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2021೥5݄23೔ɹNHKΧϧνϟʔകాڭࣨˏZoom ࿭੕Պֶ࠷લઢ ɹʙੜ໋Λ॓͢ఱମͷ৚݅Λ୳Δʙʢୈ1ճʣ ژ౎େֶ Ӊ஦෺ཧֶڭࣨɹࠤʑ໦وڭ

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✤ ਫ࿭੕ͷ৚݅ͱϋϏλϒϧκʔϯ 
 ɹਫͷ֫ಘɾอ࣋ɾਫྔʹؔ͢Δ੍໿ ✤ ஍ٿ͕ʮੜ໋ͷ࿭੕ʯͱͳͬͨཧ༝ 
 ɹؾީ҆ఆԽϝΧχζϜͱࢎૉେؾͷൃੜ ✤ ଠཅܥ಺ɾଠཅܥ֎ʹੜ໋Λ୳͢ 
 ɹՐ੕ɾΤ΢ϩύɾΤϯέϥυεɾܥ֎࿭੕ ✤ ଟ༷ͳϋϏλϒϧϓϥωοτ 
 ɹ஍ٿͱ͸શ͘ҟͳΔ࿭੕ɾӴ੕Ͱͷੜ໋Մೳੑ ߨ࠲ͷ಺༰

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✤ ਫ࿭੕ͷ৚݅ͱϋϏλϒϧκʔϯ 
 ɹਫͷ֫ಘɾอ࣋ɾਫྔʹؔ͢Δ੍໿ ✤ ஍ٿ͕ʮੜ໋ͷ࿭੕ʯͱͳͬͨཧ༝ 
 ɹؾީ҆ఆԽϝΧχζϜͱࢎૉେؾͷൃੜ ✤ ଠཅܥ಺ɾଠཅܥ֎ʹੜ໋Λ୳͢ 
 ɹՐ੕ɾΤ΢ϩύɾΤϯέϥυεɾܥ֎࿭੕ ✤ ଟ༷ͳϋϏλϒϧϓϥωοτ 
 ɹ஍ٿͱ͸શ͘ҟͳΔ࿭੕ɾӴ੕Ͱͷੜ໋Մೳੑ ߨ࠲ͷ಺༰

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ਫ࿭੕ͷ৚݅

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ੜ໋ଘࡏ৚݅ ੜ໋ͷఆٛ  ࣗݾͱ֎քΛ۠ผ͢ΔບΛ࣋ͭ͜ͱ  ୅ँΛ͢Δ͜ͱ  ࣗݾෳ੡Λ͢Δ͜ͱ ࿭੕ͷද໘ʹӷମͷਫ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ ͜ͷΑ͏ͳಛ௃Λ࣋ͬͨʮੜ໋ʯ ͕ੜ·ΕΔͨΊͷඞཁ৚݅ ͜ΕΛศٓతʹ࿭੕Պֶʹ͓͚Δੜ໋ଘࡏ৚݅ͱ͢Δ

