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David Cramer twitter.com/zeeg Flask and Angular

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In a nutshell, it's MAGIC

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{{ post.title }}

{{ post.body }}

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What are we doing?

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๏ A LOT of code (mostly JS + Angular) ๏ A fairly ugly ”modern” blog ๏ API-driven backend, client-driven frontend ๏ Basic dependency management organization ๏ Testing principles (in Flask and Angular)

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Questions? Interrupt Me!

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Bootstrapping

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☑ Python 2.6+

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☑ Node.js (NPM)

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☑ Virtualenv

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# git clone https://github.com/dcramer/ pyconsg-tutorial-bootstrap.git http://git.io/pjNCxA

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$ less README.rst Setup the environment: virtualenv ./env source ./env/bin/activate Install dependencies: # python pip install -e . # node (tools) npm install # bower (js 3rd party) node_modules/.bin/bower install

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$ less setup.py # ... tests_require = [ 'pytest>=2.5.0,<2.6.0', ] install_requires = [ 'blinker>=1.3,<1.4', 'flask>=0.10.1,<0.11.0', 'flask-restful>=0.2.12,<0.3.0', 'flask-sqlalchemy>=1.0,<1.1', 'sqlalchemy==0.9.4', ] # ...

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$ less package.json { "name": "pyconsg-tutorial-bootstrap", "private": true, "version": "0.0.0", "devDependencies": { "bower": "^1.3.1", "karma": "~0.10" }, "scripts": { "postinstall": "bower install", "pretest": "npm install", "test": "karma start tests/karma.conf.js" } }

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$ less bower.json { "name": "pyconsg-tutorial-bootstrap", "version": "0.0.0", "ignore": [ "**/.*", "node_modules", "static/vendor", "tests" ], "dependencies": { "angular": "~1.2.17", "bootstrap": "~3.1.1" }, "resolutions": { "angular": "1.2.17" } }

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$ less .bowerrc { "directory": "static/vendor" }

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Config blog/config.py

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$ less blog/config.py # ... def create_app(**config): app = Flask( __name__, static_folder=os.path.join(PROJECT_ROOT, 'static'), template_folder=os.path.join(PROJECT_ROOT, 'templates'), ) app.config['INDUCE_API_DELAY'] = True app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:////tmp/blog.db' app.config['DEBUG'] = True app.config.update(config) db.init_app(app) configure_api_routes(app) configure_web_routes(app) return app

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$ less blog/config.py # ... def configure_web_routes(app): from .web.index import IndexView app.add_url_rule( '/', view_func=IndexView.as_view('index'))

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$ less blog/config.py # ... def configure_api_routes(app): from .api.post_details import PostDetailsResource from .api.post_index import PostIndexResource api.add_resource(PostIndexResource, '/posts/') api.add_resource(PostDetailsResource, '/posts//') api.init_app(app)

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Data Models blog/models/*

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$ less blog/models/post.py from datetime import datetime from blog.config import db class Post(db.Model): id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True) title = db.Column(db.String(80)) body = db.Column(db.Text) pub_date = db.Column(db.DateTime)

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REST API blog/api/*

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$ less blog/api/post_index.py from blog.api.base import Resource class PostIndexResource(Resource): def get(self): """ Return a list of posts. """ def post(self): """ Create a new post. """

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$ less blog/api/post_details.py from blog.api.base import Resource class PostDetailsResource(Resource): def get(self, post_id): """ Return information about a given post. """ def post(self, post_id): """ Edit an existing post. """

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Base Layout templates/index.html

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$ less templates/index.html Blog <script src="{{ url_for('static', filename='js/app.js') }}"/> </head> <body ng-app="blog"> <section class="container"> <header> <h1><a href="/#/">My Blog</a></h1> </header> <section ng-view></section> <footer>&copy; My Blog</footer> </section> </body> </html>

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Client Application static/js/app.js

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$ less static/js/app.js 'use strict'; angular.module('blog', []).config(function() { // TODO: Initialize routes/general application config here });

