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MEET TERRAFORM
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DEVELOPER ADVOCATE @NEXMO
MICHAEL
@MHEAP
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IN A PREVIOUS LIFE…
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IN A PREVIOUS LIFE…
I RAN AN OPERATIONS TEAM
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WHEN I JOINED
No Infrastructure
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THEN I STARTED ADDING THINGS
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THEN I STARTED ADDING THINGS
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THEN I STARTED ADDING THINGS
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THEN I STARTED ADDING THINGS
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THEN I STARTED ADDING THINGS
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THEN I STARTED ADDING THINGS
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THERE HAS TO BE A BETTER WAY
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No content
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No content
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No content
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WHAT IS TERRAFORM?
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INFRASTRUCTURE AS CODE
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INFRASTRUCTURE AS CODE
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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1129 CONTRIBUTORS, 89 RELEASES
9433 STARS, 3464 FORKS
CREATED 22ND MAY 2014
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1132 CONTRIBUTORS, 91 RELEASES
9583 STARS, 3486 FORKS
CREATED 22ND MAY 2014
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No content
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Alicloud
Archive
Arukas
AWS
Bitbucket
CenturyLinkCloud
Chef
Circonus
Cloudflare
CloudStack
Cobbler
Consul
Datadog
DigitalOcean
DNS
DNSMadeEasy
DNSimple
Docker
Dyn
External
Fastly
GitHub
Gitlab
Google Cloud
Grafana
Heroku
HTTP
Icinga2
Ignition
InfluxDB
Kubernetes
Librato
Local
Logentries
Mailgun
New Relic
Nomad
NS1
Microsoft Azure
Microsoft Azure
(Legacy ASM)
MySQL
1&1
Oracle Public
Cloud
OpenStack
OpsGenie
OVH
Packet
PagerDuty
PostgreSQL
PowerDNS
ProfitBricks
RabbitMQ
Rancher
Random
Rundeck
Scaleway
SoftLayer
StatusCake
Spotinst
Template
Terraform
Terraform
Enterprise
TLS
Triton
UltraDNS
Vault
VMware vCloud
Director
VMware vSphere
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TERRAFORM
ALLOWS US TO DEFINE WHAT WE
NEED IN A DECLARATIVE MANNER
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TERRAFORM
IS NOT AN API ABSTRACTION LAYER.
EACH CLOUD HAS IT’S OWN RESOURCES
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TERRAFORM
IS DECLARATIVE
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WHAT’S THE PLAN?
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THE TERRAFORM CLI
YOUR FIRST PLAN
INSTALLING TERRAFORM
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MODULES
PROVISIONING
VARIABLES
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LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT
IMMUTABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
USING IT AS A TEAM
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INSTALLING TERRAFORM
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RUN IT
THERE IS NO STEP 3
DOWNLOAD THE BINARY
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THE TERRAFORM CLI
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$ terraform
Usage: terraform [--version] [--help] [args]
The available commands for execution are listed below.
The most common, useful commands are shown first, followed by
less common or more advanced commands. If you're just getting
started with Terraform, stick with the common commands. For the
other commands, please read the help and docs before usage.
Common commands:
apply Builds or changes infrastructure
console Interactive console for Terraform interpolations
destroy Destroy Terraform-managed infrastructure
env Workspace management
fmt Rewrites config files to canonical format
get Download and install modules for the configuration
graph Create a visual graph of Terraform resources
import Import existing infrastructure into Terraform
init Initialize a Terraform working directory
output Read an output from a state file
plan Generate and show an execution plan
providers Prints a tree of the providers used in the configuration
push Upload this Terraform module to Atlas to run
refresh Update local state file against real resources
show Inspect Terraform state or plan
taint Manually mark a resource for recreation
untaint Manually unmark a resource as tainted
validate Validates the Terraform files
version Prints the Terraform version
workspace Workspace management
All other commands:
debug Debug output management (experimental)
force-unlock Manually unlock the terraform state
state Advanced state management
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$ terraform
Usage: terraform [--version] [--help] [args]
The available commands for execution are listed below.
The most common, useful commands are shown first, followed by
less common or more advanced commands. If you're just getting
started with Terraform, stick with the common commands. For the
other commands, please read the help and docs before usage.