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 ϋϏλϒϧϓϥωοτͷىݯͱਐԽ ୈ̍ճʗѨ෦ ਫૉͰ͋Γɼ࣍͸ϔϦ΢ϜͰ͋Δɽͦͷ࣍ʹࢎૉɼ୸ ૉɼωΦϯɼ஠ૉͱདྷΔɽݻମͷ࿭੕ͷओ੒෼Ͱ͋Δ Ϛάωγ΢ϜɼγϦίϯɼమ͕࣍ʹଓ͕͘ɼࢎૉͷଘ ࡏྔ͸͜ΕΒΑΓ΋  ܻҎ্ଟ͍ɽݩૉ߹੒ͷաఔΛ ߟ͑ͯ΋ਫૉͱࢎૉ͕ଟ͍ݩૉͰ͋Δ͜ͱʹ͸ҧ͍͕ ͳ͍Ͱ͋Ζ͏ɽ൓Ԡੑ͕ͳ͍ϔϦ΢ϜΛআ͚͹ɼਫ͸ ࠷΋ଟ͍ೋͭͷݩૉͷ૊Έ߹ΘͤͰͰ͖͍ͯΔɽͦͷ ͜ͱ͔Βߟ͑ͯ΋ਫͱ͍͏෺࣭͕ඇৗʹීวੑͷ͋Δ ෺࣭Ͱ͋Δͱ͍͏͜ͱ͕Θ͔Δɽͳ͓ɼଞͷ߃੕ܥͰ ͸ࢎૉΑΓ΋୸ૉͷํ͕ଟ͍ɼͱ͍͏Α͏ͳ͜ͱ΋͋ Δ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɽ͜ͷ৔߹ʹ͸ɼ୸ૉ͕ͲͷΑ͏ͳܗ ଶΛͱΔ͔ʹΑͬͯ͸ɼਫ͸࡞Γʹ͘͘ͳͬͯ͠·͏ ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɽ ɹ࣍ʹਫͷੑ࣭ʹ஫໨ͯ͠ΈΑ͏ɽਤʹ  ؾѹʹ ͓͚Δ͍Ζ͍ΖͳԽ߹෺ͷ༥఺ͱ෸఺Λࣔͨ͠ɽ͜Ε ͸େࡶ೺ʹӷମͷঢ়ଶΛͱΔԹ౓ൣғΛද͢͜ͱʹͳ Δɽ͜͜ʹ͸Խ߹෺ͷ෼ࢠྔ΋ࣔͯ͋͠ΔɽҰൠʹ෼ ࢠྔ͕େ͖͍෺࣭΄Ͳ༥఺ɾ෸఺ͱ΋ߴ͘ͳΔ܏޲͕ ͋Δɽͦͷதʹ͋ͬͯਫ͸෼ࢠྔ͕খ͍͞ʹ΋͔͔Θ Βͣ༥఺ͱ෸఺͕ߴ͍͜ͱ͕෼͔ΔͰ͋Ζ͏ɽਫฒΈ ʹ༥఺ɾ෸఺͕ߴ͍෺࣭͸ͲΕ΋͔ͳΓෳࡶͳ෺࣭Ͱ ͋Δɽݴ͍׵͑Ε͹ͦͷΑ͏ͳԽ߹෺͸࡞Γʹ͍͘ɽ ͜͏ݟ͍ͯ͘ͱਫ͸୯७ͳ෺࣭ɼ͢ͳΘͪଘࡏྔ͕ଟ ਤɿଠཅܥͷݩૉଘࡏ౓ɽଠཅ૊੒Ψε ʢ4PMBSʣ ͱ୸ૉ࣭ί ϯυϥΠτ ʢ$*ʣ ʹؚ·ΕΔݩૉͷଘࡏ౓Λɼܔૉͷଘࡏ ౓Λʹن֨Խͯࣔͨ͠͠ɽ ਫૉͰ͋Γɼ࣍͸ϔϦ΢ϜͰ͋Δɽͦͷ࣍ʹࢎૉɼ୸ ૉɼωΦϯɼ஠ૉͱདྷΔɽݻମͷ࿭੕ͷओ੒෼Ͱ͋Δ Ϛάωγ΢ϜɼγϦίϯɼమ͕࣍ʹଓ͕͘ɼࢎૉͷଘ Δɽ͜͜ʹ͸Խ߹෺ͷ෼ࢠྔ΋ࣔͯ͋͠ΔɽҰൠʹ෼ ࢠྔ͕େ͖͍෺࣭΄Ͳ༥఺ɾ෸఺ͱ΋ߴ͘ͳΔ܏޲͕ ͋Δɽͦͷதʹ͋ͬͯਫ͸෼ࢠྔ͕খ͍͞ʹ΋͔͔Θ Βͣ༥఺ͱ෸఺͕ߴ͍͜ͱ͕෼͔ΔͰ͋Ζ͏ɽਫฒΈ ʹ༥఺ɾ෸఺͕ߴ͍෺࣭͸ͲΕ΋͔ͳΓෳࡶͳ෺࣭Ͱ ͋Δɽݴ͍׵͑Ε͹ͦͷΑ͏ͳԽ߹෺͸࡞Γʹ͍͘ɽ ͜͏ݟ͍ͯ͘ͱਫ͸୯७ͳ෺࣭ɼ͢ͳΘͪଘࡏྔ͕ଟ ਤɿଠཅܥͷݩૉଘࡏ౓ɽଠཅ૊੒Ψε ʢ4PMBSʣ ͱ୸ૉ࣭ί ϯυϥΠτ ʢ$*ʣ ʹؚ·ΕΔݩૉͷଘࡏ౓Λɼܔૉͷଘࡏ ౓Λʹن֨Խͯࣔͨ͠͠ɽ ਤɿؾѹʹ͓͚Δ͞·͟·ͳԽ߹෺ͷ༥఺͓Αͼ෸఺ɽઢ෼Ͱࣔ͞Εͨ෦෼͕ɼͦͷԽ߹෺͕ӷମͷঢ়ଶΛͱΔԹ౓ൣғΛ ද͍ͯ͠Δɽ·ͨɼ ͦͷԽ߹෺ͷ෼ࢠྔΛനؙͰ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽਫ͸෼ࢠྔ͕খ͍͞Խ߹෺ͷதͰɼ ͻͱࡍ༥఺ͱ෸఺͕ߴ͍ɽ ଘࡏ౓ͷେ͖͍୯७ͳ෼ࢠͷதͰ ѹ౗తʹߴ͍༥఺ɾ෸఺Λ࣋ͭ ͳͥ)0ͳͷ͔ʁ [Abe, 2009]

