Python 3.9 時代の型安全な Pythonの極め方 / Mastering Type Safety in Python 3.9 Era

by Mitsuki Ogasahara

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1ZUIPO࣌୅ͷ ܕ҆શͳ1ZUIPOͷۃΊํ খּݪΈ͖ͭ!ZBNJU[LZ

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1ZUIPO࣌୅ͷ ܕ҆શͳ1ZUIPOͷۃΊํ খּݪΈ͖ͭ!ZBNJU[LZ 3.10

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Agenda ಋೖ جຊฤܕώϯτͷ֓ཁͱجຊจ๏ Ԡ༻ฤ ܕνΣοΫ ߴ౓ͳܕͰϞσϦϯά ϥϯλΠϜͷܕώϯτ ·ͱΊ

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2ීஈɺ1ZUIPOͰܕॻ͖·͔͢ʁ 1. ࠓ೔ͷ໨ඪ ˡʮܕॻ͖͍ͨʯ ˡʮ͜Ε΋࢖ͬͯΈΑ͏ʯ ^ ˡʮ஌ΒΜ͔ͬͨʯ

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ɾ3.8 ࣌୅ʹग़൪͕ͳ͍΋ͷ ɾܧঝͷෳࡶͳ࿩ NSPͱ͔ ɾจ๏*͚ͩ* ࿩͞ͳ͍͜ͱ 1. ࠓ೔ͷ໨ඪ

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1. ͓લɺ୭Αʁ w খּݪޫو!ZBNJU[LZ w +9௨৴ࣾऔక໾$%0 w ޷͖ͳٕज़ 5ZQF4DSJQUɺ1ZUIPO ೥ʙ αʔόʔϨεɺ(SBQI2-FUDʜ ˞54ϩΰ$$#:.JDSPTPGU

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1. JX௨৴ࣾʹ͍ͭͯ w ʮࠓى͖͍ͯΔ͜ͱΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δʯ ใಓςΫϊϩδʔϕϯνϟʔ w 1Z$PO+14JMWFS4QPOTPS w ΋ͪΖΜʮܕʯॻ͍ͯ·͢

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Python ͷνʔϜ։ൃ΍ େن໛ͳ Python ϓϩδΣΫτ ෆຬ͕͋Γ·ͤΜ͔ʁ 1. Python ͷෆຬ

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1. Python ͷෆຬ

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˞ฐࣾ๭ϓϩδΣΫτʹ΋͋Γ·ͨ͠ 1. Python ͷෆຬ

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1. Python ͷෆຬ ΤσΟλͷิ׬

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"1*௨৴Ͱฦͬͯ͘Δ಺༰͕Α͘Θ͔Βͳ͍ 1. Python ͷෆຬ

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ಈతܕ෇͖ݴޠͷෆຬ ʮܕʯͰղܾͰ͖·͢ 1. Python ͷෆຬ

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1ZUIPOͷܕͷ֓ཁͱجຊจ๏ جຊฤ 02

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ɾਖ਼໊ࣜশ͸ʮ5ZQF)JOU ܕώϯτ ʯ ɾ1&1Ͱ1ZUIPO ʙ ͔Βೖͬͨจ๏ ɾ໨త੩తղੳɺϦϑΝΫλϦϯάɺίʔυੜ੒ͳͲ ɾ1ZUIPO͕੩తܕ෇͖ݴޠʹͳͬͨΘ͚Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺ ɹ೚ҙɾޙ෇͚ͷܕγεςϜ 1ZUIPOͷܕͬͯͳΜͩΖ͏ 2. ʮܕʯͷ֓ཁ ˞͜ͷεϥΠυͰʮܕʯͱݴٴ͢Δࡍ͸ʮܕώϯτʯͷ͜ͱΛݴ͍·͢

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2. ʮܕʯͷ֓ཁ ੩తղੳ ϦϑΝΫλϦϯά

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1ZUIPO͸ʮ੩తܕ෇͖ݴޠʯͰ͸ͳ͍ 2. ʮܕʯͷ֓ཁ 2͜ͷίʔυ͸࣮ߦ࣌ΤϥʔʹͳΔʁ 2ܕͷ৘ใ͸TUSʁJOUʁ

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1ZUIPO͸ʮ੩తܕ෇͖ݴޠʯͰ͸ͳ͍ 2. ʮܕʯͷ֓ཁ "࣮ߦ࣌ʹ͸Τϥʔ͸ൃੜ͠ͳ͍ αʔυύʔςΟʔͷπʔϧΛ૊Έ߹Θͤͯ׆༻ "UZQF ͷ໭Γ஋ͱͯ͠͸ܕώϯτ͸ແؔ܎

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ΤσΟλ ิ׬ͳͲ 1ZUIPOͷʮܕʯΛ औΓר͘αʔυύʔςΟʔ 2. ʮܕʯͷ֓ཁ mypy pyright pytype VSCode PyCharm Vim pydantic FastAPI ੩తղੳ ࣮ߦ࣌ͷόϦσʔγϣϯͳͲ ࢀߟIUUQTHJUIVCDPNUZQFEEKBOHPBXFTPNFQZUIPOUZQJOH

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ɾਖ਼໊ࣜʮ5ZQF)JOUʯΛ঺հ ɾ1ZUIPO͸ಈతܕ෇͖ݴޠͰ͋Γɺܕώ ϯτ͸ڧ੍͞Εͳ͍ ɾ1ZUIPOࣗମ͸ܕνΣοΫΛߦΘͳ͍ɻ SEQBSUZπʔϧΛ૊Έ߹ΘͤΔ ͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ 2. ʮܕʯͷ֓ཁ

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ม਺ 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏ม਺

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ؔ਺ 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏ؔ਺

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Ҿ਺͚ͩॻ͍ͯ΋0, 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏ؔ਺ ໭Γ஋͚ͩॻ͍ͯ΋0,

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࣍ͷίʔυΛܕνΣοΫπʔϧͰղੳ͢Δͱʜʁ &YFSDJTF 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏ ΋ͪΖΜ0,

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࣍ͷίʔυΛܕνΣοΫπʔϧͰղੳ͢Δͱʜʁ &YFSDJTF 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏ ΋ͪΖΜ/(

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2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏ ʮܕʯͷΤϥʔ͸ ੺೾ઢͰදݱ͠·͢ ddddd

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DMBTT 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏DMBTT ˡϓϩύςΟͷఆٛ ˡϝιουఆٛ ˡม਺ͷܕͱͯ͠ར༻

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ܧঝͷѻ͍ 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏DMBTT ˣ೿ੜΫϥε͸جఈΫϥεʹ୅ೖͰ͖Δ ˣܧঝͯ͠ͳ͍ͱ΋ͪΖΜμϝ

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ϓϩύςΟͷܕ͕Θ͔Βͳ͍ͱ͖ 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏"OZ ˡϓϩύςΟͷఆٛ ˡϝιουఆٛ

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҉໧తͳ"OZ 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏"OZ ˡϓϩύςΟͷఆٛ ˡϝιουఆٛ ˺

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MJTU EJDU TFU 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏σʔλߏ଄

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2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏·Ͱͷσʔλߏ଄ ʙ1ZUIPO ˞ݱࡏ3$൛Ͱਖ਼ࣜϦϦʔε͸༧ఆ 1ZUIPOʙ

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-JTU<5>ͳͲͷ<>ͷ෦෼Λ൚༻తʹ͢Δ (FOFSJDT ˞ࠓ೔͸঺հ͠·ͤΜ 2. ࣗ෼Ͱσʔλߏ଄Λ࡞Γ͍ͨͱ͖

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/POF͕ೖΔ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ม਺ l͵ΔΆz๷ࢭ ˡ/POF͡Όͳ͍͜ͱΛ͔֬ΊΔͱ ҆શʹ࢖͑Δ ˡ/POFͷՄೳੑͷࢦఠ 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏0QUJPOBM

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0QUJPOBM<6TFS>ʹ/POF·ͨ͸6TFS 2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏6OJPO ʹ ਺ࣈʹJOU·ͨ͸qPBU

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2. ܕώϯτͷจ๏6OJPO 1ZUIPO ʙ1ZUIPO ˞དྷ೥ ϦϦʔε༧ఆ

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ɾม਺ɺؔ਺ ɾDMBTTɺܧঝ ɾMJTUɺEJDUɺTFU ɾ0QUJPOBM ɾ6OJPO ɾ"OZ ͜͜·Ͱͷ·ͱΊ 2. ܕώϯτجຊฤ·ͱΊ

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ͳͥʮܕʯΛۃΊΔͷ͔ʁ Ԡ༻ฤ 03

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ɾҙਤ͠ͳ͍࣮ߦ࣌ΤϥʔΛࣄલʹ๷͛Δ ɾ͞Βʹܕ҆શʹͨ͠Γɺਖ਼͘͠ϞσϦϯάͰ͖Δ ɾϓϩάϥϜΛ%3:ʹͰ͖Δ ʮܕʯΛۃΊΔͱԿ͕Ͱ͖Δͷ͔ʁ 3. ܕώϯτԠ༻ฤ

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PythonϓϩάϥϜΛܕ҆શʹͯ͠ΈΑ͏ Ԡ༻ฤ 03

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ɾ1ZUIPO͸੩తܕ෇͖ݴޠͰ͸ͳ͍ ɾ1ZUIPOࣗମ͸ܕνΣοΫΛ͠ͳ͍ ˠπʔϧʮNZQZʯͰܕνΣοΫ 1ZUIPOͷܕώϯτͷݪଇ 3-1. ܕνΣοΫ

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ɾ1ZUIPOͷ੩తͳܕνΣοΫΛ͢Δπʔϧ ɾ(JU)VCͷQZUIPONZQZʹ͋Γɺ ɹ(VJEP΋ίΞνʔϜϝϯόʔ ɾ$-*ͱͯ͠΋࢖͑Δ͠ɺ74$PEF΍ 1Z$IBSNͱ΋࿈ܞ NZQZ 3-1. mypy

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3-1. mypy

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NZQZͷ࢖͍ํ 3-1. mypy QJQJOTUBMMNZQZͯ͠ NZQZ<σΟϨΫτϦ·ͨ͸ϑΝΠϧ໊QZ>

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(JU-BC$*ͷྫ 3-1. mypy ΞοϓσʔτͰಥવݡ͘ͳͬͯ ಥવ$*͕௨Βͳ͘ͳΔͷͰ όʔδϣϯݻఆΛڧ͘ਪ঑

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ϥΠϒϥϦʹܕ͕ͳ͍ͱΤϥʔʹͳΔ 3-1. mypy ͷͭΒ͍ͱ͜Ζ ༁lCPUPzʹ͸ܕώϯτͳ͍Α ˞ܕώϯτͷͳ͍ϥΠϒϥϦ͸݁ߏଟ͍

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ɾελϒΛੜ੒͢Δॻ͘ ɾελϒύοέʔδΛΠϯετʔϧ͢Δ࡞Δ Ͳ͏͢Δʁ 3-1. ܕώϯτͷͳ͍ϥΠϒϥϦ

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ɾϓϩάϥϜϥΠϒϥϦʹ֎෇͚ͷܕఆٛ ɾQZJͱ͍͏໊લͰɺܕͷఆ͚ٛͩهࡌ ɾୈࡾऀ͕࡞ͬͯύοέʔδԽͰ͖Δ TUVCͱ͸ 3-1. ελϒΛॻ͘ ˞5ZQF4DSJQUͷʮEUTʯʮ!UZQFTʯ

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TUVCͷྫ 3-1. ελϒΛॻ͘ IPHFQZ IPHFQZJ ܕͷͳ͍ϓϩάϥϜ ରԠ͢Δελϒ

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ɾNZQZͱҰॹʹ͍ͭͯ͘Δࣗಈੜ੒πʔϧ ɾTUVCHFO<σΟϨΫτϦPSϑΝΠϧ໊> TUVCHFO 3-1. ελϒͷࣗಈੜ੒

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ɾTUVCHFON<Ϟδϡʔϧ>Ͱ֎෦ϥΠϒϥϦ΋ ɾ׬શͰ͸ͳ͍ͷͰɺखಈमਖ਼͓͢͢Ί TUVCHFO 3-1. ελϒΛॻ͘(ࣗಈੜ੒) ུ ˞࣮ࡍɺߦ໨Λ࡟আ͠ͳ͍ͱNZQZ͸ಈ͔ͳ͍

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ɾ࡞ͬͨελϒ͸QZQJύοέʔδʹͰ͖Δ ɾ044ͱͯ͠ୈࡾऀʹΑͬͯެ։͞Ε͍ͯΔ ɾྫ CPUPTUVCTɺEKBOHPTUVCTɺFUDʜ QJQJOTUBMMTUVCT 3-1. ελϒύοέʔδͷΠϯετʔϧ ˞ৄࡉ͸1&1

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ɾελϒΛੜ੒͢Δॻ͘ ɾελϒύοέʔδΛΠϯετʔϧ͢Δ࡞Δ ɾఘΊΔ Ͳ͏͢Δʁ 3-1. ܕώϯτͷͳ͍ϥΠϒϥϦ

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ɾJHOPSFNJTTJOHJNQPSUTΛࢦఆ͢Δ ɾJNQPSUʹUZQFJHOPSFͷίϝϯτΛ͚ͭΔ ɾ࣮ࡍʹ͸ؔ਺ͳͲͰϥοϓͯ͠"OZͷൣғΛ ɹ޿͛ͳ͍ͷ͕େࣄ ͱ͖ʹ͸ɺ͖͋ΒΊ͕؊৺ 3-1. ϥΠϒϥϦͷܕΛఘΊΔ

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ɾNJDSPTPGUQZSJHIU ɾHPPHMFQZUZQF ɾGBDFCPPLQZSF NZQZҎ֎ʹ΋݁ߏ͋Δ 3-1. mypy Ҏ֎ͷܕνΣοΧʔ

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3-1. ܕνΣοΧʔͷൺֱ(Ұྫ) NZQZ QZSJHIUQZUZQF QZSF ˞ઃఆͰݫ͘͠ʗ؇͘Ͱ͖Δ ໭Γ஋ͷํ΋ਪ࿦ SFUVSO࿙ΕΔͱΤϥʔ ϓϩύςΟͷॳظԽνΣοΫ

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˞Ҿ਺ɺ໭Γ஋ɺΫϥεϓϩύςΟͷܕ͸ॻ͘ͷ͕͓͢͢Ί ܕ͸ਪ࿦͞ΕΔͷͰ ܕώϯτΛॻ͔ͳͯ͘΋ Ұ෦ ܕ҆શʹ 3-1. ܕਪ࿦ ddddddddddddd

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΋ͬͱܕ҆શͰɺ΋ͬͱྑ͍ϞσϦϯάΛ͠Α͏ Ԡ༻ฤ 03

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TypedDict Protocol NewType Literal ܕώϯτͷެࣜػೳͷ঺հ 3-2. Advanced Type Hinting

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Ϣʔεέʔεᶃ ʮ"1*ͷϨεϙϯεΛܕఆ͍ٛͨ͠ʯ 3-2. ܕ҆શͳ dict

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%JDUͷ··Ҿ͖ճ͢ͱى͜Δ͜ͱ 3-2. ܕ҆શͳ dict ˠ,FZ&SSPSΛܕνΣοΫ͍ͨ͠

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5ZQFE%JDU 3-2. ܕ҆શͳ dict ˞ͰΞΫηε͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ʹDMBTTʹ٧Ίସ͑ͨ΄͏͕ྑ͍৔߹΋

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Ϣʔεέʔεᶄ ந৅ʹґଘ͢Δઃܭʹ͍ͨ͠ 3-2. ந৅ʹґଘͨ͠ઃܭ ˡద੾ͳܕ͸ʁ

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Α͘ͳ͍ྫ 3-2. ந৅ʹґଘͨ͠ઃܭ ந৅ʹґଘͨ͠ྫ

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ྫʮந৅ΫϥεʯΛ͔ͭ͏ ந৅తͳʮ#JSEʯΛఆٛͯ͠ΈΑ͏ 3-2. ந৅ʹґଘͨ͠ઃܭ

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ܕ҆શʹ͸ͳ͕ͬͨʜ 3-2. ந৅Ϋϥεͷ໰୊఺ ܧঝʹϥϯλΠϜͷڍಈมԽ͕ඞཁ ಈతܕ෇͖ݴޠͷॊೈੑ͕ࣦΘΕɺ1ZUIPOJDͰͳ͍ ந৅Ϋϥε൛ ݩͷόʔδϣϯ

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໊લత෦෼ܕ ʮDMBTTΛܧঝ͍ͯ͠Δ͔ʯ ந৅Ϋϥε 3-2. Protocol ʹΑΔந৅Խ ߏ଄త෦෼ܕ ʮඞཁͳϝιουΛ͍࣋ͬͯΔ͔ʯ 1SPUPDPM

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3-2. Protocol ʹΑΔந৅Խ ܕ҆શ͔ͭ%VDLͷڍಈ͕มΘΒͳ͍ 1SPUPDPM

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Ϣʔεέʔεᶅ -JTU΍4FUͳͲʮJOʯͰ͖Δ΋ͷΛ ड͚औΓ͍ͨ 3-2. Protocol ͦͷ̎

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ެࣜͰ1SPUPDPM͕ఆٛ͞Ε͍ͯΔ 3-2. ఆٛࡁΈͷ Protocol ˞$POUBJOFSʹ@@DPOUBJOT@@͕͋ΔϞϊ

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ͦͷଞͷެࣜ1SPUPDPM 3-2. ఆٛࡁΈͷ Protocol IUUQTEPDTQZUIPOPSHKBMJCSBSZDPMMFDUJPOTBCDIUNM ˞ඞͣ͠΋1SPUPDPMΛܧঝ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍

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$BMMBCMF 3-2. ఆٛࡁΈͷ Protocol *UFSBCMF ؔ਺ͬΆ͍΋ͷ @@DBMM@@ GPSJOͰ͖Δ΋ͷ @@JUFS@@ 4FRVFODF ഁյతมߋͰ͖ͳ͍MJTU ʢࢀߟ 1SPUPDPMΛ׆༻ͨ͠*NNVUBCMFͳσʔλߏ଄ʹ͍ͭͯ IUUQTZBNJU[LZIBUFOBCMPHDPNFOUSZ

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Ϣʔεέʔεᶆ JOU΍TUSʹʮҙຯʯΛ͍࣋ͨͤͨ 3-2. ಛघͳϓϦϛςΟϒܕ

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/FX5ZQF 3-2. ಛघͳϓϦϛςΟϒܕ ΩϦ͕ͳ͍ͷͰɺ*%ͳͲฆΒΘ͍͠Ұ෦ͷܕ͚ͩਪ঑

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-JUFSBM 3-2. Ϧςϥϧܕ

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ɾ5ZQFE%JDU ɾ1SPUPDPM ɾ*UFSBCMFͳͲͷެࣜ1SPUPDPM ɾ/FX5ZQFɺ-JUFSBM ঺հͨ͠΋ͷ 3-2. ΋ͬͱܕ҆શͳϞσϦϯά

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ϥϯλΠϜΛ΋ͬͱศརʹ͢Δ Ԡ༻ฤ 03

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ࠓ·Ͱɿ੩తͳܕνΣοΫͷ࿩ 3-3. ܕώϯτͱϥϯλΠϜ ࣮ߦ࣌ ϥϯλΠϜ ʹ ܕͷ৘ใ͸औಘͰ͖Δ

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3-3. ࣮ߦ࣌ͷܕͷ৘ใऔಘ ͜ΜͳϓϩάϥϜΛॻ͍࣮ͯߦͯ͠ΈΔ {'name': , 'age': } ࣮ߦ࣌ʹ@@BOOPUBUJPOT@@ʹ֨ೲ͞Εͨܕͷ৘ใΛ׆༻Ͱ͖Δʂ ˞HFU@UZQF@IJOUT ࢖ͬͨ΄͏͕ྑ͍Ͱ͢

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ྫ EJDU΁ͷม׵ 3-3. __annotations__ ͷ׆༻ྫ

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ྫ EBUBDMBTT 3-3. ඪ४ϥΠϒϥϦͷ׆༻ྫ !EBUBDMBTTσίϨʔλʔΛ͔ͭ͏ͱ ࣮ߦ࣌ʹ@@JOJU@@ΛࣗಈͰఆٛͯ͘͠ΕΔ

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˺EBUBDMBTTʴόϦσʔγϣϯʴγϦΞϥΠζ ྫ QZEBOUJD 3-3. ϥϯλΠϜόϦσʔγϣϯ

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ྫ 'BTU"1* 3-3. API ͷόϦσʔγϣϯ ܕώϯτ෇͖ͷؔ਺Λఆ͍͚ٛͯͩ͘͠Ͱɺ όϦσʔγϣϯ͖ͭͷ"1*͕Ͱ͖Δ

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ܕώϯτ͔Β4XBHHFS 0QFO"1* ΋ࣗಈੜ੒ 3-3. FastAPI ˞ଞݴޠͰ΋࢖ΘΕΔ"1*࢓༷ɻ"1*ͷܕ͕ఆٛͰ͖Δ

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ɾ@@BOOPUBUJPOT@@ʹܕͷ৘ใؚ͕·ΕΔ ɾσίϨʔλʔɺϝλΫϥεͱ૊Έ߹ΘͤΔͱ%3:ʹ ɾܕͷಈతνΣοΫɺ"1*ͷόϦσʔγϣϯɺ4XBHHFS ఆٛͳͲ΋Ͱ͖Δ ϥϯλΠϜͰͷܕώϯτΛ঺հ 3-3. ·ͱΊ

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·ͱΊ 04

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ܕώϯτΛॻ͘ͱ/POF΍ ܕͷϛεΛνΣοΫͰ͖Δ 4. ·ͱΊ

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NZQZ΍QZSJHIUͰܕνΣοΫ Ұ෦͸ਪ࿦͞ΕΔʹॻ͍ͯͳ͍ͷʹܕ҆શ 4. ·ͱΊ ddddddddddddd

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1SPUPDPM΍5ZQFE%JDUͰ ʮܧঝʯʹറΒΕͳ͍ܕ҆શ 4. ·ͱΊ

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ʮܕʯΛॻ͚ͩ͘ͰϥϯλΠϜ͕ศརʹ 4. ·ͱΊ

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࣌୅ɺ ͳͥಈతܕ෇͖ݴޠͷ1ZUIPOͰ ʮܕʯΛۃΊΔͷ͔ʁ 4. ·ͱΊ

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1ZUIPOͷܕώϯτΛۃΊΔͱ ಈతܕ෇͖ݴޠͷྑ͞Λଛͳ͏͜ͱͳ͘ ҆શͰ1ZUIPOJDͳϓϩάϥϜΛ ੜ࢈ੑߴ͘ॻ͚Δ͔Β 4. ·ͱΊ ˞ҰҙݟͰ͢ɻօ༷ͷҙݟΛฉ͔͍ͤͯͩ͘͞

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Thank you!