英語教育研究を始める前に考えておきたいこと

Slide 1

Slide 1 text

ӳޠڭҭݚڀΛ࢝ΊΔલʹ ߟ͓͖͍͑ͯͨ͜ͱ Ӝ໺ ݚʢ๺ւֶԂେֶʣ email: urano@hgu.jp LETؔ੢ࢧ෦ϝιυϩδʔݚڀ෦ձ ؔ੢େֶઍཬࢁΩϟϯύε ɹɹ2018. 6. 2. http://www.urano-ken.com/research/methoken2018

Slide 2

Slide 2 text

͸͡Ίʹ ຊߨԋ͸ɺୈ38ճKELESηϛφʔʢ2016.10. 1.   ˏۙـେֶʣͰͷҎԼͷߨԋ಺༰ʹج͍ͮͯ  ͍·͢ɻ ❝ ͸͡ΊͷҰาΛ౿Έग़ͨ͢Ίʹɿ  ӳޠڭҭݚڀͷೖޱ

Slide 3

Slide 3 text

͸͡Ίʹ • ͸͡Ίͯͷӳޠڭҭݚڀɿ  ԡ͓͖͍͑ͯͨ͞ίπͱ  ϙΠϯτʢݚڀࣾʣ • ຊॻͷ಺༰ʹ৮Εͭͭɺຊॻ ʹؚΊΔ͜ͱͷͰ͖ͳ͔ͬͨ ͜ͱΛ͓࿩͠͠·͢ ݚڀ

Slide 4

Slide 4 text

͸͡Ίʹ ʮݚڀʯͱ͸Կ͔ ݚڀ

Slide 5

Slide 5 text

ݚڀʢresearchʣͱ͸ Research is a systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or components: a. a question, problem, or hypothesis b. data, and c. analysis and interpretation of data (Nunan, 1992, p. 3) question data interpretation

Slide 6

Slide 6 text

question data interpretation → → ݚڀʢresearchʣͱ͸ systematic

Slide 7

Slide 7 text

ݚڀ՝୊ σʔλ ղऍ → → ݚڀʢresearchʣͱ͸ ϧʔϧʢํ๏࿦ʣ

Slide 8

Slide 8 text

ݚڀʢresearchʣͱ͸ • ݚڀͱ͸ɺݚڀ՝୊ʢ໰͍ʣΛઃఆ͠ɺ ࠜڌͱͳΔσʔλΛूΊɺͦͷ౴͑Λ ಋ͖ग़͢ӦΈ • ্هͷ̏ཁૉͦΕͧΕʹ͍ͭͯҰఆͷ ໿ଋ͝ͱ͕͋Δ

Slide 9

Slide 9 text

ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ݚڀ੒ՌΛͲ͜ʹؐݩ͢Δ͔ • ڭࢣʢݚڀऀʣݸਓ • ӳޠڭҭʢݚڀʣ෼໺શମ

Slide 10

Slide 10 text

ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ڭࢣݸਓ΁ͷؐݩΛ໨ࢦ͢ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀ  ʢpractitioner researchʣ • ෼໺શମ΁ͷؐݩΛ໨ࢦ͢ • ֶज़తͳݚڀ  ʢacademic researchʣ

Slide 11

Slide 11 text

ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀͷ໨త • ࣗ෼ͷੜెͨͪʹ͍ͭͯͷཧղΛ  ਂΊɺ࣮ફ্ͷ໰୊Λղܾ͢Δ • ڭࢣͱͯ͠ͷ੒௕

Slide 12

Slide 12 text

ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ྫɿ • ࢼߦࡨޡͷ݁Ռɺࣗ෼ͷतۀ͕  ͏·͍͘͘Α͏ʹͳͬͨ • ੜె͕΍ΔؾΛݟͤΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨ • ࣗ෼ͷ୲౰Ϋϥεͷ੒੷্͕͕ͬͨ

Slide 13

Slide 13 text

ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ֶज़తͳݚڀͷ໨త • ӳޠڭҭʢݚڀʣ෼໺શମΛҰา  લʹਐΊΔͨΊͷߩݙ • ࣗ෼ͷΫϥεҎ֎Ͱ΋໾ཱͭ஌ݟ • ଞͷจ຺Ͱ΋౰ͯ͸·Δ஌ݟ