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ਫ࿭੕Ͱ͋ΔͨΊͷ̏ͭͷ৚݅ ᶃ ࿭੕͕ H2O ΛऔΓࠐΉ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ਫ͸Ͳ͔͜Β΍͖ͬͯͨʁ ᶄ H2O ͕࿭੕ͷද໘ʹଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ਫ͕஍දʹཹ·Δ৚݅͸ʁ ᶅ ӷମঢ়ଶͷʮਫʯͱͯ͠ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷఆٛ͸ʁ

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ଠཅܥܗ੒ඪ४ཧ࿦ʢژ౎Ϟσϧʣ             ©Newton Press ڊେණ࿭੕ܗ੒

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",2—)2w‚ I 0.1 ~ 50 M oce < 0.3 M oce Ÿ0.1 M oce )2w‚7x Iy#vc™0.3M oce š ",2%f€x7x Iyfv ”‡…˜gbndp Petit et al. (2001) Gomes et al. (2005) O’Brien et al. (2007) Walsh et al. (2011) খ࿭੕ খ࿭੕ɾክ੕ɾණඍ࿭੕ʹΑΔਫڙڅ ͍ͣΕ΋ཧ࿦తɾ؍ଌతͳܾΊख͕ແ͍ ෳ਺ͷڙڅݯ͔Βͷد༩͕͍ࠞͬͯ͟Δ͔΋ ණඍ࿭੕ ",2—)2w‚ I 0.1 ~ 50 M oce < 0.3 M oce Ÿ0.1 M oce )2w‚7x Iy#vc™0.3M oce š ",2%f€x7x Iyfv ”‡…˜gbndp Petit et al. (2001) Gomes et al. (2005) O’Brien et al. (2007) Walsh et al. (2011) ክ੕

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ਫ࿭੕Ͱ͋ΔͨΊͷ̏ͭͷ৚݅ ᶃ ࿭੕͕ H2O ΛऔΓࠐΉ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ਫ͸Ͳ͔͜Β΍͖ͬͯͨʁ ᶄ H2O ͕࿭੕ͷද໘ʹଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ਫ͕஍දʹཹ·Δ৚݅͸ʁ ᶅ ӷମঢ়ଶͷʮਫʯͱͯ͠ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷఆٛ͸ʁ ɹɹˠ ະ֬ఆ͕ͩީิ͸ෳ਺ଘࡏ͢Δ

