Android Puzzlers: Traps, Pitfalls and Corner Cases

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Android Puzzlers Traps, Pitfalls and Corner Cases @cyrilmottier ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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It all began with…

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Small applications with curious behavior Android puzzlers

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Small applications with curious behavior Android puzzlers 1. What does it print?

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Small applications with curious behavior Android puzzlers 1. What does it print? 2. The solution revealed

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Small applications with curious behavior Android puzzlers 1. What does it print? 2. The solution revealed 3. The moral

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A simple setup apply plugin: 'kotlin-android' apply plugin: 'kotlin-android-extensions' android { compileSdkVersion 28 defaultConfig { minSdkVersion 28 targetSdkVersion 28 versionCode 1 versionName "1.0" } buildTypes { release { minifyEnabled false proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt') } } } dependencies { implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk7:1.3.21" } common.gradle

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A simple setup AndroidManifest.xml

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A simple setup minSdkVersion 28 targetSdkVersion 28 compileSdkVersion 28 Running on Android 9 (Pie) / API 28 Warnings/errors/lint turned off Focusing on vanilla-Android

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Inﬂation result

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MainActivity.kt layout/view_inﬂate.xml class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val parent = FrameLayout(this).apply { tag = "parent" } val result1 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, parent) val result2 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, null) trace("${result1.tag} and ${result2.tag}") } }

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A child and child class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val parent = FrameLayout(this).apply { tag = "parent" } val result1 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, parent) val result2 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, null) trace("${result1.tag} and ${result2.tag}") } } MainActivity.kt layout/view_inﬂate.xml

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B parent and child A child and child class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val parent = FrameLayout(this).apply { tag = "parent" } val result1 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, parent) val result2 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, null) trace("${result1.tag} and ${result2.tag}") } } MainActivity.kt layout/view_inﬂate.xml

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B parent and child C throws NullPointerException A child and child class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val parent = FrameLayout(this).apply { tag = "parent" } val result1 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, parent) val result2 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, null) trace("${result1.tag} and ${result2.tag}") } } MainActivity.kt layout/view_inﬂate.xml

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B parent and child C throws NullPointerException D Answer D A child and child class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val parent = FrameLayout(this).apply { tag = "parent" } val result1 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, parent) val result2 = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.view_inflate, null) trace("${result1.tag} and ${result2.tag}") } } MainActivity.kt layout/view_inﬂate.xml

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attaches child to parent & returns parent null null parent parent returns child root returns child attaches child to parent & returns parent Output

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Favor the 3-args inﬂate method instead fun LayoutInflater.inflate( resource: Int, root: ViewGroup, attachToRoot: Boolean ): View Be explicit

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null null parent parent false true false true returns child root attachToRoot returns child returns child attaches child to parent & returns parent Output

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null null parent parent false true false true returns child root attachToRoot returns child returns child attaches child to parent & returns parent Output

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Padding precedence

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MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) trace( "start=${text.paddingStart} top=${text.paddingTop} " + "end=${text.paddingEnd} bottom=${text.paddingBottom}" ) } }

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MainActivity.kt layout/activity_main.xml drawable/padded_rect.xml class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) trace( "start=${text.paddingStart} top=${text.paddingTop} " + "end=${text.paddingEnd} bottom=${text.paddingBottom}" ) } }

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class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) trace( "start=${text.paddingStart} top=${text.paddingTop} " + "end=${text.paddingEnd} bottom=${text.paddingBottom}" ) } } B start=9 top=5 end=10 bottom=6 C start=2 top=4 end=3 bottom=1 D start=11 top=5 end=7 bottom=5 A start=5 top=5 end=5 bottom=5 MainActivity.kt layout/activity_main.xml drawable/padded_rect.xml

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B start=9 top=5 end=10 bottom=6 C start=2 top=4 end=3 bottom=1 D start=11 top=5 end=7 bottom=5 A start=5 top=5 end=5 bottom=5 MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) trace( "start=${text.paddingStart} top=${text.paddingTop} " + "end=${text.paddingEnd} bottom=${text.paddingBottom}" ) } } layout/activity_main.xml drawable/padded_rect.xml

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background Drawable padding supportsRtl = false Lower Lower Higher

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background Drawable padding padding[Start|End] Lower Lower Higher supportsRtl = false

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background Drawable padding padding[Start|End] Lower Lower Higher padding[Left|Top|Right|Bottom] supportsRtl = false

