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Persistent Data Structures in System Design Adelbert Chang @adelbertchang East Bay Haskell Meetup, January 9, 2018

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B A C D E F G H

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B A C D E F G H

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B A C D E F G H D’ I

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B A C D E F G H A’ D’ I

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B C E F G H A’ D’ I

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Properties of persistent data structures

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Properties of persistent data structures • Non-destructive updates

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Properties of persistent data structures • Non-destructive updates • Explicit dependency tracking

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Properties of persistent data structures • Non-destructive updates • Explicit dependency tracking • Structural sharing

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Properties of persistent data structures • Non-destructive updates • Explicit dependency tracking • Structural sharing • Substructures unaware of the larger whole

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Properties of persistent data structures • Non-destructive updates • Explicit dependency tracking • Structural sharing • Substructures unaware of the larger whole • Automatic space/memory management

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A v0.1 C v0.1 B v0.1 Installed packages D v0.1

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A v0.2 C v0.2 B v0.1 Installed packages D v0.1

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A v0.2 C v0.2 B v0.1 Installed packages D v0.1

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B v0.1 Installed packages A v0.1 C v0.1 D v0.1

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B v0.1 Installed packages A v0.1 C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.2 C v0.2

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B v0.1 Installed packages A v0.1 C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.2 C v0.2 B v0.2

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Installed packages C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.1 A v0.2 C v0.2 B v0.2 B v0.1

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Installed packages C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.1 A v0.2 C v0.2 B v0.2

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Installed packages C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.2 C v0.2 B v0.2

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Installed packages D v0.1 A v0.2 C v0.2 B v0.2

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Nix: The Purely Functional Package Manager https://nixos.org/nix/

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Nix

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Nix • Persistent, referentially transparent build tool/package management

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Nix • Persistent, referentially transparent build tool/package management • Tracks graph of packages and their dependencies

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Nix • Persistent, referentially transparent build tool/package management • Tracks graph of packages and their dependencies • Packages are built from source

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Nix • Persistent, referentially transparent build tool/package management • Tracks graph of packages and their dependencies • Packages are built from source • Builds specified with derivations in Nix, a pure, lazy, functional language

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Nix • Persistent, referentially transparent build tool/package management • Tracks graph of packages and their dependencies • Packages are built from source • Builds specified with derivations in Nix, a pure, lazy, functional language • Uses lot of tricks top revent relying on PATH, HOME, etc.

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Nix • Persistent, referentially transparent build tool/package management • Tracks graph of packages and their dependencies • Packages are built from source • Builds specified with derivations in Nix, a pure, lazy, functional language • Uses lot of tricks top revent relying on PATH, HOME, etc. • Packages installed in a directory based on hash of its derivation

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{ stdenv, fetchFromGitHub, caddy, asciidoctor , file, lessc, sass, multimarkdown, linkchecker , perlPackages, python27 }: stdenv.mkDerivation rec { name = "styx-${version}"; version = "0.6.0"; . . . installPhase = '' mkdir $out install -D -m 777 styx.sh $out/bin/styx mkdir -p $out/share/styx cp -r scaffold $out/share/styx cp -r nix $out/share/styx mkdir -p $out/share/doc/styx asciidoctor doc/index.adoc -o $out/share/doc/styx/index.html https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/1e95402803adf28bd4d78403fa9e9dcccff12101/pkgs/applications/misc/styx/default.nix

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{ stdenv, fetchFromGitHub, caddy, asciidoctor , file, lessc, sass, multimarkdown, linkchecker , perlPackages, python27 }: stdenv.mkDerivation rec { name = "styx-${version}"; version = "0.6.0"; . . . installPhase = '' mkdir $out install -D -m 777 styx.sh $out/bin/styx mkdir -p $out/share/styx cp -r scaffold $out/share/styx cp -r nix $out/share/styx mkdir -p $out/share/doc/styx asciidoctor doc/index.adoc -o $out/share/doc/styx/index.html https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/1e95402803adf28bd4d78403fa9e9dcccff12101/pkgs/applications/misc/styx/default.nix