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Ӊ஦ۭؒ΁ͷେؾͷࢄҳ (c) JAXA

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 ɽ ࠆ᧦ઙࠍ⠨߃ ߦߪ㧘᳇૕ߩ ߊߥߌࠇ߫޿ ߡ߅ߎ߁㧚ᄢ᳇߇ᖺᤊߩ㊀ജߦࠃߞߡ᧤❈ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘᳇૕ߩ ᾲㆇേߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠃࠅ߽㊀ജࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡞ߩᣇ߇ᄢ߈ߊߥߌࠇ߫޿ ߌߥ޿㧚ߎࠇߪࠛࠬࠤ࡯ࡊࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ O ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆᰴߩ‛ℂ㊂ࠍ↪ ޿ߡ⹏ଔߢ߈ࠆ  rkT GMm O        ߎߎߢ㧘Gߪਁ᦭ᒁജቯᢙ㧘kߪࡏ࡞࠷ࡑࡦቯᢙ㧘Mߪᖺᤊߩ⾰㊂㧘r ߪ ᖺᤊߩਛᔃ߆ࠄߩ〒㔌㧘mߪ᳇૕ಽሶߩ⾰㊂㧘T ߪ᳇૕ߩ᷷ᐲ㧘 ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ࠛࠬࠤ࡯ࡊࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ߪ㊀ജࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡞ߣᾲࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩᲧߦߥ ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᄢ߈޿߶ߤ㊀ജߩ᧤❈߇ᒝ޿㧚৻⥸⊛ߦ᳇૕ಽሶ㊂߇ዊߐ޿ ߶ߤ㧘᷷ᐲ߇㜞޿߶ߤ㧘ᖺᤊ߇ዊߐ޿߶ߤ᧤❈ߪᒙ޿㧚 ᰴߦ㧘߽߁ዋߒቯ㊂⊛ߦᬌ⸛ߒߡߺࠃ߁㧚ߘߩߚ߼ߦࡐ࡝࠻ࡠ࡯ࡊ ߣ޿߁᭎ᔨࠍዉ౉ߔࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪ࿶ജ࡮ኒᐲ࡮᷷ᐲ߇ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ㑐ଥࠍḩ ߚߔ㧘ߣ⠨߃ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚  1  v v J J J U T p        ਄ᑼߪ㧘৻⷗⁁ᘒᣇ⒟ᑼߩࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃ࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇߪᾲߩ಴౉ࠅߦ㑐ߔࠆ ᄢ᳇ᢔㅺࠍ⺰ߓࠆ೨ߦ㧘߹ߕᄢߑߞ߬ߦᄢ᳇ࠍ଻ᜬߔࠆ᧦ઙࠍ⠨߃ ߡ߅ߎ߁㧚ᄢ᳇߇ᖺᤊߩ㊀ജߦࠃߞߡ᧤❈ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘᳇૕ߩ ᾲㆇേߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠃࠅ߽㊀ജࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡞ߩᣇ߇ᄢ߈ߊߥߌࠇ߫޿ ߌߥ޿㧚ߎࠇߪࠛࠬࠤ࡯ࡊࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ O ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆᰴߩ‛ℂ㊂ࠍ↪ ޿ߡ⹏ଔߢ߈ࠆ  rkT GMm O        ߎߎߢ㧘Gߪਁ᦭ᒁജቯᢙ㧘kߪࡏ࡞࠷ࡑࡦቯᢙ㧘Mߪᖺᤊߩ⾰㊂㧘r ߪ ᖺᤊߩਛᔃ߆ࠄߩ〒㔌㧘mߪ᳇૕ಽሶߩ⾰㊂㧘T ߪ᳇૕ߩ᷷ᐲ㧘 ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ࠛࠬࠤ࡯ࡊࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ߪ㊀ജࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡞ߣᾲࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩᲧߦߥ ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᄢ߈޿߶ߤ㊀ജߩ᧤❈߇ᒝ޿㧚৻⥸⊛ߦ᳇૕ಽሶ㊂߇ዊߐ޿ ߶ߤ㧘᷷ᐲ߇㜞޿߶ߤ㧘ᖺᤊ߇ዊߐ޿߶ߤ᧤❈ߪᒙ޿㧚 ᰴߦ㧘߽߁ዋߒቯ㊂⊛ߦᬌ⸛ߒߡߺࠃ߁㧚ߘߩߚ߼ߦࡐ࡝࠻ࡠ࡯ࡊ ߣ޿߁᭎ᔨࠍዉ౉ߔࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪ࿶ജ࡮ኒᐲ࡮᷷ᐲ߇ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ㑐ଥࠍḩ ߚߔ㧘ߣ⠨߃ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚  1  v v J J J U T p        ਄ᑼߪ㧘৻⷗⁁ᘒᣇ⒟ᑼߩࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃ࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇߪᾲߩ಴౉ࠅߦ㑐ߔࠆ େؾΛอ࣋Ͱ͖Δ࿭੕ͷ࣭ྔ ஍ٿيಓ෇ۙͰͷ ฏߧԹ౓ ೤ݍʹ͓͚ΔԹ౓ ʢେؾ্୺ͷԹ౓ʣ [Abe, 2009]