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Python Test Config tests/conftest.py

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@pytest.fixture(scope='session') def app(request): app = create_app( SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI='sqlite:///', INDUCE_API_DELAY=False, ) app_context = app.test_request_context() app_context.push() return app

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@pytest.fixture(autouse=True) def setup_db(request, app): db.create_all() request.addfinalizer(db.drop_all) @pytest.fixture(autouse=True) def db_session(request): request.addfinalizer(db.session.remove)

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@pytest.fixture(scope='session') def client(app): return app.test_client()

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Fixtures are automatic Dependency Injection

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$ py.test tests/

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============================= test session starts ============================== platform darwin -- Python 2.7.6 -- py-1.4.20 -- pytest-2.5.2 collected 1 items tests/python/api/test_post_index.py F =================================== FAILURES =================================== __________________________________ test_list ___________________________________ tests/python/api/test_post_index.py:31: in test_list > assert len(data) == 2 E TypeError: object of type 'NoneType' has no len() =========================== 1 failed in 0.11 seconds ==========================

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JavaScript Test Config tests/karma.conf.js

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module.exports = function(config){ config.set({ basePath: '../', files: [ 'static/vendor/angular/angular.js', // 'static/vendor/angular-route/angular-route.js', // 'static/vendor/angular-mocks/angular-mocks.js', 'static/js/**/*.js', 'tests/js/**/*.js' ], autoWatch: true, frameworks: ['jasmine'], browsers: ['Chrome'], plugins: [ 'karma-chrome-launcher', 'karma-jasmine' ] }); };

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$ npm run test

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INFO [karma]: Karma v0.10.10 server started at http://localhost:9876/ INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome INFO [Chrome 35.0.1916 (Mac OS X 10.10.0)]: Connected on socket 0GvlxTukdDRVPKHoJxdB Chrome 35.0.1916 (Mac OS X 10.10.0) controllers encountered a declaration exception FAILED ReferenceError: module is not defined at null. (/Users/dcramer/Development/pyconsg-tutorial-bootstrap/ tests/js/controllersSpec.js:4:14) at /Users/dcramer/Development/pyconsg-tutorial-bootstrap/tests/js/ controllersSpec.js:3:1 Chrome 35.0.1916 (Mac OS X 10.10.0): Executed 1 of 1 (1 FAILED) (0 secs / 0.012 Chrome 35.0.1916 (Mac OS X 10.10.0): Executed 1 of 1 (1 FAILED) ERROR (0.153 secs / 0.012 secs)

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Basic JS Debugging Chrome Developer Tools

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View > Developer > JavaScript Console

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Error: [$injector:unpr] http://errors.angularjs.org/1.2.18/$injector/unpr? p0=NaNoobarProvider%20%3C-%20%24foobar at Error (native) at http://localhost:5000/static/vendor/angular/angular.min.js:6:450 at http://localhost:5000/static/vendor/angular/angular.min.js:36:145 at Object.c [as get] (http://localhost:5000/static/vendor/angular/ angular.min.js:34:236) at http://localhost:5000/static/vendor/angular/angular.min.js:36:213 at c (http://localhost:5000/static/vendor/angular/angular.min.js:34:236) at d (http://localhost:5000/static/vendor/angular/angular.min.js:34:453) at Object.instantiate (http://localhost:5000/static/vendor/angular/ angular.min.js:35:103) at http://localhost:5000/static/vendor/angular/angular.min.js:67:284 at link (http://localhost:5000/static/vendor/angular-route/angular- route.min.js:7:248)

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WARNING: Errors will be obscure!

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Let’s start building!

