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Accessibility
Web Accessibility
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Agenda
Why accessibility matters?
Accessibility Guidelines & Standards
Accessibility layers
● Coding for a11y
Testing Tools
● Video
A11y project - Careers and Apply case study (Manila)
PageUp A11y Maturity
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Inclusive Design
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Inclusive Design
Accessibility Usability
Human Centred Design
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Disability Types
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PageUp main users groups
Keyboard users
Use keyboard rather
than mouse
Have full sight
Low vision users
Color blindness
Magnify content by zoom
Screen reader users
Use screen reader
software
Have no sight
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Guidelines & Standards
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WCAG 2.1
Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines
78 total criteria organized as
13 guidelines under
4 principles
Perceivable
Users must be able to
perceive the
information being
presented
Operable
Users must be able to
operate the interface
Understandable
Users must be able to
understand the
information on the
interface
Robust
Users must be able to
access the content as
technologies advance
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A11y Layers
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A11y Layers
Code
HTML, CSS, JS,
ARIA
Visual Design
Color contrast, icons,
typography, layout,
responsive, touch targets
Focus states, active
indicator
Content
Information architecture,
images, videos, captions,
simple language
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Code Layer
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Coding for A11y - HTML
Native HTML5 = Semantic markup = Accessibility
Native HTML tag
Semantic
Non semantic
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Coding for A11y - ARIA tags
Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA)
ARIA is a specification from the W3C and created to improve accessibility of
applications by providing extra information to assistive technologies, such as screen
readers, via attributes which could be added to HTML.
Roles States and Properties
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Coding for A11y - ARIA tags - Roles - Landmarks
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Coding for A11y - ARIA tags
Disabled
Hidden
Selected
Checked
Drag and drop
Live regions
Modal
States and Properties
Button
Checkbox
Link
Radio
Scrollbar
Searchbox
Slider
Switch
Tab
Tabpanel
Option
Progressbar
Textbox
Treeitem
Widgets
Banner
Complementary
Contentinfo
Form
Main
Navigation
Search
Application
Landmarks
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Coding for A11y - CSS
Don’ts
:before, :after {
content: “previous page”
}
:hover {}
px
DO’s
:focus {}
:active{}
rem
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Coding for A11y - CSS
.sr-only {
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
white-space: nowrap;
border: 0;
}
Help
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Coding for A11y - JavaScript
function toggleMenu() {
menuIcon.addEventListener('click', function () {
sideBar.classList.toggle('open');
if (sideBar.classList == "") {
setAriaExpanded('false');
} else {
setAriaExpanded('true');
}
});
}
// screen reader accessibility
function setAriaExpanded(val) {
for (var i = 0; i < menuIcons.length; i++) {
menuIcons[i].setAttribute('aria-expanded', val);
}
}
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Testing Tools
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A11Y - Tools
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A11Y - Assistive Technology - Screen Readers
VoiceOver + Safari JAWS + Internet Explorer NVDA + Firefox
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Video
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Manila
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External Audits and
Certifications
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How did Apply and Careers do?* *As of Q4 2017-2018
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Case Studies | Stories | Interesting bits
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Visual perception should match the auditory perception
Let’s listen to an audio clip...
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Be wary of browser differences
Internet Explorer
Chrome
12 key presses to navigate 6 items
6 key presses to navigate 6 items
IE defines SVG
elements as
focus-able. The first
keypress puts focus
on the anchor and
second moves the
focus to the SVG.
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Operable vs Consistent
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Missing styling
standards
Why was this painful?
Client CSS customisation
- Apply header inline style
- Careers
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PageUp GEL: https://gel.pageuppeople.com
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Landmark navigation
issues
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ARIA and when not to use it
header
I’m a cute butterfly
vs
header
header
I’m a cute butterfly
header
vs
header
If you an use a
native HTML
element or attribute
with the semantics
of behavior you
require already built
into it, then do so
Do not change the
native semantics
header
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The Accessibility
Resolution
Playbook
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Melbourne
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Optimizing
Quantitatively
Managed
Defined (Standard)
Managed
(Repeatable)
Continually optimizing
accessibility processes
Actively managing, controlling
standard accessibility processes
Using standard, documented processes for
accessibility across the organization
Encouraging discipline and increasing the
repeatability of accessibility processes
Performing accessibility activities in an ad
hoc, uncontrolled and reactive manner
Initial (Chaotic)
We are here
A11y Maturity Model
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accessibility chapter-frontend
So what now?
Join some channels
Empathize with our users
Use your software with the keyboard only
Install a screen reader like NVDA to read out your software
Check your web pages by using Wave
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Useful Links
● Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 - W3C
● https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/Understanding/
● https://github.com/filipelinhares/WAI-ARIA-cheatsheet
● https://webaim.org/standards/wcag/checklist
● https://knowledgeportal.pageuppeople.com/building-a-site-with-accessibility-in-mind/
● https://www.nvaccess.org/
● http://www.freedomscientific.com/Products/Blindness/JAWS
● https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/
● https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_semantic_elements.asp
● http://w3c.github.io/html/dom.html#allowed-aria-roles-states-and-properties
● https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/wave-evaluation-tool/jbbplnpkjmmeebjpijfedlgcdilocofh
● http://accessibility.voxmedia.com/
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Questions