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ਫ࿭੕Ͱ͋ΔͨΊͷ̏ͭͷ৚݅ ᶃ ࿭੕͕ H2O ΛऔΓࠐΉ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ਫ͸Ͳ͔͜Β΍͖ͬͯͨʁ ᶄ H2O ͕࿭੕ͷද໘ʹଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ਫ͕஍දʹཹ·Δ৚݅͸ʁ ᶅ ӷମঢ়ଶͷʮਫʯͱͯ͠ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷఆٛ͸ʁ ɹɹˠ ະ֬ఆ͕ͩީิ͸ෳ਺ଘࡏ͢Δ ɹɹˠ ࿭੕࣭ྔ͕݄ʙՐ੕Ҏ্Ͱ͋Δඞཁ

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࿭੕ද໘ʹӷମͷ ਫ͕ଘࡏͰ͖ΔྖҬ lϋϏλϒϧκʔϯz (c) Wikipedia

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45367298 !)./+ -,1! *0/#(/  : from Kasting et al. (1993) " 436 D :VUBLB"CF ݱࡏͷଠཅܥͷϋϏλϒϧκʔϯ

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ͦͷ ͍ͮ ۃݶ ํΛ ͕ݟ ֶత ஍໘ ͸ର ౓ޯ ࣪५ ΋ݮ C ์ࣹରྲྀฏߧʹ͋ΔେؾͷԹ౓ͱޫֶతް͞ͷؔ܎ɽ஍໘ ͷͨΊޫֶతް͕͞෇ۙͷԹ౓ߏ଄͕มԽ͠ͳ͍ɽਤ͸/BL [Nakajima et al. 1992Λվม] ࿭੕์ࣹͷʮࣹग़ݶքʯ ਫৠؾҎ֎΋ߟྀͨ͠৔߹

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ɾϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷ಺ଆڥք ɹɹ๫૸Թࣨ৚݅ɿ0.97AU [Kopparapu et al. 2013] 45367298 !)./+ -,1! *0/#(/  : from Kasting et al. (1993) " 436 D :VUBLB"CF ݱࡏͷଠཅܥͷϋϏλϒϧκʔϯ

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ɾϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷ಺ଆڥք ɹɹ๫૸Թࣨ৚݅ɿ0.97AU [Kopparapu et al. 2013] ɾϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷ֎ଆڥք ɹɹCO2 ڽॖ৚݅ɿ1.70AU [Kopparapu et al.. 2013] 45367298 !)./+ -,1! *0/#(/  : from Kasting et al. (1993) " 436 D :VUBLB"CF ݱࡏͷଠཅܥͷϋϏλϒϧκʔϯ

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ଠཅܥͷฏߧԹ౓ ଠཅ͔Βͷڑ཭ʢAUʣ ฏߧԹ౓ʢKʣ H2Oͷ༥ղԹ౓ʢ273K = 0℃ʣ ଠཅ์ࣹʹΑΔฏߧԹ౓͸஍ٿͷҐஔͰ̌ˆҎԼ