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{ stdenv, fetchFromGitHub, caddy, asciidoctor , file, lessc, sass, multimarkdown, linkchecker , perlPackages, python27 }: stdenv.mkDerivation rec { name = "styx-${version}"; version = "0.6.0"; . . . installPhase = '' mkdir $out install -D -m 777 styx.sh $out/bin/styx mkdir -p $out/share/styx cp -r scaffold $out/share/styx cp -r nix $out/share/styx mkdir -p $out/share/doc/styx asciidoctor doc/index.adoc -o $out/share/doc/styx/index.html https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/1e95402803adf28bd4d78403fa9e9dcccff12101/pkgs/applications/misc/styx/default.nix

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/nix/store |— 0c1p5z4kda11…-user-env | |— bin | |— svn |— 3aw2pdyx2jfc…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— ihvrn5awaw7y…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— 5mq2jcn36ldl…-subversion-1.1.2 | |— bin | |— svn |— g32imf68vvbw…-firefox-1.0.1 | |— bin | |— firefox |— dpmvp969yhdq…-subversion-1.1.3 | |— bin | |— svn https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#sec-profiles /nix/var/nix/profiles |— default |— default-0-link |— default-1-link |— default-2-link

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/nix/store |— 0c1p5z4kda11…-user-env | |— bin | |— svn |— 3aw2pdyx2jfc…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— ihvrn5awaw7y…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— 5mq2jcn36ldl…-subversion-1.1.2 | |— bin | |— svn |— g32imf68vvbw…-firefox-1.0.1 | |— bin | |— firefox |— dpmvp969yhdq…-subversion-1.1.3 | |— bin | |— svn https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#sec-profiles /nix/var/nix/profiles |— default |— default-0-link |— default-1-link |— default-2-link

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/nix/store |— 0c1p5z4kda11…-user-env | |— bin | |— svn |— 3aw2pdyx2jfc…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— ihvrn5awaw7y…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— 5mq2jcn36ldl…-subversion-1.1.2 | |— bin | |— svn |— g32imf68vvbw…-firefox-1.0.1 | |— bin | |— firefox |— dpmvp969yhdq…-subversion-1.1.3 | |— bin | |— svn https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#sec-profiles /nix/var/nix/profiles |— default |— default-0-link |— default-1-link |— default-2-link

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/nix/store |— 0c1p5z4kda11…-user-env | |— bin | |— svn |— 3aw2pdyx2jfc…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— ihvrn5awaw7y…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— 5mq2jcn36ldl…-subversion-1.1.2 | |— bin | |— svn |— g32imf68vvbw…-firefox-1.0.1 | |— bin | |— firefox |— dpmvp969yhdq…-subversion-1.1.3 | |— bin | |— svn https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#sec-profiles /nix/var/nix/profiles |— default |— default-0-link |— default-1-link |— default-2-link

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/nix/store |— 0c1p5z4kda11…-user-env | |— bin | |— svn |— 3aw2pdyx2jfc…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— ihvrn5awaw7y…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— 5mq2jcn36ldl…-subversion-1.1.2 | |— bin | |— svn |— g32imf68vvbw…-firefox-1.0.1 | |— bin | |— firefox |— dpmvp969yhdq…-subversion-1.1.3 | |— bin | |— svn https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#sec-profiles /nix/var/nix/profiles |— default |— default-0-link |— default-1-link

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/nix/store |— 0c1p5z4kda11…-user-env | |— bin | |— svn |— 3aw2pdyx2jfc…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— ihvrn5awaw7y…-user-env | |— bin | |— firefox | |— svn |— 5mq2jcn36ldl…-subversion-1.1.2 | |— bin | |— svn |— g32imf68vvbw…-firefox-1.0.1 | |— bin | |— firefox |— dpmvp969yhdq…-subversion-1.1.3 | |— bin | |— svn https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#sec-profiles /nix/var/nix/profiles |— default |— default-0-link |— default-1-link

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What did we gain?

