seccamp2018でセルフホストCコンパイラをつくった

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#seccamp2018 Ͱηϧϑϗε τ C ίϯύΠϥΛͭͬͨ͘ ࠡ ᲒᲶ @ushitora anqou 1

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ͲΜͳͻͱ ࠡ ᲒᲶʢ͏͠ͱΒ ͋Μ͜͏ʣ • Twitter: @ushitora anqou • ීஈ͸ C++Ͱ༡ΜͩΓ༡͹ΕͨΓɻ • constexpr Ͱ NN ͱ͔ॻ͖·ͨ͠ɻ GitHub ʹ͋ΔͷͰελʔ͍ͩ͘͞ɻ • Kernel ΋ VM ΋Θ͔Γ·ͤΜɻษڧ͠ ·͢ɻ 2

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seccamp ͬͯͳʹ ηΩϡϦςΟɾΩϟϯϓશࠃେձ 2018 • 8 ݄ 14 ೔ʙ18 ೔ @౦ژ౎෎தࢢ • IPA ओ࠵ͷ߹॓ܗࣜͷษڧձ • ʮY-II C ίϯύΠϥΛࣗ࡞ͯ͠ΈΑ ͏ʂʯθϛʹࢀՃ • ߨࢣ͸ Rui ͞Μͱ hikalium ͞Μ 3

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Y-II ͷ໨ඪ 4

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೔ఔ Day N ΍Δ͜ͱ Day 1 ։ձࣜͱ͔ʢ։ൃͳ͠ʣ Day 2 ։ൃ Day 3 ։ൃ Day 4 ։ൃ Day 5 ดձࣜͱ͔ʢ։ൃͳ͠ʣ 7 ݄ͷ಄͔Βࣄલֶशͱͯ͠։ൃΛ࢝ΊΔɻ 5

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Day 0

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Day 0 ηϧϑϗετͰ͖ͨ 6

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͓͡͞Μͳʹͨ͠ͷ ηϧϑϗετͷ x86-64 ޲͚ C ίϯύΠϥ aqcc Λॻ͍ͨɻ • System V AMD64 ABI ४ڌɻ • C ϓϩάϥϜΛಡΈࠐΈΞηϯϒϦΛ ग़ྗɻ 7

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ηϧϑϗετ ࣗ෼ࣗ਎ΛίϯύΠϧͰ͖Δɻ • aqcc ͸ C ݴޠͰॻ͔Ε͍ͯΔɻ • aqcc ͸ C ݴޠίϯύΠϥͰ͋Δɻ • Ώ͑ʹ aqcc ͸ aqcc ͰίϯύΠϧͰ ͖Δɻ 8

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ηϧϑϗετ seccamp ࠷ऴ೔·Ͱʹ 6 ਓத 3 ਓ͕ୡ੒ɻ 9

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ͭ͘Γ͔ͨ 10

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ͭ͘Γ͔ͨ ΍Δ͚ͩ 10

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ͭ͘Γ͔ͨ 11

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ͭ͘Γ͔ͨ • ೖྗจࣈྻΛτʔΫϯྻʹ෼ׂ͢Δɻ 11

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ͭ͘Γ͔ͨ • ೖྗจࣈྻΛτʔΫϯྻʹ෼ׂ͢Δɻ • τʔΫϯྻΛղऍ͠ந৅ߏจ໦ ʢASTʣʹ͢Δɻ 11

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ͭ͘Γ͔ͨ • ೖྗจࣈྻΛτʔΫϯྻʹ෼ׂ͢Δɻ • τʔΫϯྻΛղऍ͠ந৅ߏจ໦ ʢASTʣʹ͢Δɻ • ҙຯղੳΛߦ͍ AST ΛŢœŕͱ͢Δɻ 11

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ͭ͘Γ͔ͨ • ೖྗจࣈྻΛτʔΫϯྻʹ෼ׂ͢Δɻ • τʔΫϯྻΛղऍ͠ந৅ߏจ໦ ʢASTʣʹ͢Δɻ • ҙຯղੳΛߦ͍ AST ΛŢœŕͱ͢Δɻ • Ţœŕͱͳͬͨ AST ΛݩʹΞηϯϒϦΛ ੜ੒͢Δɻ 11

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ͭ͘Γ͔ͨ • ೖྗจࣈྻΛτʔΫϯྻʹ෼ׂ͢Δɻ • τʔΫϯྻΛղऍ͠ந৅ߏจ໦ ʢASTʣʹ͢Δɻ • ҙຯղੳΛߦ͍ AST ΛŢœŕͱ͢Δɻ • Ţœŕͱͳͬͨ AST ΛݩʹΞηϯϒϦΛ ੜ੒͢Δɻ • ੜ੒ͨ͠ΞηϯϒϦΛ͍͍ײ͡ʹ࠷ద Խ͢Δɻ 11