Slide 14

Slide 14 text

ݚڀͷ໨తʢgoalʣ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀͱֶज़తͳݚڀ • ༏ྼ͸ͳ͍ • ໨త͕ҟͳΓɺํ๏࿦͕ҟͳΔ

Slide 15

Slide 15 text

࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀ • ϦϑϨΫςΟϒͳӳޠڭҭΛ ໨ࢦͯ͠ɿڭࢣͷޠΓ͕୓͘ तۀݚڀʢͻͭ͡ॻ๪ʣ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀͷํ๏࿦΍ ࣄྫΛऩ࿥ ݚڀ

Slide 16

Slide 16 text

࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀ • ΑΓΑ͍࣮ફݚڀΛߦ͏ͨΊ ͷ10ͷϙΠϯτʢ౻ా, 2016ʣ • ࣮ફݚڀΛߦ͏ͨΊͷϙΠϯ τͷ੔ཧͱࣄྫͷ঺հ https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-OpnEJKrYAdQzNRb1pDY0pQaUE/view ݚڀ

Slide 17

Slide 17 text

ֶज़తͳݚڀ ݚڀ • ݚڀ੒ՌΛ෼໺શମʹؐݩ͢ΔͨΊʹ • ࣗ෼ͷݚڀͱଞͷݚڀʢઌߦݚڀʣ ͱͷؔ܎Λ໌֬ʹࣔ͢ • ݚڀ݁Ռ͕ଞͷจ຺ʹస༻ʢԠ༻ʣ ՄೳʹͳΔͨΊͷखଓ͖Λ౿Ή

Slide 18

Slide 18 text

ݚڀͷ̏ཁૉ ݚڀ՝୊ σʔλ ղऍʢ౴͑ʣ

Slide 19

Slide 19 text

ݚڀ՝୊ͷઃఆํ๏ 1. ͓ΑͦͷݚڀςʔϚΛܾΊΔ 2. ڵຯɾؔ৺ɺݚڀՁ஋ɺ࣮ߦՄೳੑΛ  ݕ౼͢Δ 3. ؔ࿈͢ΔݚڀʢઌߦݚڀʣΛूΊɺ  ಡΈɺ·ͱΊΔ ݚڀ՝୊

Slide 20

Slide 20 text

ݚڀ՝୊ͷઃఆํ๏ 1. ͓ΑͦͷݚڀςʔϚΛܾΊΔ 2. ڵຯɾؔ৺ɺݚڀՁ஋ɺ࣮ߦՄೳੑΛ  ݕ౼͢Δ 3. ؔ࿈͢ΔݚڀʢઌߦݚڀʣΛूΊɺ  ಡΈɺ·ͱΊΔ ݚڀ՝୊

Slide 21

Slide 21 text

ݚڀ՝୊ͷઃఆํ๏ • ڵຯɾؔ৺ • ΍Γ͍ͨ͜ͱ • ݚڀՁ஋ • ΍Δ΂͖͜ͱɺٻΊΒΕ͍ͯΔ͜ͱ • ࣮ߦՄೳੑ • ΍ΕΔ͜ͱ

Slide 22

Slide 22 text

ݚڀ՝୊ͷઃఆํ๏ • ઌߦݚڀͷ·ͱΊ 1. ݚڀςʔϚ͕ͲͷΑ͏ͳ੾ΓޱͰ  ѻΘΕ͖͔ͯͨ 2. Կ͕ௐࠪ͞ΕɺԿ͕൑໌͠ɺ  Կ͕Θ͔͍ͬͯͳ͍͔ 3. ཧ࿦తܽؕɺํ๏࿦త໰୊͸ͳ͍͔

Slide 23

Slide 23 text

ݚڀ՝୊ͷઃఆํ๏ • Α͍ݚڀ՝୊ • ઌߦݚڀͰॏཁͩͱࢦఠ͞Ε͍ͯΔ ͷʹे෼ௐࠪ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍΋ͷ • ઌߦݚڀʹ໰୊͕͋ΓɺͦΕΛ  ղܾ͢Δ΋ͷ