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# create the database $ bin/create-db # load sample data $ bin/load-mocks # run the webserver $ bin/web

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The Post List

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$ less blog/api/post_index.py from blog.api.base import Resource from blog.models import Post class PostIndexResource(Resource): def get(self): """ Return a list of posts. """ post_list = Post.query.order_by( Post.pub_date.desc() )[:10] results = [] for post in post_list: results.append({ 'id': post.id, 'title': post.title, 'body': post.body, 'pubDate': post.pub_date.isoformat(), }) return results

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$ less tests/python/api/test_post_index.py import json from datetime import datetime from blog.config import db from blog.models import Post def test_list(client): post1 = Post( title='Hello world!', body='Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.', pub_date=datetime(2013, 9, 19, 22, 15, 24), ) db.session.add(post1) post2 = Post( title='Hello world (again)!', body='Integer ullamcorper erat ac aliquam mollis.', pub_date=datetime(2013, 9, 20, 22, 15, 24), ) db.session.add(post2) db.session.commit() resp = client.get('/api/0/posts/') assert resp.status_code == 200 data = json.loads(resp.data.decode('utf-8')) assert len(data) == 2 assert data[0]['id'] == post2.id assert data[1]['id'] == post1.id

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$ py.test tests/

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$ vi static/js/controllers.js 'use strict'; angular.module('blog.controllers', []) .controller('PostListCtrl', function($scope, $http){ $http.get('/api/0/posts/') .success(function(data){ $scope.postList = data; }); });

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A note on IE support

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// The preferred longer-version of dependency declaration. controller(['$http', function($http) {}]); // The shorter version we're going to be using, which // does not work with Internet Explorer. controller(function($http) {});

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$ vi static/partials/post-list.html
  • {{ post.title }}

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$ vi static/js/app.js 'use strict'; angular.module('blog', [ // add ngRoute dependency 'ngRoute', // add our controller dependency 'blog.controllers' ]).config(function($routeProvider) { $routeProvider .when('/', { templateUrl: 'post-list.html', controller: 'PostListCtrl' }); });

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# we need ngRoute! $ node_modules/.bin/bower install "angular- route#1.2.17" --save

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$ less bower.json { // ... "dependencies": { "angular": "~1.2.17", "bootstrap": "~3.1.1", "angular-route": "1.2.17" } }

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$ ls static/vendor/angular-route README.md angular-route.js angular-route.min.js angular-route.min.js.map bower.json

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$ less templates/index.html

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The Post Details

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$ less blog/api/post_details.py from blog.api.base import Resource from blog.models import Post class PostDetailsResource(Resource): def get(self, post_id): """ Return information about a given post. """ post = Post.query.get(post_id) if post is None: return '', 404 return { 'id': post.id, 'title': post.title, 'body': post.body, 'pubDate': post.pub_date.isoformat(), }

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$ vi tests/python/api/test_post_details.py import json from blog.config import db from blog.models import Post def test_valid_post_on_get(client): post = Post( title='Hello world!', body='Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.', ) db.session.add(post) db.session.commit() resp = client.get('/api/0/posts/{0}/'.format(post.id)) assert resp.status_code == 200 assert resp.headers['Content-Type'] == 'application/json', resp.data assert json.loads(resp.data.decode('utf-8')) == { 'id': post.id, 'title': post.title, 'body': post.body, 'pubDate': post.pub_date.isoformat(), }

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$ py.test tests/

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$ vi static/js/controllers.js angular.module('blog.controllers', ['ngRoute']) .controller('PostListCtrl', function($scope, $http){ $http.get('/api/0/posts/') .success(function(data){ $scope.postList = data; }); }); .controller('PostDetailsCtrl', function($scope, $routeParams, $http){ $http.get('/api/0/posts/' + $routeParams.post_id + '/') .success(function(data){ $scope.post = data; }); });

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$ vi static/partials/post-details.html

{{ post.title }}

{{ post.body }}

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$ vi static/js/app.js $routeProvider .when('/', { templateUrl: 'post-list.html', controller: 'PostListCtrl' }) .when('/posts/:post_id', { templateUrl: 'post-details.html', controller: 'PostDetailsCtrl' });

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Let’s refactor a bit..

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Using Resolvers Preload Dependencies

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$ vi static/js/app.js .when('/', { templateUrl: 'post-list.html', controller: 'PostListCtrl', resolve: { postListResponse: function($http) { return $http.get('/api/0/posts/'); } } })

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$ vi static/js/controllers.js angular.module('blog.controllers', []) .controller('PostListCtrl', function($scope, postListResponse){ $scope.postList = postListResponse.data; })

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$ vi static/js/app.js .when('/posts/:post_id', { templateUrl: 'post-details.html', controller: 'PostDetailsCtrl', resolve: { postDetailsResponse: function($http, $route) { var postId = $route.current.params.post_id; return $http.get('/api/0/posts/' + postId + '/'); } } });

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$ vi static/js/controllers.js angular.module('blog.controllers', []) .controller('PostListCtrl', function($scope, postListResponse){ $scope.postList = postListResponse.data; }) .controller('PostDetailsCtrl', function($scope, postDetailsResponse){ $scope.post = postDetailsResponse.data; });

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Testing Controllers

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$ vi tests/js/controllersSpec.js 'use strict'; describe('controllers', function(){ beforeEach(module('blog.controllers')); describe('PostListCtrl', function(){ it('should bind postList', function(){ // TODO }); }); });

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# we need ngMock! $ node_modules/.bin/bower install "angular- mocks#1.2.17" --save

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$ vi tests/js/controllersSpec.js it('should bind postList', inject(function($controller){ var samplePost = {id: 1, title: 'Test', body: 'Foo bar'}; var $scope = {}; var ctrl = $controller('PostListCtrl', { $scope: $scope, postListResponse: {data: [samplePost]} }); expect($scope.postList.length).toBe(1); expect($scope.postList[0].id).toBe(samplePost.id); }));

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$ npm run test

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$ vi tests/js/controllersSpec.js describe('PostDetailsCtrl', function(){ it('should bind post', inject(function($controller){ var samplePost = {id: 1, title: 'Test', body: 'Foo bar'}; var $scope = {}; var ctrl = $controller('PostDetailsCtrl', { $scope: $scope, postDetailsResponse: {data: samplePost} }); expect($scope.post.id).toBe(samplePost.id); })); });

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$ npm run test

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The Post Create

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$ vi blog/api/post_index.py from flask.ext.restful.reqparse import RequestParser from blog.api.base import Resource from blog.config import db from blog.models import Post class PostIndexResource(Resource): def get(self): # ... def post(self): """ Create a new post. """ parser = RequestParser() parser.add_argument('title', required=True) parser.add_argument('body', required=True) args = parser.parse_args() post = Post( title=args.title, body=args.body, ) db.session.add(post) db.session.commit() return { 'id': post.id, 'title': post.title, 'body': post.body, 'pubDate': post.pub_date.isoformat(), }, 201

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$ vi tests/python/api/test_post_index.py def test_list(client): # ... def test_create_with_valid_params(client): title = 'Foo' body = 'Bar' # valid params resp = client.post('/api/0/posts/', data={ 'title': title, 'body': body, }, follow_redirects=True) assert resp.status_code == 201 data = json.loads(resp.data.decode('utf-8')) assert data['title'] == title assert data['body'] == body

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$ py.test tests/

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$ vi static/js/controllers.js angular.module('blog.controllers', ['ngRoute']) .controller('PostListCtrl', function($scope, postListResponse){ $scope.postList = postListResponse.data; }); .controller('PostDetailsCtrl', function($scope, postDetailsResponse){ $scope.post = postDetailsResponse.data; }) .controller('NewPostCtrl', function($location, $scope, $http){ $scope.formData = {}; $scope.saveForm = function(){ $http.post('/api/0/posts/' $scope.formData) .success(function(data){ $location.path('/posts/' + data.id); }); }; });

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$ vi tests/js/controllersSpec.js describe('NewPostCtrl', function(){ var $httpBackend, samplePost; beforeEach(inject(function($injector){ samplePost = {id: 1, title: 'Test', body: 'Foo bar'}; $httpBackend = $injector.get('$httpBackend'); $httpBackend.when('POST', '/api/0/posts/').respond(samplePost); })); it('should support saveForm', inject(function($controller){ // TODO })); afterEach(function() { $httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingExpectation(); $httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingRequest(); }); });

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$ vi tests/js/controllersSpec.js it('should support saveForm', inject(function($controller){ var $scope = {formData: samplePost}; var ctrl = $controller('NewPostCtrl', { $scope: $scope }); $httpBackend.expectPOST('/api/0/posts/', $scope.formData) .respond(201, samplePost); $scope.saveForm(); $httpBackend.flush(); }));

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$ npm run test

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$ vi static/partials/new-post.html Publish

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$ vi static/js/app.js $routeProvider .when('/', { // ... }) .when('/posts/:post_id', { // ... }) .when('/new/post', { templateUrl: 'new-post.html', controller: 'NewPostCtrl' });

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Directives DOM Manipulation in Angular

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# element-based directives # do not work in Internet # Explorer

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ng-app ng-view ng-show ng-hide ng-if ng-repeat ng-class ng-click ng-submit

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Applying Markdown

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$ vi static/partials/post-details.html

{{ post.title }}

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$ node_modules/.bin/bower install "angular- sanitize#1.2.17" --save

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$ node_modules/.bin/bower install showdown --save

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$ less templates/index.html

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$ vi static/js/directives.js angular.module('blog.directives.markdown', ['ngSanitize']). directive('markdown', function($sanitize) { var markdownConverter = new Showdown.converter(); return { restrict: 'A', link: function (scope, element, attrs) { scope.$watch(attrs.markdown, function(newVal) { var html = $sanitize(markdownConverter.makeHtml(newVal)); element.html(html); }); } }; });

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$ vi static/js/app.js 'use strict'; angular.module('blog', [ 'ngRoute', 'blog.controllers', 'blog.directives.markdown' ]).config(function($routeProvider) { // ... });

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$ less templates/index.html

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The Publish Date

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$ vi static/partials/post-list.html
  • {{ post.title }} —

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$ vi static/js/directives.js 'use strict'; angular.module('blog.directives.timeSince', []) .directive('timeSince', function($timeout) { return function(scope, element, attrs) { var $element = angular.element(element), timeout_id; function updateValue(){ var value = scope.$eval(attrs.timeSince); if (value) { element.text(moment.utc(value).fromNow()); } else { element.text(''); } timeout_id = $timeout(updateValue, 1000); } element.bind('$destroy', function() { $timeout.cancel(timeout_id); }); updateValue(); }; });

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$ node_modules/.bin/bower install moment -- save

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$ less templates/index.html

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$ vi static/js/app.js 'use strict'; angular.module('blog', [ 'ngRoute', 'blog.controllers', 'blog.directives.markdown' 'blog.directives.timeSince' ]).config(function($routeProvider) { // ... });

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A word of caution! The $digest dilemma

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Things that cause a digest: $timeout $watch $digest $scope.$apply filters (likely another 100 things)

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Minimize the # of $digests!

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$ vi static/js/directives.js .directive('timeSince', function($timeout) { return function(scope, element, attrs) { // ... function timeUntilTick(age) { if (age < 1) { return 1; } else if (age < 60) { return 30; } else if (age < 180) { return 300; } else { return 3600; } } function updateValue(){ // ... var age = moment().diff(moment.utc(value), 'minute'); timeout_id = $timeout(updateValue, timeUntilTick(age) * 1000); }

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One step further would be a single shared $timeout

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Refactoring the API Services in Angular

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$ vi static/js/services.js angular.module('blog.services.api', []) .factory('api', function($http){ var api = {}, urlBase = '/api/0'; api.listPosts = function(){ return $http.get(urlBase + '/posts/'); }; api.createPost = function(data){ return $http.post(urlBase + '/posts/', data); }; api.getPost = function(id){ return $http.get(urlBase + '/posts/' + id + '/'); }; api.updatePost = function(id, data){ return $http.post(urlBase + '/posts/' + id + '/', data); }; return api; });