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ͭΒ͔ͬͨͱ͜Ζ • ΞηϯϒϦ͕෼͔Βͳ͍ɻ • ΞηϯϒϦΛॻ͘ͷ͸ॳΊͯɻ • lea ͬͯͳʹɻ • C ͷݴޠ࢓༷͕෼͔Βͳ͍ɻ • C ͷݴޠ࢓༷ΛಡΉͷ͸ʢ΄΅ʣॳΊͯɻ • ൚੔਺֦ுͬͯͳʹɻ 12

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C ݴޠ࢓༷ͷ͕͜͜ΩϞ͍ʂ • ϙΠϯλ͕ΩϞ͍ʂ • int* p, q; ͷ q ͸ int • ؔ਺એݴ͕ΩϞ͍ʂ • int foo(); ͱ int foo(){...} ͱ int foo; ͷ۠ผɻ • Մม௕Ҿ਺͕ΩϞ͍ʂ • va list ͱ͔ va start() ͱ͔ɻ • va list ͷఆٛͱ͔஌ͬͯ·͢ʁ 13

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ଓɾC ݴޠ࢓༷ͷ͕͜͜ΩϞ͍ʂ • switch ͕ΩϞ͍ʂ • if-else ͱ͍͏ΑΓ΋࣮࣭ goto switch (1) { int a = 2; case 3: 1; int b = 5; break; case 1: a = 1; b = 0; default: printf("%d␣%d", a, b); // 1 0 } 14

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ଓʑɾC ݴޠ࢓༷ͷ͕͜͜ΩϞ͍ʂ • ߏ଄ମఆ͕ٛΩϞ͍ʂ • ߏ଄ମఆٛ΋ int ΋ type-speciﬁer ͳͷ Ͱಉ͡ͱ͜Ζʹॻ͚Δɻ struct hogehoge { int piyopiyo; } foobar (); int foobar (); 15

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ଓʑɾC ݴޠ࢓༷ͷ͕͜͜ΩϞ͍ʂ • ߏ଄ମఆ͕ٛΩϞ͍ʂ • ߏ଄ମఆٛ΋ int ΋ type-speciﬁer ͳͷ Ͱಉ͡ͱ͜Ζʹॻ͚Δɻ struct hogehoge { int piyopiyo; }; int; 15

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ΠϯΫϦϝϯλϧͳ։ൃ • ੔਺ 1 ݸΛฦ͢ʮ͸Γ΅ͯ C ίϯύΠ ϥʯ͔Βελʔτɻ • ঃʑʹػೳΛ଍͢ɻҰؾʹ࡞Βͳ͍ɻ • Rui ͞ΜͷςΩετ΍ Slackɾhangout Ͱॿ͚͍͍ͯͨͩͨɻ 16

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DAY 2 17

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DAY 2 ΍Δ͜ͱ͕ͳ͍ 17

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ͳʹΛ͠Α͏͔ ίʔυੜ੒ͷํࣜΛม͑Α͏ɻ • ελοΫϚγϯ • ݱঢ়ͷ࣮૷ɻ • ϨδελϚγϯ • ͬͪ͜ʹ͍ͨ͠ɻ 18

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ελοΫϚγϯ • શͯͷ໋ྩ͸ελοΫΛհͯ͠ૢ࡞Λ ͢Δɻ • ελοΫ͸ϝϞϦ্ʹ͋ΔͷͰ஗͍ɻ 19

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ϨδελϚγϯ • શͯͷ໋ྩ͸ϨδελΛհͯ͠ૢ࡞Λ ͢Δɻ • Ϩδελ͸ CPU ʹ͋ΔͷͰ଎͍ɻ 20

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Ͳ͏΍Δͷ ࢖͑ΔϨδελ • ؔ਺ͷҾ਺ʹ࢖͏Ϩδελ΍γϑτԋ ࢉͳͲɺಛघͳ༻్Ͱ࢖ΘΕΔϨδε λΛආ͚Δɻ • r10, r11, r12, r13, r14, r15 ͕ ࢖͑Δɻ 21

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ϨδελϚγϯͷͭ͘Γ͔ͨ • ॲཧͷ࢝·ΓͱऴΘΓͰ push, pop ͢Δ୅ΘΓʹɺϨδελ͔Β৘ใΛ ҾͬுͬͨΓऔ͖ͬͯͨΓ͢Δɻ • AST ͷ༿ϊʔυ͔Βίʔυੜ੒͢Δͱ ͖ʹɺσʔλΛ֨ೲͨ͠ϨδελΛ਌ ʹฦ͢ɻ 22

