communication-Based Train Control Train Control Systems 

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 10 PPP-adjusted prices awarded in million 2023 dollars for a selection of global CBTC supply projects procured in the last 20 years Brownfield upgrades Greenfield projects million dollars per route-mile Technology supply: communication- based train control 

11 11 Railway IEC 62425 Automotive ISO 26262 SIL Probability of dangerous Failure per Hour Function ASIL Function 0 Train supervision QM 1 10-5—10-6 A Rear lights failure 2 10-6—10-7 Selective door operation B Head lights failure C Cruise control inadvertent braking 3 10-7—10-8 Train movement in the depot D Unintended antilock braking 4 10-8—10-9 Train movement on mainline IEC 62425 Railway applications — Communication, signalling and processing systems — Safety related electronic systems for signalling ISO 26262 Road Vehicles Functional Safety 11 Safety integrity levels — rail vs. automotive 

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 12 SL Protection against Target protection 1 Unintentional or accidental misuse CCTV 2 Intentional attacks with simple means Control Center 3 Intentional attacks with sophisticated means Signaling, Ticketing 4 Intentional attacks with extended resources ISA/IEC 62443-3 Industrial communication networks — Network and system security CLC/TS 50701 Railway applications — Cybersecurity Security assurance levels — IEC 62443 and TS 50701 

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 13 IoT market and cybersecurity Baseline 2030 IoT value capture and cybersecurity risk score ↑ Value capture by IoT suppliers $ billion Source: McKinsey B2B IoT Survey, April 2023 Mobility and transportation addressable market in 2023 forecasted to increase to $133 billion if cybersecurity risk is managed Mobility and transportation 

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 14 o Complex multi-year upgrade strategies o Dual-equipping infra and rolling stock o Concessions to backward compatibility 100% 100% 0% 0% Vehicles Infrastructure New tech Legacy Dual mode 30+ year lifecycle interoperability requirements Railway technology IT, IoT, communications 7-year lifecycle Lifecycle mismatch Gradual technology migration over time 

Track condition monitoring Driver assistance Transit signal priority Worker Protection Passenger information Automatic fare collection Public safety Yard management Computer-aided dispatch Network optimization Safety-critical vehicle detection / positioning Platform screen doors Selective door operation Automatic train operation Automatic train protection Train integrity Grade crossing preemption Correct side door enable Traction power Tunnel ventilation 15 Transit and rail systems rely on vehicle location 

Vehicle localization subsystem Diversity of sensors to meet safety targets Pairing sensors providing continuous relative position with sensors providing absolute location corrections * successfully included in a Safety Integrity Level 4 safety case 16 Localization technologies 

Evaluating positioning systems Location Accuracy Precision Reliability, Availability, Maintainability Safety-critical Additional functions Train-to-wayside communications Train detection Obstacle detection Cost Onboard equipment Wayside infrastructure IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 17 Adoption criteria 

o Augmentation service providing safe corrections and integrity data to GNSS receivers o Safe corrections to GPS and Galileo are required for safety-critical use of satellite positioning in train control European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) functional architecture. Source: EGNOS User Support, European Satellite Services Provider (ESSP) website. IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 18 European GNSS Navigation Safety Service for Rail EGNSS-R Satellite Based Augmentation Systems for rail networks 

New York MTA pioneering the replacement of legacy transponders with UWB radio beacons on future CBTC modernization projects. UWB ranging measures a precise distance between the train and beacons installed along the tracks. Trains compute their position by triangulation with lineside beacons. 19 "Terrestrial GPS" Ultra-wideband radio ranging 

Open sky o Excellent line-of-sight to satellites at any time o Lower-frequency traffic: greater position uncertainty acceptable Urban canyon o Reduced numbers of satellites in view o GPS coverage varies during the day o UWB beacons where better coverage is required Tunnel and station o GPS-denied environment o Positioning relies on line- of-sight to UWB beacons o Initialization at the start of mission requires high position certainty In sight: GPS satellites and UWB beacons GPS UWB 20 UWB beacons augmenting GNSS coverage Fusing pseudoranges from satellites and ultra-wideband radio ranging 

Technology Range ★★★★ typ. 100m, max 300m ★★★ typ. 50m, max 150m ★★ typ. 15m, max 100m ★ typ. 1m, max 5m Accuracy ★★★★ 2 to 50 centimeters ★ 5 to 15 meters ★★ 1 to 5 meters ★★★ 10 to 100 centimeters Data transmission ★★★ < 10 Mbps ★★★★ > 1 Gbps ★★ < 1 Mbps ★ very short telegrams Robustness ✔️ strong immunity to multipath and interferences ✖ very sensitive to multipath, obstructions, and interferences ✖ very sensitive to multipath, obstructions, and interferences ✔️ strong immunity to multipath and interferences Security ✔️ distance-time bounded protocol ✖ can be spoofed using relay attack ✖ can be spoofed using relay attack ✖ can be spoofed using relay attack Latency ★★★★ < 1ms to get to XYZ ★ > 3s to get to XYZ ★ > 3s to get to XYZ ★★ 1s to get to XYZ Radio ranging technologies 

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) using a combination of sensors. Promising research results but far from safety certification. Accelerometers, gyroscopes and inertial measurement units provide an acceleration profile mapped against a digital track signature 2D and 3D LiDAR to detect switches and landmarks Magnetometers tracking the magnetic disturbance of poles and other metallic wayside equipment against a digital track signature Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D cameras identifying landmarks Inertial LiDAR Magnetic Vision 22 Zero infrastructure Train positioning without wayside equipment 

23 Tram Forward Collision Warning 

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit 24 TOTAL SUPPLY MARKET $200B* * Accessible world supply market. Average annual market volume 2017-19. SERVICES $74B ROLLING STOCK $70B TURNKEY MANAGEMENT $1B RAIL CONTROL $19B INFRASTRUCTURE $37B UNIFE World Rail Market Study 2021 "Existing digital technologies like the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), the Communications-based Train Control (CBTC) and new innovative solutions, such as predictive maintenance, Digital Automatic Coupling (DAC), 5G applications for rail, enhanced passenger information, ticketing and cybersecurity have and will continue to increase the overall attractiveness of the rail sector, making public transport more convenient and rail freight more efficient and reliable." Digitalization and sustainability as strong growth factors Rail industry market 

Thank you Joffrey Lauthier Vice President, Control Systems, Western U.S. [email protected] wsp.com