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(c) Wikipedia ೔ຊ࿭੕Պֶձࢽ 7PM /P  ΟʔϯͷભҠଇʣ ɽ೾௕දࣔͷϓϥϯΫؔ਺┆Е ͷϐʔ Ϋ͸┘ЕDN,ʹ͋Γɼ┘ЕDN,ɼ┘Е DN,ʹ͸ͦΕͧΕશମͷˋͷΤωϧΪʔ͠ ͔ͳ͍ɽ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɼ஍ٿͷද໘Թ౓͕,ͩͱ ͢ΔͳΒ͹ɼ஍ٿ์ࣹɼͭ·Γ஍ٿ͕ग़͢࿭੕์ࣹ ͷϐʔΫ͸Ж NͰɼΤωϧΪʔ͸ʵЖ Nͷ ൣғʹ͕͋ΔɽҰํͰଠཅ์ࣹ͸,ͷ ਤɿΨϥεຕͷ৔߹ͷΨϥε൘ϞσϧɽେؾΛΨϥε൘ͱ ਅۭʹ෼ׂ͍ͯ͠ΔɽΨϥε൘͸࿭੕์ࣹʹରͯ͠͸ෆ ಁ໌ɼଠཅ์ࣹʹରͯ͠͸ಁ໌ͱ͍ͯ͠Δɽ ࠟ࡜ࠬ᧼       + + + + = = ↑ L 8 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 s s F F T  ࡮࡮࡮ ࡮࡮࡮ ᄥ㓁᡼኿ ᖺᤊ᡼኿ 㧩 શ ͍ Λ த ͱ ਛᔃᤊ߆ࠄߩశ ᤊߩో⴫㕙߆ࠄ ಽᣧߊ⥄ォߒߡ ᜬߞߡ޿ࠆᖺᤊ ᤊ᡼኿ࠍ s F 㧘ᖺ     ߡ⭯޿ߣ޿߁઒ ޿ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘 ᖺᤊ᡼኿ࠍ኿಴ ෘ޿႐วߢ߽ᚑ 㕙߇಴ߔ᡼኿ߣ ߪℂᗐ⊛ߥ᡼኿ ࡮න૏ᵄᢙ޽ߚ ޽ߚࠅ C  ʣ ਛᔃᤊ߆ࠄߩశ ᤊߩో⴫㕙߆ࠄ ಽᣧߊ⥄ォߒߡ ᜬߞߡ޿ࠆᖺᤊ ᤊ᡼኿ࠍ s F 㧘ᖺ     ߡ⭯޿ߣ޿߁઒ ޿ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘 ᖺᤊ᡼኿ࠍ኿಴ ෘ޿႐วߢ߽ᚑ 㕙߇಴ߔ᡼኿ߣ ߪℂᗐ⊛ߥ᡼኿ ࡮න૏ᵄᢙ޽ߚ ޽ߚࠅ C  ʣ ൺ ࿭ ɼ ग़ ৗ ஍ Ε ͋ Γ ߆ࠄߩశ ⴫㕙߆ࠄ ⥄ォߒߡ ޿ࠆᖺᤊ ࠍ s F 㧘ᖺ     ߣ޿߁઒ 㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘 ኿ࠍ኿಴ วߢ߽ᚑ ߔ᡼኿ߣ ⊛ߥ᡼኿ ᵄᢙ޽ߚ ߆ࠄߩశ ⴫㕙߆ࠄ ⥄ォߒߡ ޿ࠆᖺᤊ ࠍ s F 㧘ᖺ     ߣ޿߁઒ 㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘 ኿ࠍ኿಴ วߢ߽ᚑ ߔ᡼኿ߣ ⊛ߥ᡼኿ ᵄᢙ޽ߚ ߆ࠄߩశ ⴫㕙߆ࠄ ⥄ォߒߡ ޿ࠆᖺᤊ ࠍ s F 㧘ᖺ     ߣ޿߁઒ 㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘 ኿ࠍ኿಴ วߢ߽ᚑ ߔ᡼኿ߣ ⊛ߥ᡼኿ ᵄᢙ޽ߚ ʮԹࣨޮՌʯͷ͘͠Έ ଠཅ์ࣹʢՄࢹޫʣ ɹ஍ٿେؾʹٵऩ͞Εͳ͍ ஍ٿ͔Βͷ೤์ࣹʢ੺֎ʣ ɹ஍ٿେؾʹٵऩɾ࠶์ࣹ

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ɾϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷ಺ଆڥք ɹɹ๫૸Թࣨ৚݅ɿ0.97AU [Kopparapu et al. 2013] ɾϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷ֎ଆڥք ɹɹCO2 ڽॖ৚݅ɿ1.70AU [Kopparapu et al.. 2013] 45367298 !)./+ -,1! *0/#(/  : from Kasting et al. (1993) " 436 D :VUBLB"CF ݱࡏͷଠཅܥͷϋϏλϒϧκʔϯ

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ɾϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷ಺ଆڥքʢݱࡏʣ ɹɹ๫૸Թࣨ৚݅ɿ0.97AU [Kopparapu et al. 2013] ɾϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷ֎ଆڥքʢݱࡏʣ ɹɹCO2 ڽॖ৚݅ɿ1.70AU [Kopparapu et al.. 2013] 45367298 !)./+ -,1! *0/#(/  : from Kasting et al. (1993) " 436 ɾ45ԯ೥ؒͣͬͱϋϏλϒϧͳྖҬɿ0.99AU-1.1AU D :VUBLB"CF ଠཅܥͷϋϏλϒϧκʔϯ

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ਫ࿭੕Ͱ͋ΔͨΊͷ̏ͭͷ৚݅ ᶃ ࿭੕͕ H2O ΛऔΓࠐΉ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ਫ͸Ͳ͔͜Β΍͖ͬͯͨʁ ᶄ H2O ͕࿭੕ͷද໘ʹଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ਫ͕஍දʹཹ·Δ৚݅͸ʁ ᶅ ӷମঢ়ଶͷʮਫʯͱͯ͠ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱ ɹɹˠ ϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷఆٛ͸ʁ ɹɹˠ ະ֬ఆ͕ͩީิ͸ෳ਺ଘࡏ͢Δ ɹɹˠ ࿭੕࣭ྔ͕݄ʙՐ੕Ҏ্Ͱ͋Δඞཁ ɹɹˠ ๫૸Թࣨ৚݅ͱCO2 ڽॖ৚݅Ͱܾ·Δ