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DAY 3 ϨδελϚγϯʹͳͬͨ 23

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ŰƅŲŔŖŵƃţͷܭଌ ϨδελϚγϯͷ aqcc (2142d05) ͷιʔ είʔυΛશͯ࿈݁͠ɺ͜ΕΛίϯύΠϧ ͢Δ࣌ؒΛ perf ίϚϯυͰଌఆ͢Δɻ 24

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ŰƅŲŔŖŵƃţ ελοΫϚγϯ (85ee93c) • gcc -O2 0.09287 ± 0.00187 seconds • aqcc 0.40217 ± 0.00277 seconds ໿ 4.3 ഒ 25

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ŰƅŲŔŖŵƃţ ϨδελϚγϯ (2142d05) • gcc -O2 0.090094 ± 0.000310 seconds • aqcc 0.21281 ± 0.00286 seconds ໿ 2.3 ഒ 26

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ͭΒ͔ͬͨͱ͜Ζ σόοά͕ͱʹ͔ͭ͘Β͍ɻ • gcc ͰͷιʔείϯύΠϧ͸Ͱ͖Δɻ • ίϯύΠϧͨ͠ίϯύΠϥͰͷιʔε ίϯύΠϧ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɻ 27

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ͭΒ͔ͬͨͱ͜Ζ 28

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ͭΒ͔ͬͨͱ͜Ζ 29

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ͭΒ͔ͬͨͱ͜Ζ • σόοά৘ใ͕ͳ͍ʂ • མ͍ͪͯΔͱ͜Ζʹόά͕͋ΔΘ͚ ͡Όͳ͍ʂ 29

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ͭΒ͔ͬͨͱ͜Ζ ؒҧ͍͑ͯͨͷ͸ɺϨδελୀආͰͨ͠ɻ • ؔ਺ݺͼग़࣌͠ʹอଘ͢΂͖Ϩδελ ΛҰͭ๨Ε͍ͯͨɻ • ΘΓͱΈΜͳܦݧ͢Δಓɻ 30

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ŰƅŲŔŖŵƃţʢ࠶ܝʣ ϨδελϚγϯ (2142d05) • gcc -O2 0.090094 ± 0.000310 seconds • aqcc 0.21281 ± 0.00286 seconds ໿ 2.3 ഒ 31

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2.3 ⇒ 2 ഒʹ͍ͨ͠ʂ ग़ྗ͢ΔΞηϯϒϦΛ࠷దԽ͢Δɻ ४උ • ग़ྗίʔυΛه߸ʢstruct Codeʣʹ ஔ͖׵͑Δɻ • ͦΕ·Ͱ͸จࣈྻͰѻ͍ͬͯͨɻ • େྔʹॻ͖׵͑Δ΂͖৔ॴ͕͋Δɻ • ͱͯ΋ͭΒ͍ɻ 32

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2.3 ⇒ 2 ഒʹ͍ͨ͠ʂ ग़ྗ͢ΔΞηϯϒϦΛ࠷దԽ͢Δɻ • ఆ਺஋৞ΈࠐΈ • a = 1 + 5 * 8 + 1; =⇒ a = 42; • AST Λ෦෼తʹΠϯλϓϦτ͢Ε͹ ྑ͍ɻ 32

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ଓɾ࠷దԽ • dead code elimination ҙຯͷͳ͍ίʔυ͸ੜ੒͠ͳ͍Α͏ʹ ͢Δɻ • propagation mov (%rax), %r11 =⇒ mov -8(%rbp), %r11 ૊Έ߹Θ͍͍ͤͯײ͡ʹ࠷దԽ͢Δɻ 33

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݁Ռ 34

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݁Ռ όάͬͨ 34

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݁Ռ όάͬͨ seccamp ऴྃ 34

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ؼΓͷ৽װઢ propagation ͷࡍʹϨδελͷґଘؔ܎Λม ߋ͢Δ͜ͱΛ๨Ε͍ͯͨɻ 35

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ଓଓɾ࠷దԽ • ؔ਺ͷதͰ࢖͍ͬͯΔϨδελ͚ͩΛ ୀආ͢Δ • r12, r13, r14, r15 ͸ callee-saved. • ؔ਺๯಄Ͱ push ͠ऴΘΓͰ pop. • શͯΛอଘ͢Δͱ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔɻ • ॻ͖׵͑Δ΋ͷ͚ͩͰྑ͍ɻ 36

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ŰