cookpad-17day-tech-internship-2017-git

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Gitʹ͍ͭͯ 2017-08-08 ΫοΫύουαϚʔΠϯλʔϯ 2017 @moro ॾڮګհ

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ॾڮګհ(@moro) Kyosuke MOROHASHI

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https://speakerdeck.com/moro/pragprog-and-me

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Eisuke Oishi

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‣ Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efﬁciency. ‣ https://git-scm.com/ (JU

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❌ gitίϚϯυͷ࢖͍ํ ⭕ Gitͷ಺෦ߏ଄ = commitॏཁ ⭕ Git(ͱGH(E)) Λ࢖ͬͨίϥϘϨʔγϣϯ ͖ΐ͏࿩͢͜ͱ

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https://services.github.com/resources/

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Git is a free and open source distributed   version control system

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version control system

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‣ ෳ਺ϑΝΠϧΛมߋ͠ͳ͕Β࡞Διϑτ΢ΣΞʹ͓͍ͯɺ ͋Δ࣌఺ͷʮߏ੒ʯΛϦϏδϣϯͱͯ͠อ࣋Ͱ͖Δɻ ‣ ೚ҙͷϦϏδϣϯͷ಺༰Λ෮ݩͰ͖Δɻ ‣ ϦϏδϣϯͷཤྺΛอ࣋Ͱ͖Δɻ ‣ 3ͭલͷϦϏδϣϯʹ໭Δɺͱ͔΋Ͱ͖Δɻ version control system: what?

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‣ Git is a content-addressable ﬁlesystem. Great. ‣ see https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/ | Section 10.2 ‣ …Ͳ͏͍͏͜ͱͳͷ? “version control” on Git

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Git ͷϦϏδϣϯ؅ཧ͸ commit, tree, blob ͷ3͕ͭϙΠϯτ

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‣ ϑΝΠϧ΍σΟϨΫτϦͷத਎ΛɺϦϙδτϦͷϧʔτ͔ ΒḷΔ໦ߏ଄Ͱอ͍࣋ͯ͠Δɻ ‣ ϑΝΠϧγεςϜ্ͷσΟϨΫτϦɺϑΝΠϧͱಉ͡ ‣ σΟϨΫτϦʹ౰ͨΔͷ͕ tree ‣ ϑΝΠϧʹ౰ͨΔͷ͕ blob tree, blob

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Figure 10-1@ https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Git-Objects

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‣ ͋Δ࣌఺ͷϦϏδϣϯ + ϝλσʔλ͕ commit ‣ ͍ͭɺ୭͕ɺͲΜͳϝοηʔδͰίϛοτ͔ͨ͠ ‣ ϦϏδϣϯͷϧʔτtree͸ͲΕ͔ ‣ ਌commit͸ͲΕ͔ ‣ commitͷੵΈॏͶ = ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷཤྺ commit

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‣ GitͷϦϏδϣϯ؅ཧ͸commit, tree, blob ͷ3छྨͷgit objectͰ࣮ݱ͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ ‣ ͦΕͧΕͷgit object͸sha-1ͰͷidͰࢀরͰ͖Δ commit, tree, blob

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‣ ʮ҉߸ֶతϋογϡؔ਺ʯͱݺ͹ΕΔϋογϡؔ਺ɺ·ͨ ͸ͦͷؔ਺ͰऔಘͰ͖Δ஋ͷུশɻ ‣ ಉ͡σʔλ͔Β͸ಉ͡஋͕Ͱ͖Δɻ ‣ ಉҰͷGitΦϒδΣΫτ͔Β͸ಉҰͷ஋ɺࣅͯΔ͚Ͳͪΐͬ ͱνΨ΢ͷ͔͸Βҧ͏஋͕औΕΔɻ ‣ ΦϒδΣΫτࣝผࢠʹͳΔ(௕͍ͷͰઌ಄਺ܻ͕දࣔ͞ΕΔ)ɻ FYI: SHA-1

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$ git clone git@ghe.example.com/fizz-buzz-git.git $ git log --oneline c827de7 Add note 99c0455 Init FizzBuzz $ git cat-file -p 99c0455 tree 4ddd72269bffbe854007323f6b753e47dd3498ae author moro 1466746090 +0900 committer moro 1466746090 +0900 Init FizzBuzz $ git cat-file -p 4ddd72269bffbe854007323f6b753e47dd3498ae 100644 blob fb738ec4422280fa0938c1cf2363f244168ffa5d fizz_buzz.rb $ git cat-file -p fb738ec4422280fa0938c1cf2363f244168ffa5d 1.upto(100).each do |n| if (n % 15).zero? puts 'FizuBazu' ... commit = tree + ϝλσʔλ