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Activity lifecycle

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MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) trace("onCreate") finish() trace("finish") } override fun onStart() { super.onStart() trace("onStart") } override fun onResume() { super.onResume() trace("onResume") } override fun onPause() { trace("onPause") super.onPause() } override fun onStop() { trace("onStop") super.onStop() } override fun onDestroy() { trace("onDestroy") super.onDestroy() } }

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B onCreate, ﬁnish, onStart, onResume, onPause, onStop, onDestroy C onCreate, onStart, onResume, onPause, onStop, onDestroy D onCreate, ﬁnish, onDestroy A onCreate MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) trace("onCreate") finish() trace("finish") } override fun onStart() { super.onStart() trace("onStart") } override fun onResume() { super.onResume() trace("onResume") } override fun onPause() { trace("onPause") super.onPause() } override fun onStop() { trace("onStop") super.onStop() } override fun onDestroy() { trace("onDestroy") super.onDestroy() } }

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“The following diagram shows the important state paths of an Activity. – d.android.com

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“The following diagram shows the important state paths of an Activity. – d.android.com

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Drawable tags

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MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val classNames = arrayOf( R.drawable.level_list, R.drawable.layer_list, R.drawable.shape ).map { getDrawable(it)::class.java.simpleName } trace(classNames.joinToString(", ")) } }

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MainActivity.kt drawable/level_list.xml class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val classNames = arrayOf( R.drawable.level_list, R.drawable.layer_list, R.drawable.shape ).map { getDrawable(it)::class.java.simpleName } trace(classNames.joinToString(", ")) } }

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MainActivity.kt drawable/level_list.xml drawable/layer_list.xml class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val classNames = arrayOf( R.drawable.level_list, R.drawable.layer_list, R.drawable.shape ).map { getDrawable(it)::class.java.simpleName } trace(classNames.joinToString(", ")) } }

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MainActivity.kt drawable/level_list.xml drawable/layer_list.xml drawable/shape.xml class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val classNames = arrayOf( R.drawable.level_list, R.drawable.layer_list, R.drawable.shape ).map { getDrawable(it)::class.java.simpleName } trace(classNames.joinToString(", ")) } }

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B LevelDrawable, LayerListDrawable, ShapeDrawable C LevelListDrawable, LayerDrawable, GradientDrawable D throws InﬂateException A LevelListDrawable, LayerListDrawable, ShapeDrawable MainActivity.kt drawable/level_list.xml drawable/layer_list.xml drawable/shape.xml class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val classNames = arrayOf( R.drawable.level_list, R.drawable.layer_list, R.drawable.shape ).map { getDrawable(it)::class.java.simpleName } trace(classNames.joinToString(", ")) } }

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The general rule ValarMorghulisDrawable

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The general rule

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The general rule LevelListDrawable TransitionDrawable RippleDrawable AdaptiveIconDrawable ColorDrawable VectorDrawable AnimatedVectorDrawable ScaleDrawable ClipDrawable RotateDrawable InsetDrawable BitmapDrawable NinePatchDrawable AnimatedImageDrawable xceptions

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Exceptions The general rule

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Exceptions StateListDrawable AnimatedStateListDrawable LayerDrawable AnimationDrawable GradientDrawable

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Exceptions StateListDrawable AnimatedStateListDrawable LayerDrawable AnimationDrawable GradientDrawable ShapeDrawable PaintDrawable PictureDrawable

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Exceptions StateListDrawable AnimatedStateListDrawable LayerDrawable AnimationDrawable GradientDrawable ShapeDrawable PaintDrawable PictureDrawable

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Exceptions StateListDrawable AnimatedStateListDrawable LayerDrawable AnimationDrawable GradientDrawable ShapeDrawable PaintDrawable PictureDrawable YourDrawable

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Fragment lifecycle

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TracingFragment.kt class TracingFragment : Fragment() { override fun onAttach(context: Context?) { super.onAttach(context) trace("onAttach") } override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) trace("onCreate") } override fun onCreateView( inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle? ): View? { trace("onCreateView") return super.onCreateView(inflater, container, savedInstanceState) } override fun onDestroyView() { trace("onDestroyView") super.onDestroyView() } override fun onDestroy() { trace("onDestroy") super.onDestroy() } override fun onDetach() { trace("onDetach") super.onDetach() } }