Common commands:
apply Builds or changes infrastructure
console Interactive console for Terraform interpolations
destroy Destroy Terraform-managed infrastructure
env Workspace management
fmt Rewrites config files to canonical format
get Download and install modules for the configuration
graph Create a visual graph of Terraform resources
import Import existing infrastructure into Terraform
init Initialize a Terraform working directory
output Read an output from a state file
plan Generate and show an execution plan
providers Prints a tree of the providers used in the configuration
push Upload this Terraform module to Atlas to run
refresh Update local state file against real resources
show Inspect Terraform state or plan
taint Manually mark a resource for recreation
untaint Manually unmark a resource as tainted
validate Validates the Terraform files
version Prints the Terraform version
workspace Workspace management
All other commands:
debug Debug output management (experimental)
force-unlock Manually unlock the terraform state
state Advanced state management
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$ terraform
Usage: terraform [--version] [--help] [args]
The available commands for execution are listed below.
The most common, useful commands are shown first, followed by
less common or more advanced commands. If you're just getting
started with Terraform, stick with the common commands. For the
other commands, please read the help and docs before usage.
Common commands:
apply Builds or changes infrastructure
console Interactive console for Terraform interpolations
destroy Destroy Terraform-managed infrastructure
env Workspace management
fmt Rewrites config files to canonical format
get Download and install modules for the configuration
graph Create a visual graph of Terraform resources
import Import existing infrastructure into Terraform
init Initialize a Terraform working directory
output Read an output from a state file
plan Generate and show an execution plan
providers Prints a tree of the providers used in the configuration
push Upload this Terraform module to Atlas to run
refresh Update local state file against real resources
show Inspect Terraform state or plan
taint Manually mark a resource for recreation
untaint Manually unmark a resource as tainted
validate Validates the Terraform files
version Prints the Terraform version
workspace Workspace management
All other commands:
debug Debug output management (experimental)
force-unlock Manually unlock the terraform state
state Advanced state management
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TERRAFORM APPLY
TERRAFORM DESTROY
TERRAFORM PLAN
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YOUR FIRST PLAN
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YOUR FIRST PLAN
$ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="anaccesskey"
$ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="asecretkey"
$ mkdir terraform-example
$ cd terraform-example
$ touch main.tf
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VARIABLES.TF
OUTPUTS.TF
MAIN.TF
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PHPNW.TF
PHP.TF
BANANAS.TF
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DEFINE A PROVIDER (MAIN.TF)
provider "aws" {
region = "us-west-2"
}
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CREATE AN INSTANCE (MAIN.TF)
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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CREATE AN INSTANCE
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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CREATE AN INSTANCE
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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CREATE AN INSTANCE
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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CREATE AN INSTANCE
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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CREATE AN INSTANCE
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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TERRAFORM PLAN
$ terraform plan
Plugin reinitialization required. Please run "terraform init".
Reason: Could not satisfy plugin requirements.
Plugins are external binaries that Terraform uses to access and manipulate
resources. The configuration provided requires plugins which can't be located,
don't satisfy the version constraints, or are otherwise incompatible.
1 error(s) occurred:
* provider.aws: no suitable version installed
version requirements: "(any version)"
versions installed: none
Terraform automatically discovers provider requirements from your
configuration, including providers used in child modules. To see the
requirements and constraints from each module, run "terraform providers".
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TERRAFORM INIT
$ terraform init
Initializing provider plugins...
- Checking for available provider plugins on https://releases.hashicorp.com...
- Downloading plugin for provider "aws" (1.0.0)...
The following providers do not have any version constraints in configuration,
so the latest version was installed.
To prevent automatic upgrades to new major versions that may contain breaking
changes, it is recommended to add version = "..." constraints to the
corresponding provider blocks in configuration, with the constraint strings
suggested below.
* provider.aws: version = "~> 1.0"
Terraform has been successfully initialized!
You may now begin working with Terraform. Try running "terraform plan" to see
any changes that are required for your infrastructure. All Terraform commands
should now work.