Slide 24

Slide 24 text

ݚڀͷछྨ छྨ Ξϓϩʔν ໨త ୳ࡧʗݕূ จݙݚڀ 1. ઌߦݚڀΛ੔ཧ͠಺༰Λݕ౼͢Δ ࣮ূݚڀ ࣭తݚڀ 1. จ຺Λߟྀͯ͠ࣄ৅Λଊ͑Δ ୳ࡧܕ ݕূܕ 2. จ຺Λߟྀͯ͠ࢀՃऀͷม༰Λଊ͑Δ 3. ࢀՃऀͷܦݧ΍ೝࣝΛଊ͑Δ 4. ઌߦݚڀͷର৅֎ͷࣄ৅Λ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δ 5. ݚڀͷ৴ጪੑΛߴΊΔ ྔతݚڀ 1. ࣄ৅ͷಛ௃΍܏޲Λྔతʹهड़͢Δ 2. ࣄ৅ͷؔ࿈ੑΛଊ͑Δ 3. ࣄ৅ͷࠩҟ΍ҼՌؔ܎Λଊ͑Δ Ӝ໺ଞʢ2016, p. 8ʣ

Slide 25

Slide 25 text

୳ࡧͱݕূ • ୳ࡧܕͷݚڀ • ઌߦݚڀ͕஝ੵ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ςʔϚ • ؍࡯΍ฉ͖औΓͳͲʹΑΓஸೡʹ  σʔλΛऩू͠ɺͦͷத͔ΒԿΒ͔ ͷํ޲ੑΛݟग़͢͜ͱΛ໨ࢦ͢

Slide 26

Slide 26 text

୳ࡧͱݕূ • ݕূܕͷݚڀ • ઌߦݚڀ͕஝ੵ͞Εɺ݁Ռʹ͍ͭͯ ͋Δఔ౓༧ଌͷཱͯΒΕΔςʔϚ • ʮԾઆʯΛઃఆͯͦ͠ΕΛݕূ͢Δ

Slide 27

Slide 27 text

σʔλͱղऍ • ݚڀ՝୊ʹ߹ͬͨσʔλΛूΊΔ • σʔλͷछྨʹ߹ͬͨ෼ੳɾղऍΛ  ߦ͏

Slide 28

Slide 28 text

σʔλऩू๏ • ࣄྫݚڀʢcase studyʣ • ؍࡯΍ฉ͖औΓʹΑΓਂ͘ௐࠪ͢Δ • ௐࠪݚڀʢsurvey studyʣ • հೖΛߦΘͣʹσʔλΛऩू͢Δ • ࣮ݧݚڀʢexperimental studyʣ • հೖΛߦ͍ͳ͕ΒσʔλΛऩू͢Δ

Slide 29

Slide 29 text

෼ੳɾղऍ • σʔλ෼ੳͱ͸ɺूΊͨσʔλΛ  ղऍՄೳͳܗʹཁ໿͢Δ͜ͱ • σʔλͷछྨʹΑͬͯཁ໿ํ๏͕  ҟͳΔ

Slide 30

Slide 30 text

σʔλͷछྨ • ࣭తσʔλ • ϑΟʔϧυɾϊʔπ΍ΠϯλϏϡʔͷ จࣈى͜͠ͳͲɺ਺஋ԽΛ൐Θͳ͍ ʢݴޠʣσʔλ • ྔతσʔλ • ௐࠪର৅Λ਺஋ʹΑͬͯදͨ͠  σʔλ

Slide 31

Slide 31 text

σʔλͷཁ໿ • ࣭తΞϓϩʔν • ࣭తσʔλΛҙຯతʹཁ໿͢Δ • ྔతΞϓϩʔν • ྔతσʔλΛ౷ܭతʹཁ໿͢Δ

Slide 32

Slide 32 text

࣭తΞϓϩʔν • σʔλ෼ੳͱղऍ • ෼ੳͱղऍΛߦ͖དྷ͢Δ • ίʔσΟϯάͱΧςΰϦʔԽ • จ຺ͷॏࢹͱް͍هड़  ʢthick descriptionʣ • స༻Մೳੑʢtransferabilityʣ

Slide 33

Slide 33 text

࣭తΞϓϩʔν • σʔλऩू๏ɺ෼ੳ๏ͱ΋ʹଟ༷ • ํ๏࿦ͷཧղʹ͸ɺ࣮ࡍͷݚڀʹ  ଟ͘৮ΕΔ͜ͱ͕ඞཁ • Ӝ໺ଞʢ2016ʣͷୈ5ষΛࢀর  ʢݚڀࣄྫ΋ؚΊͨղઆ͕͋Δʣ