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What did we gain? • Package installs will not clobber other packages

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What did we gain? • Package installs will not clobber other packages • Trivial rollbacks and uninstalls

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What did we gain? • Package installs will not clobber other packages • Trivial rollbacks and uninstalls • Deterministic, reproducible builds (up to OS ABI)

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What did we gain? • Package installs will not clobber other packages • Trivial rollbacks and uninstalls • Deterministic, reproducible builds (up to OS ABI) • Safe:

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What did we gain? • Package installs will not clobber other packages • Trivial rollbacks and uninstalls • Deterministic, reproducible builds (up to OS ABI) • Safe: • Sharing packages across users

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What did we gain? • Package installs will not clobber other packages • Trivial rollbacks and uninstalls • Deterministic, reproducible builds (up to OS ABI) • Safe: • Sharing packages across users • Continuous integration

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What did we gain? • Package installs will not clobber other packages • Trivial rollbacks and uninstalls • Deterministic, reproducible builds (up to OS ABI) • Safe: • Sharing packages across users • Continuous integration • Caching packages

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A v0.1 C v0.1 D v0.1 B v0.1 Ingress

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A v0.1 C v0.1 D v0.1 B v0.1 A v0.2 Ingress

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A v0.2 C v0.1 D v0.1 B v0.1 Ingress

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A v0.2 C v0.1 D v0.1 B v0.1 Ingress

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C v0.1 D v0.1 B v0.1 A v0.1 Ingress A v0.2

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C v0.1 D v0.1 B v0.1 A v0.2 Ingress A v0.1

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B v0.1 A v0.2 Ingress C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.1

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B v0.1 A v0.2 Ingress B v0.2 C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.1

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B v0.1 A v0.2 Ingress B v0.2 C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.1

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B v0.1 A v0.2 Ingress B v0.2 C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.1

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A v0.2 Ingress B v0.2 C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.1 B v0.1

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A v0.2 Ingress B v0.2 C v0.1 D v0.1 A v0.1

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A v0.2 Ingress B v0.2 C v0.1 D v0.1

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A v0.2 Ingress B v0.2 D v0.1

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Nelson: Rigorous Deployment for a Functional World https://getnelson.github.io/

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Nelson

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Nelson • Continuous delivery system for immutable infrastructure

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Nelson • Continuous delivery system for immutable infrastructure • Immutable infrastructure taken to its logical conclusion

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Nelson • Continuous delivery system for immutable infrastructure • Immutable infrastructure taken to its logical conclusion • Tracks graph of service dependencies

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Nelson • Continuous delivery system for immutable infrastructure • Immutable infrastructure taken to its logical conclusion • Tracks graph of service dependencies • Semantic versioning (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH)

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Nelson • Continuous delivery system for immutable infrastructure • Immutable infrastructure taken to its logical conclusion • Tracks graph of service dependencies • Semantic versioning (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH) • Declare all dependencies

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Nelson • Continuous delivery system for immutable infrastructure • Immutable infrastructure taken to its logical conclusion • Tracks graph of service dependencies • Semantic versioning (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH) • Declare all dependencies • Ingress/load balancers and jobs form the “root” of the graph

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units: - name: conductor description: description dependencies: - ref: [email protected] ports: - default->9000/http loadbalancers: - name: lb routes: - name: expose default expose: default->9000/http destination: conductor->default

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Ingress OSN v0.1.0

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress OSN v0.1.0

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress OSN v0.1.0 OSN v0.1.1

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress OSN v0.1.1

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress OSN v0.1.1

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress OSN v0.1.1 Friends v0.1.0

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress OSN v0.1.1 Friends v0.1.0 OSN v0.1.2