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TERRAFORM PLAN
An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+ create
Terraform will perform the following actions:
+ aws_instance.web
id:
ami: "ami-70728c08"
associate_public_ip_address:
source_dest_check: "true"
subnet_id:
tags.%: "1"
tags.Name: "HelloWorld"
Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
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TERRAFORM APPLY
$ terraform apply
aws_instance.web: Creating...
ami: "" => "ami-70728c08"
instance_type: "" => "t2.micro"
source_dest_check: "" => "true"
subnet_id: "" => ""
tags.%: "" => "1"
tags.Name: "" => "HelloWorld"
tenancy: "" => ""
volume_tags.%: "" => ""
vpc_security_group_ids.#: "" => ""
aws_instance.web: Still creating... (10s elapsed)
aws_instance.web: Still creating... (20s elapsed)
aws_instance.web: Creation complete after 22s (ID: i-0c0b4a732311b8bce)
Apply complete! Resources: 1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.
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INSTANCE CREATED
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TERRAFORM PLAN
$ terraform plan
Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
persisted to local or remote state storage.
aws_instance.web: Refreshing state... (ID: i-0c0b4a732311b8bce)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
No changes. Infrastructure is up-to-date.
This means that Terraform did not detect any differences between your
configuration and real physical resources that exist. As a result, no
actions need to be performed.
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TERRAFORM.TFSTATE
{
"version": 3,
"terraform_version": "0.10.4",
"serial": 2,
"lineage": "348d2909-5e43-4421-bd65-4f7ab6b11632",
"modules": [
{
"path": [
"root"
],
"outputs": {},
"resources": {
"aws_instance.web": {
"type": "aws_instance",
"depends_on": [],
"primary": {
"id": "i-0fc83946a097d8e27",
"attributes": {
"ami": "ami-70728c08",
"associate_public_ip_address": "true",
"availability_zone": "us-west-2a",
"disable_api_termination": "false",
"ebs_block_device.#": "0",
"ebs_optimized": "false",
"ephemeral_block_device.#": "0",
"iam_instance_profile": "",
"id": "i-0fc83946a097d8e27",
"instance_state": "running",
"instance_type": "t2.small",
"ipv6_addresses.#": "0",
"key_name": "",
"monitoring": "false",
"network_interface.#": "0",
"network_interface_id": "eni-de1229f0",
"primary_network_interface_id": "eni-de1229f0",
"private_dns": "ip-172-31-21-4.us-west-2.compute.internal",
"private_ip": "172.31.21.4",
"public_dns": "ec2-34-215-64-201.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com",
"public_ip": "34.215.64.201",
"root_block_device.#": "1",
"root_block_device.0.delete_on_termination": "true",
"root_block_device.0.iops": "100",
"root_block_device.0.volume_size": "8",
"root_block_device.0.volume_type": "gp2",
"security_groups.#": "1",
"security_groups.3814588639": "default",
"source_dest_check": "true",
"subnet_id": "subnet-3e5ef758",
"tags.%": "1",
"tags.Name": "HelloWorld",
"tenancy": "default",
"volume_tags.%": "0",
"vpc_security_group_ids.#": "0"
},
"meta": {
"e2bfb730-ecaa-11e6-8f88-34363bc7c4c0": {
"create": 600000000000,
"delete": 600000000000,
"update": 600000000000
},
"schema_version": "1"
},
"tainted": false
},
"deposed": [],
"provider": ""
}
},
"depends_on": []
}
]
}
"aws_instance.web": {
"type": "aws_instance",
"depends_on": [],
"primary": {
"id": "i-0fc83946a097d8e27",
"attributes": {
"ami": "ami-70728c08",
"associate_public_ip_address": "true",
"availability_zone": "us-west-2a",
"disable_api_termination": "false",
"ebs_block_device.#": "0",
"ebs_optimized": "false",
"ephemeral_block_device.#": "0",
"iam_instance_profile": "",
"id": "i-0fc83946a097d8e27",
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SCALING UP
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
count = "3"
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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SCALING UP
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
count = "3"
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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TERRAFORM PLAN
An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+ create
Terraform will perform the following actions:
+ aws_instance.web[1]
ami: "ami-70728c08"
tags.Name: "HelloWorld"
+ aws_instance.web[2]
ami: "ami-70728c08"
tags.Name: “HelloWorld"
Plan: 2 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
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ADDING A LOAD BALANCER
resource "aws_elb" "lb" {
name = "example-lb"
availability_zones = ["us-west-2a"]
instances = ["${aws_instance.web.*.id}"]
listener {
instance_port = "8000"
instance_protocol = "http"
lb_port = "80"
lb_protocol = "http"
}
}
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ADDING A LOAD BALANCER
resource "aws_elb" "lb" {
name = "example-lb"
availability_zones = ["us-west-2a"]
instances = ["${aws_instance.web.*.id}"]
listener {
instance_port = "8000"
