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GRAPHQL FROM THE GROUND UP SOFTGEEKS | THE INTERNETS | OCTOBER 2020 ELLEN SHAPIRO | @DESIGNATEDNERD | APOLLOGRAPHQL.COM

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WTF IS GRAPHQL?

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WHAT IS A GRAPH?

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WHAT IS A GRAPH? (WHEN WE TALK ABOUT GRAPHQL)

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! GRAPH THEORY

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In computer science, graphs are used to represent networks of communication, data organization, computational devices, the flow of computation, etc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory#Computer_science

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Source: https://neo4j.com/blog/graph-theory-predictive-modeling/

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Source: https://neo4j.com/blog/graph-theory-predictive-modeling/

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Source: https://neo4j.com/blog/graph-theory-predictive-modeling/

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Source: https://neo4j.com/blog/graph-theory-predictive-modeling/

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DIRECTED GRAPH Source: https://neo4j.com/blog/graph-theory-predictive-modeling/

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UNDIRECTED GRAPH

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NODES INDIVIDUAL PIECES OF DATA

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EDGES RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PIECES OF DATA

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SO IS A RELATIONAL DATABASE A GRAPH? !

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NOT QUITE.

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RELATIONAL DATABASES ARE FOCUSED ON SINGLE RELATIONSHIPS

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GRAPHS HELP YOU TO TRACK MANY RELATIONSHIPS

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user.father.bestFriend.children[0].middleName

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✨ GRAPHQL!

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GRAPH QUERY LANGUAGE

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HOW DO I GRAPHQL?

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SAMPLE SERVER HTTPS://APOLLO-FULLSTACK-TUTORIAL.HEROKUAPP.COM/

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THE SCHEMA

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THE SCHEMA WHAT IS IT POSSIBLE TO ASK FOR?

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SCHEMA DEFINITION LANGUAGE

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SCHEMA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (BASICALLY, TYPESCRIPT)

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SCALAR TYPES

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SCALAR TYPES THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE TYPE SYSTEM

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OPTIONALS?!

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✍ POP QUIZ!

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Q. IS THIS TYPE OPTIONAL?

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Q. IS THIS TYPE OPTIONAL? String

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Q. IS THIS TYPE OPTIONAL? String A: IT DEPENDS

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IS OPTIONAL SWIFT TYPE GRAPHQL TYPE

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IS OPTIONAL SWIFT TYPE GRAPHQL TYPE No

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IS OPTIONAL SWIFT TYPE GRAPHQL TYPE No String

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IS OPTIONAL SWIFT TYPE GRAPHQL TYPE No String String!

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!

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GRAPHQL TYPES ARE NULLABLE BY DEFAULT

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IS OPTIONAL SWIFT TYPE GRAPHQL TYPE No String String!

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IS OPTIONAL SWIFT TYPE GRAPHQL TYPE No String String! Yes

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IS OPTIONAL SWIFT TYPE GRAPHQL TYPE No String String! Yes String?

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IS OPTIONAL SWIFT TYPE GRAPHQL TYPE No String String! Yes String? String

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OPERATIONS

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OPERATIONS WHAT ARE THE ENTRY POINTS TO THE GRAPH?

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QUERY: PLEASE GIVE ME THIS DATA

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MUTATION: PLEASE CHANGE THIS DATA

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SUBSCRIPTION: PLEASE UPDATE ME IF DATA CHANGES

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✅ HOW THINGS ARE RELATED

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✅ HOW THINGS ARE RELATED ✅ WHAT YOU CAN ASK FOR

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✅ HOW THINGS ARE RELATED ✅ WHAT YOU CAN ASK FOR ➡ HOW YOU ASK FOR IT

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GRAPHIQL

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HOW WOULD REST DO THIS?

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VALIDATION

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!

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VALIDATION IS WHAT I'M TRYING TO ASK FOR EVEN POSSIBLE?