Slide 34

Slide 34 text

ྔతΞϓϩʔν • σʔλ෼ੳ • هड़౷ܭͱਪଌ౷ܭ • ແ࡞ҝநग़ɺແ࡞ҝׂ෇ͷॏཁੑ

Slide 35

Slide 35 text

• ໨ͷલͷσʔλʢඪຊʣ͔ΒΑΓେ͖ͳจ຺ ʢ฼ूஂʣΛਪఆ͢Δ • ඪຊͰ؍࡯͞ΕΔࠩɾؔ܎͕ɺ฼ूஂ͔Βͷ ඪຊநग़࣌ͷޡࠩͰੜ͡Δ֬཰ʢp ஋ʣΛ  ܭࢉ͢Δ • p ஋͕ج४஋ʢྟք஋ʣҎԼͰ͋Ε͹ʮ༗ҙʯ Ͱ͋ΔʢޡࠩͰ͸ͳ͍ʣͱ൑அ͢Δ ਪଌ౷ܭʢ༗ҙੑݕఆʣ

Slide 36

Slide 36 text

• ૬ؔ෼ੳͷ৔߹ɺඪຊͰݟΒΕΔ૬͕ؔແ૬ ؔʢ૬ؔθϩʣͷ฼ूஂ͔Βͷඪຊநग़࣌ͷ ޡࠩͰੜ͡Δ֬཰ʢp ஋ʣΛܭࢉ͢Δ ਪଌ౷ܭʢ༗ҙੑݕఆʣ

Slide 37

Slide 37 text

฼ूஂ ඪɹຊ ਪఆ σʔλղੳ Σ, F, t, p... ฼ूஂͱඪຊ

Slide 38

Slide 38 text

• ͋ΔඪຊͰಘΒΕͨ୅ද஋ʢe.g., ฏۉʣ ͱ฼ूஂͷ୅ද஋ͱͷࠩ ඪຊޡࠩ

Slide 39

Slide 39 text

฼ूஂ  μ = 15.3 ඪຊA  M = 14.7 ඪຊB  M = 15.9 ඪຊC  M = 15.2 ඪຊD  M = 15.4 ඪຊE  M = 15.1

Slide 40

Slide 40 text

฼ूஂ  μ = 14.7 ඪຊA  M = 14.7 ࣮ࡍ͸ M = μ ͱͯ͠ਪఆ

Slide 41

Slide 41 text

• ඪຊͷαΠζ͕େ͖͚Ε͹େ͖͍΄Ͳɺ ඪຊޡࠩ͸খ͘͞ͳΔ • ͭ·Γਪఆͷਫ਼౓͕ߴ͘ͳΔ ඪຊޡࠩ

Slide 42

Slide 42 text

• ແ࡞ҝநग़ʢrandom samplingʣ • ඪຊ͔Β฼ूஂΛਪଌ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Մೳͳͷ ͸ɺແ࡞ҝநग़ͷ͓͔͛ • ແ࡞ҝׂ෇ʢrandom assignmentʣ • ෳ਺ͷάϧʔϓΛ࡞Δͱ͖ɺແ࡞ҝׂ෇ʹΑͬ ͯάϧʔϓؒͷ౳࣭ੑΛ୲อ͢Δ ແ࡞ҝநग़ɾແ࡞ҝׂ෇

Slide 43

Slide 43 text

• ໰୊఺ • ӳޠڭҭʹ͓͚Δྔతݚڀͷେ൒͸ɺ  ແ࡞ҝநग़Λߦ͍ͬͯͳ͍ • ࣮ࡍͷΫϥεΛ࢖͏४࣮ݧݚڀͰ͸ɺ  ແ࡞ҝׂ෇΋ߦΘΕͳ͍ ແ࡞ҝநग़ɾແ࡞ҝׂ෇

Slide 44

Slide 44 text

• ݚڀ݁ՌͷҰൠԽՄೳੑʢgeneralizabilityʣ ͕୲อ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ • ݚڀ݁ՌΛଞͷจ຺ʹస༻ʢԠ༻ʣՄೳʹ  ͢Δͱ͍͏ɺֶज़తͳݚڀͷେલఏ͕  ຬͨ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ ແ࡞ҝநग़ɾແ࡞ҝׂ෇