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99c0455 4ddd7226 fb738ec44 2016-06-24 14:28:10 Init FizzBuzz fizz_buzz.rb 1.upto(100).each do if (n % 15).zero? puts 'FizuBazu' commit tree blob

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$ git log --oneline c827de7 Add note 99c0455 Init FizzBuzz $ git cat-file -p c827de7 tree 0b6d5f879bab3bdb4856c67a908d430f0bb3f18d parent 99c045537a1deb673a70c72bebbd9a91490068b0 author moro 1466746241 +0900 committer moro 1466746241 +0900 Add note $ git cat-file -p 0b6d5f879bab3bdb4856c67a908d430f0bb3f18d 100644 blob 63d8ebbbad7040256bd8f4d12a51df27e75888ce README.md 100644 blob fb738ec4422280fa0938c1cf2363f244168ffa5d fizz_buzz.rb commit = tree + ϝλσʔλ

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99c0455 c827de7 4ddd7226 0b6d5f87 fb738ec44 fb738ec44 63d8ebbba 2016-06-24 14:30:41 Add note 2016-06-24 14:28:10 Init FizzBuzz README.md fizz_buzz.rb fizz_buzz.rb 1.upto(100).each do if (n % 15).zero? puts 'FizuBazu' 1.upto(100).each do if (n % 15).zero? puts 'FizuBazu' FizzBuzz example to commit tree blob parent

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99c0455 c827de7 4ddd7226 0b6d5f87 fb738ec44 63d8ebbba 2016-06-24 14:30:41 Add note 2016-06-24 14:28:10 Init FizzBuzz README.md fizz_buzz.rb fizz_buzz.rb 1.upto(100).each do if (n % 15).zero? puts 'FizuBazu' FizzBuzz example to commit tree blob parent

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‣ Git is a content-addressable ﬁlesystem. Great. ‣ see https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/ | Section 10.2 ‣ ͳΔ΄Ͳ Git Internals

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commit ਌commit blob tree΁ͷ ϦϯΫ

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tree, blob, commit͸Θ͔ͬͨɻ ΄͔ʹ merge ΍ rebase ͱ͍͏ͷ΋ Α͘ฉ͚͘Ͳ?

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‣ commit ΛੵΈॏͶΔࢬΛෳ਺؅ཧͰ͖Δ branch

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A2 A1 A3 A4 B2 B1 B3 X

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‣ ෳ਺ͷcommitΛ਌ʹ࣋ͭcommitΛ࡞੒͢Δ ‣ tree / blobͷத਎͸ɺ *ݡ͘* ߹ྲྀ͢Δ ‣ ࣗಈతʹ߹ྲྀ͖ͤ͞Εͳ͍ͱίϯϑϦΫτ merge ?

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A2 A1 A3 A4 B2 B1 B3 X X(m)

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‣ commitࠩ෼Λผͷى఺(base)্ʹ࠶(re)ద༻͢Δ ‣ ผϒϥϯνͰͭͬͨ͘ػೳΛͱΓࠐΜͩΓ ‣ commitࠩ෼Λฤूͨ͠Γ࡟আͨ͠Γ·ͱΊͨΓ SFCBTF

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ϒϥϯνBͰͷ࡞ۀதɺA4Λbaseʹͨ͘͠ͳͬͨ A2 A1 A3 A4 B2 B1 B3 X A/HEAD B/HEAD $ git checkout B  $ git rebase A working copy

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A2 A1 A3 A4 B2 B1 B3 X A/HEAD B2' B1' B3' B/HEAD working copy ແ໊ϒϥϯν A4ͷ্ʹB1, B2, B3ͱಉ౳ͷมߋΛద༻͠ɺ ͦΕ͕ϒϥϯνBʹͳΔ $ git rebase A

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A2 A1 A3 A4 X A/HEAD B2' B1' B3' B/HEAD A3,4 B1'' B3'' ແ໊ϒϥϯν ͜ͷ৔߹΋ɺ౷߹࡟আͨ͠ίϛοτΛ ى఺Xͷ্ʹੵΈॏͶͨ৽ͨͳίϛοτ͕Ͱ͖ɺ ϒϥϯνBͷHEAD͕ߋ৽͞ΕΔɻ B2 B1 B3 ͖ͬ͞ͷ ແ໊ϒϥϯν $ git rebase -i X