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࿭੕ද໘ͷਫྔ

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཮࿭੕ ਫ࿭੕ ʢ஍ٿʣ ւ࿭੕ ༷ʑͳਫྔΛ΋ͭ஍ٿܕ࿭੕

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&(" $ -# : ;    )+#0"    78423 !         78423 !     $* . #.7195642$ , .$&/'%-)+#0 ւ࿭੕ɿࣹग़ݶքͷଘࡏʹΑΓ๫૸Թࣨঢ়ଶ΁ ཮࿭੕ɿס૩ͨ͠஍໘͔Βେ͖ͳ์ࣹ͕Մೳ ϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷ಺ଆڥք

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         '/.+ '/.+  '/.+$ $-(0+,*) " $ %#!& ւ࿭੕ɿӢ΍ණ͕ଟ͘Ξϧϕυ͕େ͖͍ ཮࿭੕ɿਫྔ͕গͳ͘Ξϧϕυ͕େ͖͘ͳΒͳ͍ ϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷ֎ଆڥք

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0.99-1.1AU [Kopparapu et al. 2013] 0.9-1.1AU ʢෆ҆ఆʁʣ 0.77-1.7AU [Abe et al. 2011] ਫྔʹΑΔϋϏλϒϧκʔϯͷҧ͍ ཮࿭੕ ਫ࿭੕ ւ࿭੕

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Habitable Trinity Dohm & Maruyama (2014)

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(c) USGS l΄Μͷۇ͔zͷਫΛ֫ಘͨ͠஍ٿ

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✤ ਫ࿭੕ͷ৚݅ͱϋϏλϒϧκʔϯ 
 ɹਫͷ֫ಘɾอ࣋ɾਫྔʹؔ͢Δ੍໿ ✤ ஍ٿ͕ʮੜ໋ͷ࿭੕ʯͱͳͬͨཧ༝ 
 ɹؾީ҆ఆԽϝΧχζϜͱࢎૉେؾͷൃੜ ✤ ଠཅܥ಺ɾଠཅܥ֎ʹੜ໋Λ୳͢ 
 ɹՐ੕ɾΤ΢ϩύɾΤϯέϥυεɾܥ֎࿭੕ ✤ ଟ༷ͳϋϏλϒϧϓϥωοτ 
 ɹ஍ٿͱ͸શ͘ҟͳΔ࿭੕ɾӴ੕Ͱͷੜ໋Մೳੑ ߨ࠲ͷ಺༰

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ؾީ҆ఆԽϝΧχζϜ

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஍ٿ಺෦ͷ૚ߏ଄ͷܗ੒ మ ؠੴ Ϛϯτϧ ίΞ ॏྗ෼཭ ϚϯτϧɾίΞ෼Խ ஍ٿ಺෦ͷྫྷ٫ ಺֩ͷܗ੒ 
 ࣓৔ͷൃੜ Րࢁ׆ಈ ஍֪ͷܗ੒

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஍ٿͷϓϨʔτςΫτχΫε

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஍ٿͷ୸ૉ॥؀ʢෛͷϑΟʔυόοΫʣ ԹஆԽ ߱ਫྔ૿Ճ ෩Խɾਁ৯ྔ૿Ճ ೋࢎԽ୸ૉ͸ւఈʹݻఆ େؾதͷೋࢎԽ୸ૉআڈ ߱ਫྔݮগ ෩Խɾਁ৯ྔݮগ Ր੒׆ಈͰೋࢎԽ୸ૉ෇Ճ େؾதͷೋࢎԽ୸ૉ͕૿Ճ פྫྷԽ

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D ૣ઒ॻ๪ D χϡʔτϯϓϨε

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ΞΠεΞϧϕυϑΟʔυόοΫ פྫྷԽ → ණচ૿Ճ → ൓ࣹ཰্ঢ → ͞ΒʹפྫྷԽ ਖ਼ͷϑΟʔυόοΫʹΑΓҰؾʹશٿౚ݁ঢ়ଶ΁