Slide 45

Slide 45 text

• ӳޠڭҭݚڀͰ͸ɺ࠷ޙʹʮڭҭతࣔࠦʯΛ ड़΂Δ͜ͱ͕ظ଴͞ΕΔ͜ͱ͕ଟ͍ • ୯Ұͷݚڀ͔ΒࣔࠦΛड़΂ͯ΋Α͍ͷ͔ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

Slide 46

Slide 46 text

• ྔతݚڀ • ҰൠԽՄೳੑ͕୲อ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍৔߹ɺ  ຊདྷͳΒݚڀ݁Ռ͸ҰൠԽͰ͖ͳ͍ • ಉ͜͡ͱΛผͷจ຺Ͱߦͬͯ΋ɺ  ಉ݁͡Ռ͕ಘΒΕΔอূ͸ͳ͍ • ࠶ݱੑʢreproducibilityʣ໰୊ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

Slide 47

Slide 47 text

• ࣭తݚڀ • ݚڀ݁Ռ͕จ຺ʹґଘ͢ΔͨΊɺ  ͦ΋ͦ΋ҰൠԽ͸ߦΘͳ͍ • ް͍هड़Λߦ͏͜ͱͰɺݚڀ݁Ռ͕ผͷ  จ຺Ͱ΋౰ͯ͸·Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ͷ൑அΛ  ಡऀʹҕͶΔ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

Slide 48

Slide 48 text

• ӳޠڭҭݚڀʹ͓͍ͯɺ୯Ұͷݚڀ͔Β  ա౓ͳҰൠԽʢڭҭతࣔࠦʣΛߦ͏ͷ͸  ෆద੾ • Ͱ͸Ͳ͏͢Δʁ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

Slide 49

Slide 49 text

• ݚڀͷݶքΛਅ伨ʹड͚ࢭΊɺڭҭతࣔࠦ͸ Ͱ͖Δ͚ͩ conservative ͳ΋ͷʹཹΊΔ • େ͖ͳڭҭతࣔࠦ͸ɺݸʑͷݚڀͰ͸ͳ͘ɺ ෳ਺ͷؔ࿈ݚڀͷ݁ՌΛ·ͱΊͨܗͰߦ͏ • ݚڀͷ౷߹ʢresearch synthesisʣͱ  ϝλ෼ੳʢmeta-analysisʣ • ௥ࢼʢreplicationʣͷॏཁੑ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

Slide 50

Slide 50 text

• ౷߹ɾ௥ࢼʹ଱͑͏ΔݚڀΛߦ͏͜ͱ͕ॏཁ • ݚڀՁ஋ͷߴ͍ςʔϚ • ௥ࢼΛߦ͏ͨΊͷ৘ใ։ࣔ • هड़౷ܭྔͷ։ࣔ • ʢͰ͖Ε͹ʣແ࡞ҝׂ෇ͷσβΠϯ ڭҭతࣔࠦ

Slide 51

Slide 51 text

͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ

Slide 52

Slide 52 text

͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ • ݚڀ੒Ռͷݸਓ΁ͷؐݩΛ໨తͱͨ͠  ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀ • ݚڀ੒ՌͷҰൠԽΛ໨తͱֶͨ͠ज़తͳݚڀ • ͨͩ͠୯Ұͷݚڀ͔ΒͷҰൠԽ͸೉͍͠

Slide 53

Slide 53 text

͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ • ֶज़తͳݚڀΛߦ͏ͷ͸͔ͳΓେม • ӳޠڭࢣ͸ݚڀΛߦ͏ඞཁ͕͋Δͷ͔

Slide 54

Slide 54 text

͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ • ඞཁ͸ͳ͍ɺ͚ͩͲ… • ֶज़తͳݚڀΛ͢Δڭࢣ͕૿͑Δ͜ͱ͕  ݚڀͷ஝ੵʹͭͳ͕Γ • ͦͷ݁ՌϑΟʔϧυશମͷൃలʹߩݙͰ͖Δ

Slide 55

Slide 55 text

ݚڀҎ֎ͷબ୒ࢶ • ֶज़తݚڀΛߦ͏ͷ͸೉͍͠৔߹͸ɺ  ࣮ફతͳݚڀʹ௅ઓͯ͠ΈΔ • ͦΕ΋೉͍͠৔߹ɺʮݚڀʯ͸ߦΘͣʹ  ࣮ફͷه࿥Λ͚ͭͯΈΔ • ୳ڀత࣮ફʢexploratory practiceʣ