instance_protocol = "http"
lb_port = "80"
lb_protocol = "http"
}
}
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TERRAFORM APPLY
PROFIT
TERRAFORM PLAN
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OUTPUTS.TF
output "lb_dns" {
value = "${aws_elb.lb.dns_name}"
}
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OUTPUTS.TF
$ terraform refresh
aws_instance.web[0]: Refreshing state... (ID: i-0c0b4a732311b8bce)
aws_instance.web[1]: Refreshing state... (ID: i-0b8bde17992d4dc0c)
aws_instance.web[2]: Refreshing state... (ID: i-06e74e8dc04eb1843)
aws_elb.lb: Refreshing state... (ID: example-elb)
Outputs:
lb_dns = example-elb-1640688516.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com
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OUTPUTS.TF
$ terraform output -json
{
"lb_dns": {
"sensitive": false,
"type": "string",
"value": "example-elb-1640688516.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com"
}
}
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TERRAFORM DESTROY
$ terraform destroy
An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
- destroy
Terraform will perform the following actions:
- aws_elb.lb
- aws_instance.web[0]
- aws_instance.web[1]
- aws_instance.web[2]
Plan: 0 to add, 0 to change, 4 to destroy.
Do you really want to destroy?
Terraform will destroy all your managed infrastructure, as shown above.
There is no undo. Only 'yes' will be accepted to confirm.
Enter a value:
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CONGRATULATIONS!
YOU JUST CREATED YOUR FIRST PLAN
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VARIABLES
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SCALING UP
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
count = "3"
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "HelloWorld"
}
}
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SCALING UP
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
count = "3"
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "web"
}
}
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SCALING UP
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
count = "3"
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "web-${count.index}"
}
}
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SCALING UP
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
count = "3"
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "web-${count.index}"
Environment = "PirateNinjas"
}
}
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SCALING UP
resource "aws_elb" "lb" {
name = "example-lb"
…snip…
listener {
…snip…
}
tags {
Environment = "PirateNinjas"
}
}
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VARIABLES.TF
variable "environment" {
type = "string"
}
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SCALING UP
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
count = "3"
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
Name = "web-${count.index}"
Environment = "${var.environment}"
}
}
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SCALING UP
resource "aws_elb" "lb" {
name = "lb-${var.environment}"
…snip…
listener {
…snip…
}
tags {
Environment = "${var.environment}"
}
}
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TERRAFORM -VAR ENVIRONMENT=NAME
TERRAFORM -VAR-FILE MY.TFVARS
EXPORT TF_VAR_ENVIRONMENT=NAME
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CONGRATULATIONS!
YOUR PLAN FILE IS NICE AND DRY
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MODULES
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CREATING A MODULE
$ tree
.
!"" main.tf
!"" output.tf
#"" variables.tf
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CREATING A MODULE
$ tree
.
!"" main.tf
!"" output.tf
#"" variables.tf
$ tree
.
#"" demo
!"" main.tf
!"" output.tf
#"" variables.tf
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USING A MODULE (LOCAL)
module "pirate" {
source = "./demo"
environment = "Pirate"
}
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USING A MODULE (LOCAL)
module "pirate" {
source = "./demo"
environment = "Pirate"
}
module "ninja" {
source = "./demo"
environment = "Ninja"
}
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USING A MODULE (REGISTRY)
module "pirate" {
source = "mheap/aws/full-env"
environment = "Pirate"
}
module "ninja" {
source = "mheap/aws/full-env"
environment = "Ninja"
}
https://registry.terraform.io/
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USING A MODULE (GIT)
module "pirate" {
source = "git::https://hashicorp.com/consul.git?
ref=1.0.3"
environment = "Pirate"
}
module "ninja" {
source = “git::https://hashicorp.com/consul.git?
ref=1.8.14"
environment = "Ninja"
}
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LOCAL GITHUB
BITBUCKET GIT
MERCURIAL S3
HTTP
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MODULE OUTPUTS
output "pirate_lb" {
value = "${module.pirate.lb_dns}"
}
output "ninja_lb" {
value = "${module.ninja.lb_dns}"
}
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CONGRATULATIONS!