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஍ٿʹ͓͚Δද૚؀ڥδϟϯϓ [໳԰΄͔, 2012]

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ࢎૉେؾ

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ϢʔϦʔɾϛϥʔͷ࣮ݧ ੜ໋ʢલۦ෺࣭ʣͷൃੜʹ͸ؐݩత؀ڥ͕༗ར Ұํɺੜ໋ͷେܕԽʹ͸ࢎૉେؾΛ༻͍ͨݺٵ͕伴ͱͳΔ… (c) Wikipedia

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ࢎԽతͳେؾ ɹʙؾѹ )େؾࢄҳ ࢎૉͷ෇Ճ ඍ࿭੕ ݪ࢝࿭੕ )Ψεʢؐݩతʣ ؐݩతͳେؾ &BSUI ஍ٿେؾͷਐԽʢؐݩతˠࢎԽతʣ ɾܗ੒௚ޙ͸ؐݩతͳେؾˠੜ໋ൃੜʹ༗ར ɾਫૉͷࢄҳʹ൐͍࣍ୈʹؐݩతେؾ͕ݮগ ɾ২෺ͷޫ߹੒ʹΑͬͯࢎૉ͕େؾதʹ෇Ճ ɾݱࡏ͸ࢎԽతͳେؾˠੜ໋ͷେܕԽʹ༗ར

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஍ٿͱੜ໋ͷڞਐԽͷྺ࢙ (c) ೔ຊόΠΦ੡ༀ

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(c) ؾ৅ி Φκϯ૚ʢ0ʣʹΑΔࢵ֎ઢٵऩ

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҆ఆͳ஍ٿ؀ڥ

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(c) ࠃཱՊֶത෺ؗ ΄΅ԁيಓͰճΔଠཅܥͷ࿭੕

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ۃॵɾۃפΛ܁Γฦ͢ପԁيಓ l&DDFOUSJD1MBOFUz http://clccharter.org (c) clccharter.org Laughlin et al. (2009)

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ଠཅܥʹ͸ڊେ࿭੕͕̎ͭͷΈ (c) Wikipedia

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Weidenschilling &,Marzari (1996),,Lin,&   a GM a GM a GM a GM a GM * * 3 * 2 * 1 *     $&,60 45 '"#, (t >~ 1My) /% , "# 2-+0'! 3. *) 1."#3. 00 a1 0  . 00 a1(. final e يಓෆ҆ఆʹΑΔ࿭੕ܥͷมԽ ࿭੕ؒͷॏྗͷӨڹ͕ ੵΈॏͳͬͯ࠷ऴతʹ ޓ͍ͷيಓ͕ෆ҆ఆԽ ҟͳΔ࿭੕ܥ΁ ˣ ᶃ ᶃ ᶄ ᶄ ᶅ ᶅ

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஍ٿ͸ڊେͳӴ੕ʢ݄ʣΛ͍࣋ͬͯΔ (c) Wikipedia (c) Wikipedia

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஍ٿͷࣗస࣠܏ࣼ֯ͷมಈ ݄͕ແ͍ͱ஍ٿͷࣗస࣠܏ࣼ֯͸ܹ͘͠มಈ͢Δ

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஍ٿ͕ʮੜ໋ͷ࿭੕ʯͱͳͬͨཧ༝ ᶃ H2OΛऔΓࠐΜͩʢىݯ͸ະ֬ఆʣ ᶄ Ր੕ΑΓେ͖͘େؾ͕ࢄҳ͠ͳ͔ͬͨ ᶅ ద౓ͳྔͷCO2 ʹΑΔԹࣨޮՌ͕ޮ͍͍ͯΔ ᶆ 45ԯ೥ؒϋϏλϒϧκʔϯ಺ʹҐஔ͍ͯ͠Δ ᶇ ΄Μͷ͔ᷮͷਫΛอ࣋͠େ཮͕ଘࡏ͢Δ ᶈ ϓϨʔτςΫτχΫεʹΑΓؾީ͕҆ఆԽ ᶉ ؐݩతେؾ͔ΒࢎԽతେؾʹมԽͨ͠ ᶊ Φκϯ૚͕ܗ੒͞Εڧ͍ࢵ֎ઢΛٵऩ ᶋ ڊେ࿭੕̎ݸɾڊେͳ݄ʹΑΓ؀ڥ͕҆ఆԽ

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