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Writing Faster PHP with
HHVM and Hack
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Proprietary and Confidential
•Community Engineer at Engine
Yard
•Author of Zend PHP 5
Certification Study Guide,
Sitepoints PHP Anthology: 101
Essential Tips, Tricks & Hacks &
PHP Master: Write Cutting Edge
Code
•A contributor to Zend Framework
1 & 2, phpdoc, & PHP internals
• Original creator of PHAR/
PHP_Archive
•@dshafik
Davey Shafik
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Let’s start a conversation about
mental health in tech
mhprompt.org
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Proprietary and Confidential
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Proprietary and Confidential
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Proprietary and Confidential
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Proprietary and Confidential
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A Brief History of HipHop VM
Better known as HHVM
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HPHPc
2009 - 2012
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• Cross-compiler: PHP -> C++
• Needed to compile for every change, which took hours
• Created huge binaries (approaching 2GB Linux “limit”)
• PHP 5.2 (ish) feature-set
• Missing support for large parts of the language (e.g. all 5.3+ features
including namespaces, closures, and dynamic features like
create_function(), and eval())
• Broke the developer workflow
HPHPc — 2009 - 2012
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HipHop VM (HHVM)
2013 -
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• Alternate interpreted runtime with JIT compiler
• No compiling process
• Twice as fast as PHP in interpreted mode.
• Ludicrous speed for JITed code
• Bug-for-bug compatible with PHP
• 5.6 feature set (e.g. support for variadics, splat)
• Working on PHP 7 support
HHVM
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Hack
A super-set of PHP
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• AKA Hacklang (because “Hack” is un-google-able)
• A syntactic super-set of PHP that allows for strong typing via static
analysis. Adds support for:
• type hinting
• generics
• async functions
• annotations
• more…
• A language sub-set of PHP that disallows a number of bad practices
• variable-variables
• globals
• mixing HTML & PHP
• more…
Hack
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Performance
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0
75
150
225
300
Wordpress 3.9
SugarCRM CE 6.5.16 - login page
Drupal 7.28 homepage
Symfony 2.5 ACME app home page
ZF 2.3.1 Skeleton App
Magento 1.9 Homepage
Magento 1.9 item page
PHP 5.4 (no OPcache) PHP 5.5 PHP 5.6 hhvm 3.1 (prebuilt binaries) hhvm 3.2-dev(src) PHPNG
Source: Zeev Suraski http://zsuraski.blogspot.com/2014/07/benchmarking-phpng.html
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Proprietary and Confidential
• Facebook (#2)
• Baidu (#5, #1 Search Engine in China)
• Wikimedia (incl. Wikipedia, #6)
• Etsy (for their API)
That’s 3 of the top 4 PHP sites in the world, and ~1/3 of the top 10 overall.
(Yahoo! is the outlier, FYI)
Actual Users
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Repo Authoritative Mode
Ludicrous Speed!
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• When code “never” changes (e.g. production)
• Extra 20-25% performance increase (similar to apc.stat = 0)
• Spends extra time on caching/JITing for maximum performance
Repo Authoritative Mode
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HHVM Setup
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login.php
HHVM Setup
Nginx php-fpm mysql,pgsql,mongo,
gearman,redis, etc.
index.php
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login.php
HHVM Setup
Nginx mysql,pgsql,mongo,
gearman,redis, etc.
index.php
HHVM
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server {
server_name _;
root /var/www;
index index.php;
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/hhvm.sock;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /var/www$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_param;
}
}
HHVM Setup
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Proprietary and Confidential
hhvm.server.file_socket = /var/run/hhvm.sock
hhvm.server.type = fastcgi
hhvm.server.source_root = /var/www
hhvm.log.level = Error
hhvm.log.user_log_file = true
hhvm.log.file = /var/log/hhvm-error.log
hhvm.log.access.0.file = /var/log/hhvm-access.log
hhvm.log.access.0.format=%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b
HHVM Setup
$ hhvm -m daemon -c /etc/hhvm/hhvm.ini -u www-data
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Long Term Support
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Long Term Support
Version name Intended release date LTS? End of support
3.3 11 19 Sep 2014 yes 13 Aug 2015
3.4 6 Nov 2014
3.5 1 Jan 2015
3.6 26 Feb 2015 yes 28 Jan 2016
3.7 23 Apr 2015
3.8 18 Jun 2015
3.9 13 Aug 2015 yes 14 Jul 2016
3.10 8 Oct 2015
3.11 3 Dec 2015
3.12 28 Jan 2016 yes 29 Dec 2016
3.13 24 Mar 2016
3.14* 19 May 2016
3.15* 14 Jul 2016 yes 15 Jun 2017
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Hack
A better PHP
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• Not a new language
• Runs through the same HHVM runtime
• Strongly typed… but thrown away at run time (type erasure)
• Super-fast static analysis
• Strict typing informs the runtime to enable better performance
Hack
A primary goal of hack is to not
[negatively] impact the developers
workflow — especially the REPL;
whereby we can edit code and refresh our
browser to immediately see changes.