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress Friends v0.1.0 OSN v0.1.2

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress Friends v0.1.0 OSN v0.1.2

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress Friends v0.1.0 ML v0.1.0 OSN v0.1.2

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress Friends v0.1.0 ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.2.0 OSN v0.1.2

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress Friends v0.1.0 ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.2.0 OSN v0.1.3 OSN v0.1.2

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress Friends v0.1.0 ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.2.0 OSN v0.1.3

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.2.0 OSN v0.1.3

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.2.0 OSN v0.1.3

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.2.0 OSN v0.1.3 Friends v0.3.0

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.2.0 OSN v0.1.3 Friends v0.3.0 Msngr v0.1.0

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.2.0 OSN v0.1.3 Friends v0.3.0 Msngr v0.1.0 OSN v0.2.0

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.2.0 Friends v0.3.0 Msngr v0.1.0 OSN v0.2.0

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress ML v0.1.0 Friends v0.3.0 Msngr v0.1.0 OSN v0.2.0

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News Feed v0.1.0 Ingress Friends v0.3.0 Msngr v0.1.0 OSN v0.2.0

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What did we gain?

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What did we gain? • Deployments do not clobber other deployments

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What did we gain? • Deployments do not clobber other deployments • Reverting a deployment is just bleeding traffic back

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What did we gain? • Deployments do not clobber other deployments • Reverting a deployment is just bleeding traffic back • Fully automated application lifecycle

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What did we gain? • Deployments do not clobber other deployments • Reverting a deployment is just bleeding traffic back • Fully automated application lifecycle • Clear distinction between service owners vs. infra

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What did we gain? • Deployments do not clobber other deployments • Reverting a deployment is just bleeding traffic back • Fully automated application lifecycle • Clear distinction between service owners vs. infra • Engineering teams in charge of releasing, monitoring, etc.

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What did we gain? • Deployments do not clobber other deployments • Reverting a deployment is just bleeding traffic back • Fully automated application lifecycle • Clear distinction between service owners vs. infra • Engineering teams in charge of releasing, monitoring, etc. • No build team, ticket filing for deployments, etc.

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What did we gain? • Deployments do not clobber other deployments • Reverting a deployment is just bleeding traffic back • Fully automated application lifecycle • Clear distinction between service owners vs. infra • Engineering teams in charge of releasing, monitoring, etc. • No build team, ticket filing for deployments, etc. • Infra team focuses on infra!

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Summary

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Summary • Immutability, persistence, referential transparency, etc. are not just for code

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Summary • Immutability, persistence, referential transparency, etc. are not just for code • See also: event sourcing, Datomic, categorical databases

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Summary • Immutability, persistence, referential transparency, etc. are not just for code • See also: event sourcing, Datomic, categorical databases • Cross-pollination is good, FP ⇘ Systems

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Summary • Immutability, persistence, referential transparency, etc. are not just for code • See also: event sourcing, Datomic, categorical databases • Cross-pollination is good, FP ⇘ Systems • PL and FP folks: learn about systems, machine learning, etc. and share your knowledge

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Summary • Immutability, persistence, referential transparency, etc. are not just for code • See also: event sourcing, Datomic, categorical databases • Cross-pollination is good, FP ⇘ Systems • PL and FP folks: learn about systems, machine learning, etc. and share your knowledge • Systems folks: learn about programming languages, take ideas, build systems from solid foundations

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Further Reading • Nix • Website: https://nixos.org/ • Nix Pills: https://nixos.org/nixos/nix-pills/ • Dr. Eelco Dolstra’s PhD thesis: https://nixos.org/~eelco/ pubs/phd-thesis.pdf • Nelson • Website: https://getnelson.github.io/ • SF Infra as Code talk: https://youtu.be/lTIvKZHedJQ • Scale by the Bay talk: https://youtu.be/3EHtAA4oE0k

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EOF