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MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : FragmentActivity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val fragment = TracingFragment() supportFragmentManager.beginTransaction() .add(android.R.id.content, fragment, "fragment:puzzler") .commit() supportFragmentManager.beginTransaction() .detach(fragment) .commit() } override fun onSaveInstanceState(outState: Bundle?) { // For the simplicity of this puzzler, // let’s consider state is never ever saved } }

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B onAttach, onCreate, onCreateView, onDestroyView C onCreate, onDestroy D Nothing A onAttach, onCreate, onCreateView, onDestroyView, onDestroy, onDetach MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : FragmentActivity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val fragment = TracingFragment() supportFragmentManager.beginTransaction() .add(android.R.id.content, fragment, "fragment:puzzler") .commit() supportFragmentManager.beginTransaction() .detach(fragment) .commit() } override fun onSaveInstanceState(outState: Bundle?) { // For the simplicity of this puzzler, // let’s consider state is never ever saved } }

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add remove/replace attach/detach the Fragment and more… creates/destroys the Fragment’s associated View turns Fragment’s View visibility to GONE/VISIBLE Fragment actions attach detach show hide FragmentTransaction commands

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Notiﬁcation channels

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MainActivity.kt private const val CHANNEL_ID = "channel" class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val manager = getSystemService(NotificationManager::class.java) val aChannel = NotificationChannel( CHANNEL_ID, // id "A name", // name NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_DEFAULT // importance (3) ) aChannel.lightColor = Color.RED manager.createNotificationChannel(aChannel) manager.deleteNotificationChannel(CHANNEL_ID) val anotherChannel = NotificationChannel( CHANNEL_ID, // id "Another name", // name NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_HIGH // importance (4) ) anotherChannel.lightColor = Color.GREEN manager.createNotificationChannel(anotherChannel) with(manager.getNotificationChannel(CHANNEL_ID)) { trace("$name, $importance, 0x${Integer.toHexString(lightColor)}") } } }

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MainActivity.kt B Another name, 4, 0xff00ff00 C Another name, 3, 0xff00ff00 D Another name, 3, 0xffff0000 A A name, 3, 0xffff0000 private const val CHANNEL_ID = "channel" class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val manager = getSystemService(NotificationManager::class.java) val aChannel = NotificationChannel( CHANNEL_ID, // id "A name", // name NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_DEFAULT // importance (3) ) aChannel.lightColor = Color.RED manager.createNotificationChannel(aChannel) manager.deleteNotificationChannel(CHANNEL_ID) val anotherChannel = NotificationChannel( CHANNEL_ID, // id "Another name", // name NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_HIGH // importance (4) ) anotherChannel.lightColor = Color.GREEN manager.createNotificationChannel(anotherChannel) with(manager.getNotificationChannel(CHANNEL_ID)) { trace("$name, $importance, 0x${Integer.toHexString(lightColor)}") } } }

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fun NotificationManager .deleteNotificationChannel( channelId: String )

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It rather “hides”: the only possible deletion is app uninstall Doesn’t really delete fun NotificationManager .deleteNotificationChannel( channelId: String )

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Name/description Always modiﬁable Mainly for i18n purposes & user-deﬁned names/descriptions.

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Name/description Importance Always modifiable Mainly for i18n purposes & user-defined names/descriptions. Modifiable under certain conditions Only if new importance is lower than the current one & none of the channel’s settings have been altered by the user.

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Name/description Importance Group Always modifiable Mainly for i18n purposes & user-defined names/descriptions. Modifiable under certain conditions Modifiable under certain conditions Only if the channel has no group yet. Only if new importance is lower than the current one & none of the channel’s settings have been altered by the user.

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Name/description Importance Group Other fields Always modifiable Mainly for i18n purposes & user-defined names/descriptions. Modifiable under certain conditions Only if new importance is lower than the current one & none of the channel’s settings have been altered by the user. Modifiable under certain conditions Only if the channel has no group yet. Never Changing seamlessly user-alterable settings would result in a bad UX.

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Preferences read/write

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MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val prefs = getSharedPreferences("test", Context.MODE_PRIVATE) prefs.edit() .putString("key", "hell") .apply() prefs.edit() .putString("key", null) .apply() val value = prefs.getString("key", "heaven") trace("Go to $value!") } }

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B Go to hell! C Go to null! D Either A, B or C A Go to heaven! MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) val prefs = getSharedPreferences("test", Context.MODE_PRIVATE) prefs.edit() .putString("key", "hell") .apply() prefs.edit() .putString("key", null) .apply() val value = prefs.getString("key", "heaven") trace("Go to $value!") } }

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apply() is atomic async to disk

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async to disk apply() is atomic sync to memory

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sync to memory async to disk apply() is

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“ defValue - String: Value to return if this preference does not exist.