“
”
- Davey Shafik
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Editor Support
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Editor Support
Supports any editor (so long it’s vim or emacs)
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Coming Soon: phpStorm
Yay!
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File Semantics
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• To promote best practices, you cannot mix Hack with HTML (or other
non-code text)
• All hack files must start with
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Hack Modes
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Partial Mode
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• Default
• Gradual Typing
• Types are strictly adhered to however:
• Not everything must be typed
• May call into regular PHP code without error
Partial Mode
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Strict Mode
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• All code must be typed
• Cannot call into non-Hack code
• No top-level code
• This means your codebase cannot be 100% strict
• Arrays must be type hinted
• Collections (Vector, Set, Map, Tuple) are preferred
Strict Mode
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Declarations Mode
AKA Decl
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• Type hints are trusted but not required
Declarations Mode
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Ignoring Errors
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• You can ignore errors by marking code as UNSAFE
• Applied from the comment to the end of the current block: typically the
next curly brace “}”
• Should be the last resort
• May result in run-time errors due to the lack of validation
Ignoring Errors
// UNSAFE
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Type Hints
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• Method Arguments
• Return Values
• Class Properties
Type Hints
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Types
Type
bool Boolean true/false
Type Name
int Integer numbers
float Floating Point numbers
string Strings
array Arrays (that can be typed)
resource Resources (e.g. file streams)
Class/Interface Name An object type-hint
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Types (Cont.)
Type Name
mixed Any (not recommended)
Vector Numerical contiguously indexed Arrays
Map A typed (both keys and values) associative array
Set An unindexed collection of typed unique values
Tuple A fixed size set of typed values
Pair A fixed size set of typed values restricted to two
values, indexed as 0 and 1.
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• void — for functions with no return value
• this — always refers to $this
Special Types
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Nullable Types
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• Allows for nulls to be passed in addition to the specified type
• Prefix the type with a ?
• e.g. ?int or ?\DateTime.
Nullable Types
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Soft Types
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• You can denote the a type-failure should not error by using soft types.
• This is great for migrating codebases
• To do this precede the type with an @
• e.g. @int or @\DateTime.
Soft Types
add("1", "2");
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Custom Types
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• Type Aliases (type)
• Opaque Types (newtype)
• Only used for static analysis.
Custom Types
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$status = Map {
self::OK => "200 OK",
self::FOUND => "302 Found",
self::NOT_FOUND => "404 Not Found",
};
public function send(HTTPStatusCode $code): bool
{
if (isset($this->status[$code])) {
header('HTTP/1.1 ' .$this->status[$code]);
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
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send(404);
}
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• Allows you to give more appropriate names to existing types
• e.g. unixtime for int
Type Aliases
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• Opaque types hide their underlying implementation outside of the file in
which the type is defined.
• This means they become immutable except when called in code defined
in that file
• This restriction is not enforced at runtime
Opaque Types
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newtype HTTPStatusCode = int;
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send(HTTPStatus::NOT_FOUND);
}
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Constructor Argument Promotion
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Constructor Property Assignment
left = $left;
$this->right = $right;
}
}
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• Automatically create properties from constructor arguments
• Just precede the argument with a visibility keyword: public, private,
protected
Constructor Argument Promotion
left + $this->right;
}
}
$adder = new Adder(1, 3);
$result = $adder->get(); // 4
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Collections
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• Arrays — must be typed in strict mode
• Tuples — typed arrays
• Pairs — can only contain 2 pieces of data
• Vectors — numerically, consecutively keyed only
• Maps — ordered dictionaries that allow int or string keys
• Sets — unordered collection of unique values
• Immutable variants
Collections
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Arrays
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• array — Untyped (only allowed in partial mode)
• array<[type]> — [type] typed values, with integer keys
• array<[type1], [type2]> — [type1] typed keys, with [type2]
typed values.
Arrays
{
return array(1, 2, 3);
}
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Tuples
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• Internally identical to arrays
• Fixed size
• Implicitly Type hinted by the values used to define it or
• Explicitly Type hinted using the literal syntax
Tuples
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Pairs
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• Can contain only two values, keyed as 0 and 1
• Immutable
Pairs
{
return Pair { "C039D17D", "checkPing" };
}
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Vectors
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• Vectors can only use integer keys
Vectors
{
return Vector {"Davey", "PJ", "You?"};
}
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Maps
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• Maps are an ordered dictionary, which can have integer or string keys.
• Must specify both key and values types when type hinting.
Maps
{
return Map {"php" => "PHP", "hack" => "Hack"};
}
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Sets
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• Unordered Collection with no keys
• Unique values
{
return Set { "php", "hack", "hhvm" };
}
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Immutability
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• Simply prefix the class name with Imm
Immutability
{
$map = ImmMap {"php" => "PHP", "hack" => "Hack"};
$map["hhvm"] = "HHVM";
}
|13 col 6 error| You cannot mutate this
|12 col 13 error| This is an object of type ImmMap
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Appending Elements
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• Only Vectors allow $foo[] = "bar" syntax
• Pairs and Tuples do not allow additional elements
• Maps allow appending of Pairs. First value is key, second value is value
Appending Elements
"foo", 1 => "bar" };
$m[] = Pair { 5, "bat" };
var_dump($m);
}
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Object Oriented Interface
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• Based on the SPL
• Allows adding/removing/manipulation methods
• Allows you to use them as objects, rather than just “better” arrays
Object Oriented Interface
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Breaking Iteration
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• Because collections are objects, you cannot modify them during
iteration.