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‣ rebase ͢Ε͹͍͍ͱ͍͏΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͍ ‣ commit ͕ผ෺ʹͳΔɺࠩ෼ద༻ͰϋϚΔɺͳͲ ‣ Ұ౓ʹ1ͭͣͭ (rebase -i͍ͯ͠Δ࠷தʹ৽ػೳΛೖΕͳ͍) ‣ ͖͞΄Ͳͷʮແ໊ϒϥϯνʯ΋ɺcommit ͕Θ͔Ε͹ϦϏδϣ ϯΛ෮ݩͰ͖ΔͷͰ҆৺ɻ ‣ $ git reﬂog ͰݟΒΕΔ࡞ۀίϐʔͷཤྺ͔Β୳ͤΔɻ rebase: protip

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GitΛ࢖ͬͨ  ίϥϘϨʔγϣϯ

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Git is a free and open source distributed version control system

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‣ ଞͷ։ൃऀ͕ͭͬͨ͘ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷϦϏδϣϯͷཤྺΛɺ ωοτϫʔΫӽ͠ʹऔಘͰ͖Δɻ ‣ clone: Ҿ਺Ͱࢦఆͨ͠ϦϙδτϦΛऔಘ͢Δ ‣ औಘݩΛද͢ϦϞʔτ origin ͕௥Ճ͞ΕΔ clone : ࠷ॳͷऔಘ

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‣ ։ൃ͍ͯͬͨ͠ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷϦϏδϣϯͷཤྺΛɺ  ωοτϫʔΫӽ͠ʹଞͷ։ൃऀͱڞ༗Ͱ͖Δ ‣ push: खݩͷ commit(਌commitΛؚΉ)ΛϦϞʔτͷ  ϦϙδτϦʹૹΔ ‣ ओϦϞʔτϦϙδτϦ͸ origin ͱ͍͏໊લ͕Ұൠత push : ࣗ෼ͷ commit Λૹ৴

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$ git push origin master push ͷྫ ‣ ϩʔΧϧͷϦϙδτϦͷNBTUFSϒϥϯνʹੵΈॏͶͨDPNNJUͷཤྺΛ ‣ PSJHJOͱ͍͏໊લͷϦϞʔτϦϙδτϦͷ ‣ NBTUFSϒϥϯνʹૹΔ

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$ git push moro 12345678:topic-a push ͷྫ(2) ‣ ϩʔΧϧͷϦϙδτϦDPNNJU͔ΒḷΕΔཤྺΛ ‣ NPSPͱ͍͏໊લͷϦϞʔτϦϙδτϦͷ ‣ UPQJDBϒϥϯνʹૹΔ

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$ git remote show origin * remote origin Fetch URL: git@ghe.example.com:moro/clock.git Push URL: git@ghe.example.com:moro/clock.git HEAD branch: master Remote branch: master tracked Local ref configured for 'git push': master pushes to master (up to date) "remote" ͷϦϙδτϦ...? ‣ ʮͷ໊લͷϦϞʔτϦϙδτϦʯ

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$ git fetch origin fetch: clone ͨ͠ޙʹ௥Ճ͞Εͨcommitͷऔಘ ‣ ϦϞʔτϦϙδτϦͷDPNNJUΛɺϩʔΧϧʹ࣋ͬ ͯ͘Δ ‣ ࣋ͬͯ͘Δ͚ͩɺखݩͷίʔυ ࡞ۀίϐʔ ͸มΘ Βͳ͍

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L2 L1 L3 L4 R2 R1 R3 X working copy ผͷਓ͕࡞ͬͨ  ίϛοτ

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L2 L1 L3 L4 R2 R1 R3 X working copy ผͷਓ͕࡞ͬͨ  ίϛοτ fetch: working copyมΘΒͳ͍

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$ git pull origin pull: fetch+merge ‣ ϦϞʔτϦϙδτϦ͔ΒGFUDI͠ɺNFSHF͢Δ ‣ ࡞ۀίϐʔ͕มߋ͞ΕΔ ‣ ׳ΕΔ·Ͱ͸͓͢͢Ί͠ͳ͍ ‣ pull --rebase ͢ΔͱGFUDISFCBTF ‣ ׳ΕΔ·Ͱ͸ϚδͰ͓͢͢Ί͠ͳ͍

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L2 L1 L3 L4 R2 R1 R3 X working copy ผͷਓ͕࡞ͬͨ  ίϛοτ pull: working ͱ remote ͕Ϛʔδ͞ΕΔ L5

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L2' L1' L3' L4' R2 R1 R3 X working copy ผͷਓ͕࡞ͬͨ  ίϛοτ pull —rebase : rebase͞ΕΔ = Ln͕ผίϛοτʹͳΔ

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GitHub(Enterprise)Ͱͷ ίϥϘϨʔγϣϯ