YOU JUST CREATED A MODULE!
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WARNING
WARNING
WARNING
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BAD
.
!"" demo
$ !"" main.tf
$ !"" output.tf
$ #"" variables.tf
!"" main.tf
!"" outputs.tf
#"" terraform.tfstate
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GOOD
.
!"" environments
$ !"" ninja
$ $ !"" main.tf
$ $ !"" output.tf
$ $ #"" terraform.tfstate
$ #"" pirate
$ !"" main.tf
$ !"" output.tf
$ #"" terraform.tfstate
#"" modules
#"" demo
!"" main.tf
!"" output.tf
#"" variables.tf
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PROVISIONING
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RUNNING ANSIBLE
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
count = "3"
ami = "ami-70728c08"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
tags {
…snip…
}
provisioner "local-exec" {
command = "ansible-playbook -u ubuntu --private-key ./aws-key.pem -i '$
{self.public_ip},' playbook.yml"
}
}
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RUNNING ANSIBLE
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
…snip…
provisioner "remote-exec" {
connection {
type = "ssh"
user = "root"
password = "${var.root_password}"
}
inline = [
"sudo apt-get install nginx my-app",
"sudo systemctl restart nginx"
]
}
}
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USING IT AS A TEAM
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CONSUL
TERRAFORM ENTERPRISE
AMAZON S3
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REMOTE STATE (S3)
terraform {
backend "s3" {
bucket = "mybucket"
key = "path/to/my/key"
region = “us-west-2"
}
}
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REMOTE STATE (CONSUL)
terraform {
backend "consul" {
address = "demo.consul.io"
path = "example_app/
terraform_state"
}
}
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REMOTE STATE (TF ENTERPRISE)
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LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT
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LIFECYCLE
lifecycle {
create_before_destroy = true
}
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IMMUTABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
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No content
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BONUS CONTENT
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IMPORTING EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
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MIX/MATCH PROVIDERS
E.G. HEROKU + DNSIMPLE
provider "heroku" {
email = "[email protected]"
api_key = "${var.heroku_api_key}"
}
provider "dnsimple" {
token = "${var.dnsimple_token}"
account = "${var.dnsimple_account}"
}
resource "heroku_app" "default" {
…
}
resource "dnsimple_record" "foobar" {
domain = "${var.dnsimple_domain}"
name = ""
value = “${heroku_app.default.heroku_hostname}"
type = "CNAME"
ttl = 3600
}
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TERRAFORM CONFIGURATON BLOCK
REMOTE STATE / MINIMUM VERSIONS
terraform {
required_version = "> 0.8.0”
}
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59 FUNCTIONS
CHOMP/COALESCE/ELEMENT/FILE + MORE
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READ ONLY DATA PROVIDERS
E.G. AWS_AMI FOR SEARCHING AMIS
data "aws_ami" "ubuntu" {
most_recent = true
filter {
name = "name"
values = ["ubuntu/images/hvm-ssd/ubuntu-xenial-16.04-amd64-server-*"]
}
filter {
name = "virtualization-type"
values = ["hvm"]
}
owners = ["099720109477"] # Canonical
}
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OVERRIDE.TF
MERGE CONTENT INTO A PLAN RATHER
THAN APPENDING A NEW RESOURCE
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TESTING
AWSSPEC / INSPEC
require "spec_helper"
before do
@client = Aws::EC2::Client.new
@ec2 = Aws::EC2::Resource.new(client: @client)
end
describe "Instances" do
subject { @ec2.instances.count }
it { is_expected.to eq(3) }
end
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ANY QUESTIONS?
@MHEAP
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