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¯\_(ツ)_/¯ Well… not exactly

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Null values are always considered as “not existing” so expect “defValue”

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LinearLayout weight

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MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) linear_layout.addOnLayoutChangeListener { v, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _ -> trace( "LL: ${linear_layout.width}px, " + "TV1: ${text_view_1.width}px, " + "TV2: ${text_view_2.width}px" ) } } }

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layout/activity_main.xml MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) linear_layout.addOnLayoutChangeListener { v, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _ -> trace( "LL: ${linear_layout.width}px, " + "TV1: ${text_view_1.width}px, " + "TV2: ${text_view_2.width}px" ) } } }

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class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) linear_layout.addOnLayoutChangeListener { v, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _ -> trace( "LL: ${linear_layout.width}px, " + "TV1: ${text_view_1.width}px, " + "TV2: ${text_view_2.width}px" ) } } } B LL: 500px, TV1: 300px, TV2: 200px C LL: 400px, TV1: 233px, TV2: 167px D LL: 400px, TV1: 300px, TV2: 200px A LL: 400px, TV1: 267px, TV2: 133px layout/activity_main.xml MainActivity.kt

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So we might end up in some very extreme & weird cases…

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Locale resolution

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build.gradle apply from: puzzler android { defaultConfig { resConfigs "es" } }

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MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) // User’s locale preferences are set to: en_US, fr_FR, es_ES trace("${LocaleList.getDefault()}, " + "${Locale.getDefault()}, ${text_view.text}" ) } }

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MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) // User’s locale preferences are set to: en_US, fr_FR, es_ES trace("${LocaleList.getDefault()}, " + "${Locale.getDefault()}, ${text_view.text}" ) } } layout/activity_main.xml

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MainActivity.kt class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) // User’s locale preferences are set to: en_US, fr_FR, es_ES trace("${LocaleList.getDefault()}, " + "${Locale.getDefault()}, ${text_view.text}" ) } } layout/activity_main.xml values/strings.xml Bonjour monde !

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MainActivity.kt layout/activity_main.xml values/strings.xml Bonjour monde ! values-es/strings.xml ¡Hola mundo! class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) // User’s locale preferences are set to: en_US, fr_FR, es_ES trace("${LocaleList.getDefault()}, " + "${Locale.getDefault()}, ${text_view.text}" ) } }

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B [en_US,fr_FR,es_ES], fr_FR, Bonjour monde ! C [en_US,fr_FR,es_ES], en_US, Bonjour monde ! D Resources.NotFoundException A [fr,es], fr, Bonjour monde ! MainActivity.kt layout/activity_main.xml values/strings.xml Bonjour monde ! values-es/strings.xml ¡Hola mundo! class MainActivity : Activity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) // User’s locale preferences are set to: en_US, fr_FR, es_ES trace("${LocaleList.getDefault()}, " + "${Locale.getDefault()}, ${text_view.text}" ) } }

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User settings de_DE fr_FR es_ES App resources default es

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User settings de_DE fr_FR es_ES App resources default es Resolution path de de_DE Children of de fr_FR fr Children of fr es_ES es Children of es Default

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User settings de_DE fr_FR es_ES App resources default es Resolution path de de_DE Children of de fr_FR fr Children of fr es_ES es Children of es Default

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User settings de_DE fr_FR es_ES App resources default es Resolution path de de_DE Children of de fr_FR fr Children of fr es_ES es Children of es Default

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User settings de_DE fr_FR es_ES App resources default es Resolution path de de_DE Children of de fr_FR fr Children of fr es_ES es Children of es Default

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User settings de_DE fr_FR es_ES App resources default es Resolution path de de_DE Children of de fr_FR fr Children of fr es_ES es Children of es Default es

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User settings en_US fr_FR es_ES App resources default es Resolution path English is always considered as supported if in user settings

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User settings en_US fr_FR es_ES App resources default es Resolution path en en_US Children of en fr_FR fr Children of fr es_ES es Children of es Default English is always considered as supported if in user settings