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‣ 1ͭͷϦϙδτϦʹରͯ͠ ‣ ෳ਺ͷϓϩάϥϚ͕ ‣ ෳ਺ͷมߋΛߦ͏ GitHub/GHEΛ࢖ͬͨίϥϘϨʔγϣϯ

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‣ มߋ͍ͯ͠Δ࠷தʹɺଞऀͷมߋͱিಥ͠ͳ͍؀ڥ ‣ มߋ಺༰ΛɺνʔϜͰϨϏϡʔ͢Δ࢓૊Έ ‣ ։ൃ&ϨϏϡʔ׬ྃͨ͠มߋΛɺத৺ͷϦϙδτϦʹ  ద༻͢Δ࢓૊Έ ‣ த৺ϦϙδτϦʹೖͬͨଞऀͷมߋΛऔಘ͢Δ࢓૊Έ ίϥϘϨʔγϣϯʹඞཁͳ΋ͷ

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cookpad/app working copy $ git fetch origin $ git checkout origin/master  -b topic $ git add ... $ git commit -m '' $ git push -u origin topic commit commit clone fetch push FH(JU)VCqPXͱݺ͹Ε͍ͯΔ΋ͷ

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cookpad/app - cookpad/app:topic working copy $ git fetch origin $ git checkout origin/master  -b topic $ git add ... $ git commit -m '' $ git push -u origin topic commit commit clone fetch push

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cookpad/app - cookpad/app:topic working copy $ git fetch origin $ git checkout origin/master  -b topic $ git add ... $ git commit -m '' $ git push -u origin topic commit commit clone fetch push pull request ‣ มߋ͍ͯ͠Δ࠷தʹɺଞऀͷมߋͱিಥ͠ͳ͍؀ڥ ‣ มߋ಺༰ΛɺνʔϜͰϨϏϡʔ͢Δ࢓૊Έ ‣ ։ൃϨϏϡʔ׬ྃͨ͠มߋΛɺத৺ͷ  ϦϙδτϦʹద༻͢Δ࢓૊Έ ‣ த৺ϦϙδτϦʹೖͬͨ  ଞऀͷมߋΛऔಘ͢Δ࢓૊Έ

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‣ GitHubͳͲʹ͓͍ͯɺαʔό্ͷϦϞʔτϦϙδτϦΛ  ෳ੡͢Δ͜ͱɻ ‣ OSS։ൃͰɺதԝϦϙδτϦʹίϛοτݖ͕ͳ͍৔߹ʹࣗ෼ͷมߋΛஔ͘  ϦϞʔτϦϙδτϦΛ࡞Δɻ ‣ ΫοΫύουࣾ಺ͷαʔϏε։ൃͰ΋͜ͷϞσϧΛͱ͍ͬͯΔɻ ‣ ։ൃऀ͕ଟ͔ͬͨΓɺதԝϦϙδτϦ͸push -fېࢭͨ͠Γ͢ΔͨΊ GPSL

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cookpad/app working copy $ git fetch origin $ git remote add moro git@.... $ git checkout origin/master  -b topic $ git add ... $ git commit -m '' $ git push moro topic commit commit clone fetch push pull request moro/app - moro/app:topic

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❌ gitίϚϯυͷ࢖͍ํ ⭕ Gitͷ಺෦ߏ଄ = commitॏཁ ⭕ Git(ͱGH(E)) Λ࢖ͬͨίϥϘϨʔγϣϯ ͖ΐ͏࿩ͨ͜͠ͱ

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‣ 1SP(JUCPPL ‣ ެࣜαΠτʹͯɺॻ੶ͷ׬શ൛ ๜༁෇͖ ͕͋ΔɻҰಡ͢ΔͱΑ͍ɻ ‣ https://git-scm.com/book/ja/v2 ‣ ʲ຋༁ʳ(JUΛϘτϜΞοϓ͔Βཧղ͢Δ ‣ ࠓ೔΍ͬͨΑ͏ʹDPNNJUΦϒδΣΫτΛ௨ͯ͡(JUΛཧղ͢Δهࣄɻ  ݸਓతʹ͸ͱͯ΋໾ʹཱͬͨ ‣ http://keijinsonyaban.blogspot.jp/2011/05/git.html ‣ લ৬ͷษڧձͰಉ͡Α͏ͳࢿྉΛ࡞ͬͯ·ͨ͠ɻ΍͸ΓDPNNJUͷղઆ͕ଟ͍ ‣ https://speakerdeck.com/moro/my-mental-model-about-git ͋ΘͤͯಡΈ͍ͨ

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‣ Git ͿΜͷԋश͸TDDͱ߹Θͤͯ΍Γ·͢ɻ ‣ ͜͜·ͰͰ࣭໰͋Ε͹ʙ ࣭ٙλΠϜ