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$ less templates/index.html

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$ vi static/js/app.js 'use strict'; angular.module('blog', [ 'ngRoute', 'blog.controllers', 'blog.directives.timeSince', 'blog.services.api' ]).config(function($routeProvider) { // ... });

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$ vi static/js/controllers.js angular.module('blog.controllers', ['ngRoute']) .controller('PostListCtrl', function($scope, postListResponse){ $scope.postList = postListResponse.data; }); .controller('PostDetailsCtrl', function($scope, postDetailsResponse){ $scope.post = postDetailsResponse.data; }) .controller('NewPostCtrl', function($location, $scope, api){ $scope.formData = {}; $scope.saveForm = function(){ api.createPost($scope.formData) .success(function(data){ $location.path('/posts/' + data.id); }); }; });

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The Illusion of Realtime Long polling at it's best

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$ vi static/js/controllers.js angular.module('blog.controllers', []) .controller('PostListCtrl', function($scope, $timeout, api, postListResponse){ var timeout_id; $scope.postList = postListResponse.data; $timeout(function(){ api.listPosts().success(function(data){ $scope.postList = data; }); }, 5000); $scope.$on('$destroy', function(){ $timeout.cancel(timeout_id); }); }) .controller('PostDetailsCtrl', function($scope, postDetailsResponse){ $scope.post = postDetailsResponse.data; });

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A Loading Indicator An intro to $http interceptors

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$ vi static/js/services.js angular.module('blog.services.loadingIndicator', []) .config(function($httpProvider){ var interceptor = function($q, $rootScope) { var reqsTotal = 0; var reqsCompleted = 0; return { request: function(config) { $rootScope.loading = true; reqsTotal++; return config; }, response: function(response) { reqsCompleted++; if (reqsCompleted >= reqsTotal) { $rootScope.loading = false; } return response; }, responseError: function(rejection) { reqsCompleted++; if (reqsCompleted >= reqsTotal) { $rootScope.loading = false; } return $q.reject(rejection); } }; }; $httpProvider.interceptors.push(interceptor); });

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$ vi static/js/app.js 'use strict'; angular.module('blog', [ 'ngRoute', 'blog.controllers', 'blog.directives.timeSince', 'blog.services.api', 'blog.services.loadingIndicator' ]).config(function($routeProvider) { // ... });

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$ vi templates/index.html

My Blog

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A much more complex implementation: http://chieffancypants.github.io/angular- loading-bar/

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Selenium Testing The Basics

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$ vi tests/protractor.conf.js exports.config = { allScriptsTimeout: 11000, specs: [ 'e2e/*.js' ], capabilities: { 'browserName': 'chrome' }, baseUrl: 'http://localhost:5000/', framework: 'jasmine', jasmineNodeOpts: { defaultTimeoutInterval: 30000 } };

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$ vi tests/e2e/scenarios.js 'use strict'; describe('blog', function() { browser.get('/'); describe('index', function() { beforeEach(function() { browser.get('/#/'); }); it('should render the post list', function() { expect(element.all(by.css('[ng-view] a')).first().getText()). toMatch(/Hello world \(again\)\!/); }); }); });

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$ vi package.json { // ... "scripts": { "postinstall": "bower install", "pretest": "npm install", "test": "karma start tests/karma.conf.js", "preupdate-webdriver": "npm install", "update-webdriver": "webdriver-manager update", "preprotractor": "npm run update-webdriver", "protractor": "protractor tests/protractor.conf.js" } }

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$ npm install protractor — save-dev

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# we need the service running $ bin/web

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$ npm run protractor

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Looking Back Things to Remember

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Scoped Context

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Basic Dependency Injection

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DOM via Directives

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Digests are Expensive!

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Building Modular Components using Modules/Services

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$ git checkout finished

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Additional Reading

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https://github.com/dcramer/pyconsg- tutorial-example

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https://github.com/angular-ui/ui-router

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http://angular-ui.github.io/bootstrap/

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https://github.com/witoldsz/angular-http- auth

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http://requirejs.org/

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https://github.com/dropbox/changes