Slide 56

Slide 56 text

୳ڀత࣮ફ • Allright (2003) ͕ఏএ • ໰୊ղܾͰ͸ͳ͘ݱঢ়ཧղΛ໨తͱͨ͠׆ಈ • ࣋ଓՄೳͳܗͰͷ׆ಈ • ࣮ફͷهड़ʢه࿥ʣͱͦΕʹ͍ͭͯͷ಺ল  ʢϦϑϨΫγϣϯʣͷه࿥

Slide 57

Slide 57 text

୳ڀత࣮ફ • ʮݚڀʯͰ͸ͳ͍ͨΊൃදػձ͸ݶΒΕΔ • த෦஍۠ӳޠڭҭֶձʢCELESʣͰ͸࣮ફใࠂ ͱͯ͠ͷ୳ڀత࣮ફ͕ใࠂ͞Ε͍ͯΔ • ࠓޙଞֶձͰ΋૿͑Δ͜ͱΛظ଴

Slide 58

Slide 58 text

• ͸͡Ίͯͷӳޠڭҭݚڀɿ  ԡ͓͖͍͑ͯͨ͞ίπͱ  ϙΠϯτʢݚڀࣾʣ • ݚڀͷํ๏࿦ʹ͍ͭͯɺଟ͘ ͷ࣮ྫΛ঺հ͠ͳ͕Βղઆ͠ ͍ͯ·͢ ओͳࢀߟจݙ

Slide 59

Slide 59 text

• ֎ࠃޠڭҭݚڀϋϯυϒοΫ • ࣭తɾྔతݚڀͷ྆ํʹ͍ͭ ͯஸೡʹղઆ͞Ε͍ͯ·͢ ओͳࢀߟจݙ

Slide 60

Slide 60 text

શମͷ·ͱΊ

Slide 61

Slide 61 text

શମͷ·ͱΊ • ࣮ફͱͯ͠ͷݚڀͱֶज़తͳݚڀ • ݚڀͷ̏ཁૉʢݚڀ՝୊ɺσʔλɺղऍʣ • ҰൠԽͱڭҭతࣔࠦͷ೉͠͞ • ݚڀͷ஝ੵͷॏཁੑ • ୳ڀత࣮ફͷՄೳੑ Ken Urano urano@hgu.jp http://www.urano-ken.com/research/methoken2018

Slide 62

Slide 62 text

• Allright, D. (2003). Exploratory Practice: rethinking practitioner research in language teaching. Language Teaching Research, 7, 113–141. doi:10.1191/1362168803lr118oa • ౻ా୎࿠. (2016). ΑΓΑ͍࣮ફݚڀΛߦ͏ͨΊͷ10ͷϙΠϯτ. ୈ46ճத෦஍۠ӳޠڭ ҭֶձࡾॏେձɾӳޠڭҭݚڀ๏ηϛφʔ. Retrieved from: https://drive.google.com/ file/d/0B-OpnEJKrYAdQzNRb1pDY0pQaUE/view • Nunan, D. (1992). Research methods in language learning. Cambridge University Press. • ஛಺ཧɾਫຊಞ (ฤ). (2014). ʰ֎ࠃޠڭҭݚڀϋϯυϒοΫ: ݚڀख๏ͷΑΓྑ͍ཧղ ͷͨΊʹ (վగ൛)ʱ౦ژ: দദࣾ. • Ӝ໺ݚɾ࿱ཧཅҰɾాத෢෉ɾ౻ా୎࿠ɾ∁໦ѥرࢠɾञҪӳथ. (2016). ʰ͸͡Ίͯͷ ӳޠڭҭݚڀ: ԡ͓͖͍͑ͯͨ͞ίπͱϙΠϯτʱ౦ژ: ݚڀࣾ. • ٢ాୡ߂ɾۄҪ݈ɾԣߔਈҰ࿠ɾࠓҪ༟೭ɾ༄੉ཅհ (ฤ). (2009). ʰϦϑϨΫςΟϒͳ ӳޠڭҭΛ໨ࢦͯ͠: ڭࢣͷޠΓ͕୓͘तۀݚڀʱ౦ژ: ͻͭ͡ॻ๪. Ҿ༻จݙ