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VALIDATION + TYPES = CODE GENERATION

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APOLLO IOS

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⬆ (IT ME)

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A VERY SHORTENED VERSION OF APOLLO'S GENERATED CODE

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public final class LaunchInfoQuery: GraphQLQuery { public init(id: GraphQLID) { self.id = id } public struct Data: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var launch: Launch? { public struct Launch: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var site: String? public var mission: Mission? public var rocket: Rocket? public struct Mission: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } public struct Rocket: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } } } }

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public final class LaunchInfoQuery: GraphQLQuery { public init(id: GraphQLID) { self.id = id } public struct Data: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var launch: Launch? { public struct Launch: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var site: String? public var mission: Mission? public var rocket: Rocket? public struct Mission: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } public struct Rocket: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } } } }

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public final class LaunchInfoQuery: GraphQLQuery { public init(id: GraphQLID) { self.id = id } public struct Data: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var launch: Launch? { public struct Launch: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var site: String? public var mission: Mission? public var rocket: Rocket? public struct Mission: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } public struct Rocket: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } } } }

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public final class LaunchInfoQuery: GraphQLQuery { public init(id: GraphQLID) { self.id = id } public struct Data: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var launch: Launch? { public struct Launch: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var site: String? public var mission: Mission? public var rocket: Rocket? public struct Mission: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } public struct Rocket: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } } } }

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public final class LaunchInfoQuery: GraphQLQuery { public init(id: GraphQLID) { self.id = id } public struct Data: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var launch: Launch? { public struct Launch: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var site: String? public var mission: Mission? public var rocket: Rocket? public struct Mission: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } public struct Rocket: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } } } }

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public final class LaunchInfoQuery: GraphQLQuery { public init(id: GraphQLID) { self.id = id } public struct Data: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var launch: Launch? { public struct Launch: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var site: String? public var mission: Mission? public var rocket: Rocket? public struct Mission: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } public struct Rocket: GraphQLSelectionSet { public var name: String? } } } }

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YOU DON'T HAVE TO WRITE THIS CODE

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YOU DON'T HAVE TO WRITE THIS CODE (TIMES THE NUMBER OF OPERATIONS)

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YOU DON'T HAVE TO WRITE A URLSESSION WRAPPER

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YOU DO HAVE TO WRITE SOME CODE

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apolloClient.fetch(query: LaunchInfoQuery(id: "80")) { result in switch result { case .failure(let error): print("Error: \(error)") case .success(let graphQLResult): if let errors = graphQLResult.errors { print("Errors: \(errors)") } if let missionName = graphQLData?.data?.launch?.mission?.name { print("Mission name: \(String(describing: missionName)") } } }

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apolloClient.fetch(query: LaunchInfoQuery(id: "80")) { result in switch result { case .failure(let error): print("Error: \(error)") case .success(let graphQLResult): if let errors = graphQLResult.errors { print("Errors: \(errors)") } if let missionName = graphQLData?.data?.launch?.mission?.name { print("Mission name: \(String(describing: missionName)") } } }

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apolloClient.fetch(query: LaunchInfoQuery(id: "80")) { result in switch result { case .failure(let error): print("Error: \(error)") case .success(let graphQLResult): if let errors = graphQLResult.errors { print("Errors: \(errors)") } if let missionName = graphQLData?.data?.launch?.mission?.name { print("Mission name: \(String(describing: missionName)") } } }

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apolloClient.fetch(query: LaunchInfoQuery(id: "80")) { result in switch result { case .failure(let error): print("Error: \(error)") case .success(let graphQLResult): if let errors = graphQLResult.errors { print("Errors: \(errors)") } if let missionName = graphQLData?.data?.launch?.mission?.name { print("Mission name: \(missionName) } } }

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PARTIAL RESULTS

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apolloClient.fetch(query: LaunchInfoQuery(id: "80")) { result in switch result { case .failure(let error): print("Error: \(error)") case .success(let graphQLResult): if let errors = graphQLResult.errors { print("Errors: \(errors)") } if let missionName = graphQLData?.data?.launch?.mission?.name { print("Mission name: \(missionName) } } }

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apolloClient.fetch(query: LaunchInfoQuery(id: "80")) { result in switch result { case .failure(let error): print("Error: \(error)") case .success(let graphQLResult): if let errors = graphQLResult.errors { print("Errors: \(errors)") } if let missionName = graphQLData?.data?.launch?.mission?.name { print("Mission name: \(missionName) } } }

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USE SWIFT EXTENSIONS TO HANDLE NULLABILITY GRACEFULLY

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extension LaunchInfoQuery.Data.Launch { var missionName: String { self.mission?.name ?? "(Unknown)" } }

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WHAT IS GRAPHQL GOOD FOR?