Breaking Iteration
Fatal error: Uncaught exception
'InvalidOperationException' with message
'Collection was modified during iteration' in
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Shapes
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• Tuples with a pre-defined structure
• Can be used as a form of validation
• Ensures integrity
Shapes
newtype HTTPRequest = shape(
'status' => HTTPStatusCode,
'headers' => Map,
'data' => shape (
'GET' => ?Map,
'POST' => ?Map,
'COOKIE' => ?Map,
'SERVER' => Map
),
'body' => ?string
);
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Anonymous Functions
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• Like closures but they inherit parent scope
• Much more concise
• Multiple Expressions
Anonymous Functions
$fn = $args ==> expression;
$fn = ($arg1, $arg2) ==> { expression; return ...; };
$list = {$item} );
echo $list;
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XHP — XML Fragments as Expressions
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• Makes XML syntax a top-level syntax
• No longer strings
• Auto-escapes for security
• Allows for OO semantics, for composable widgets, for tempting
• Must be XML, e.g.
XHP — XML Fragments as Expression echo
XHP — XML Fragments as Expression echo
Hello World
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• Classes are defined by prefixing the class name with a colon
• Classes extend the :x:element base class which has DOM-like
methods:
• appendChild()
• prependChild()
• replaceChildren()
• getChildren()
• getFirstChild()
• getLastChild()
• getAttribute(), getAttributes()
• setAttribute(), setAttributes()
• isAttributeSet()
• removeAttribute()
XHP (Cont.)
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The PHP Way
';
foreach ($items as $item) {
echo '';
echo htmlentities($item, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');
echo ' ';
}
echo '';
?>
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The Hack Way
;
foreach ($items as $item) {
$list->appendChild({$item} );
}
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XHP-Bootstrap
Dropdown
Foo
Bar
Disabled
;
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XHP-Bootstrap
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• Validation — invalid tags are errors, attribute values (e.g. class names)
are validated
• Semantic Markup — tags are more descriptive
• Encapsulation — create re-usable complex components
• Future Proof — Change the underlying implementation
XHP-Bootstrap
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Other Features
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• Async MySQL, memcached and Curl (3.6+)
Other Features
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Command Line Tools
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Static Analysis
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hh_server
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• Monitors files for changes using inotify
• Validates the files using static analysis
• Analyses .php and .hh files with the
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hh_client
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• Starts hh_server if necessary
• Retrieves the results of the static analysis from hh_server
• Displays them in the CLI
• Integrates with Vim/Emacs
Static Analysis
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1.
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1.
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Static Analysis
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Vim Integration
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Refactoring
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• hh_client check --refactor
• Can rename classes, functions, or methods
• Does not yet support namespaces :(
• Static analysis makes these changes much less prone to error
Refactoring
$ hh_client check --refactor
WARNING: This tool will only refactor references in typed, hack code. Its
results should be manually verified. Namespaces are not yet supported.
What would you like to refactor:
1 - Class
2 - Function
3 - Method
Enter 1, 2, or 3: 2
Enter function name: sayHello
Enter a new name for this function: sayHi
Rewrote 2 files.
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Hackificating
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Converting from PHP to Hack
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– Change the opening tag
– Add soft type hints
– Run the code with soft type hints and gather the logs
– Feed the logs back into HHVM to remove invalid hints (ensures there
is no invalid inference)
– Harden the type hints
Hackificating
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• Hackificator changes the opening tag from PHP to Hack:
• $ hackificator .
Hackificator
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• Uses static analysis to figure out and add soft type hints:
• $ hh_server --convert ./ ./
Add Soft Type Hints
public static function makeBarcode(
$barcode,
$barcodeConfig = array()
)
public static function makeBarcode(
@?string $barcode,
@array $barcodeConfig = array()
) : @\Zend\Barcode\Object\ObjectInterface
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• Run the code (tests suites are great for this!)
• Capture the hhvm log file
Verify Soft Type Hints
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• Feed the log file into hack_remove_soft_types to remove invalid types:
• $ hack_remove_soft_types --delete-from-log hhvm.log
• Note: This tool is dumb and requires paths to be identical
Remove Invalid Soft Type Hints
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• Finally: Harden all the left over types
• $ hack_remove_soft_types --harden FILE
• Run it over all files in a directory:
•
Harden Soft Types
$ find ./ -type f -name '*.php' -exec hack_remove_soft_types --harden '{}' ';'
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• Hack Lang: http://hacklang.org
• HHVM: http://hhvm.com
• Building a Better PHP: https://blog.engineyard.com/2014/hhvm-hack
(Engine Yard Blog)
Resources
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Feedback & Questions:
Feedback: https://joind.in/
Twitter: @dshafik
Email: [email protected]
Slides: http://daveyshafik.com/slides
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