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GET WHAT YOU WANT

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GET WHAT YOU WANT NOT WHAT FRONTEND, ANDROID, 3RD PARTY APIS, AND YOUR GRANDMA WANT

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YOU CAN ADD STUFF TO A GRAPH WAY FASTER THAN YOU CAN WITH A REST API

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A REST PLAY Me: Can we add this field that's on endpoint A to endpoint B? Backend: Sure, we'll put it in the backlog.

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ANYTHING IN THE SCHEMA CAN BE ACCESSED VIA THE RELATIONSHIPS DEFINED IN THE GRAPH

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user.father.bestFriend.children[0].middleName

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user.father?.bestFriend.children?[0].middleName

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WHAT IS GRAPHQL NOT GOOD FOR?

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UPLOADING FILES

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BETTER GRAPHQL UPLOADS

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BETTER GRAPHQL UPLOADS 1. Upload to something that returns a URL

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BETTER GRAPHQL UPLOADS 1. Upload to something that returns a URL 2. Send the URL to your graph using GraphQL

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BETTER GRAPHQL UPLOADS 1. Upload to something that returns a URL 2. Send the URL to your graph using GraphQL 3. Tear out way less hair than trying to upload with GQL

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HIGHLY OPTIMIZED QUERIES

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GQL TOOLING HELPS FIND BOTTLENECKS

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GQL TOOLING HELPS FIND BOTTLENECKS (BUT IT CAN'T ELIMINATE THEM)

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BEING ABLE TO ! COMPLETELY REMOVE THINGS QUICKLY

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GOOD NEWS: NO VERSIONING

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BAD NEWS: NO VERSIONING

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@deprecated

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! → " →

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SIMPLE SECURITY

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YOU CAN ASK FOR ANYTHING YOU WANT!

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DEVELOPERS

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SECURITY TEAM

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YOU'RE GONNA HAVE TO THINK MORE GRANULARLY ABOUT SECURITY

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MAYBE DON'T LEAVE SCHEMA INTROSPECTION UNPROTECTED

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OBLIGATORY SUMMARY SLIDE

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OBLIGATORY SUMMARY SLIDE ▸ A Graph is a way of conceptualizing data based on pieces of data (nodes) and the ways those pieces are connected (edges).

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OBLIGATORY SUMMARY SLIDE ▸ A Graph is a way of conceptualizing data based on pieces of data (nodes) and the ways those pieces are connected (edges). ▸ GraphQL is a way of querying your data and how it's connected

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OBLIGATORY SUMMARY SLIDE ▸ A Graph is a way of conceptualizing data based on pieces of data (nodes) and the ways those pieces are connected (edges). ▸ GraphQL is a way of querying your data and how it's connected ▸ The Schema defines what you can ask for (with types!)

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OBLIGATORY SUMMARY SLIDE ▸ A Graph is a way of conceptualizing data based on pieces of data (nodes) and the ways those pieces are connected (edges). ▸ GraphQL is a way of querying your data and how it's connected ▸ The Schema defines what you can ask for (with types!) ▸ Operations let you ask for and receive only the data you want

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OBLIGATORY SUMMARY SLIDE ▸ A Graph is a way of conceptualizing data based on pieces of data (nodes) and the ways those pieces are connected (edges). ▸ GraphQL is a way of querying your data and how it's connected ▸ The Schema defines what you can ask for (with types!) ▸ Operations let you ask for and receive only the data you want ▸ GraphQL is a real cool hammer - not every problem is a nail

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WANT TO TRY APOLLO-IOS? https://www.apollographql.com/docs/ios/tutorial/ THANK YOU!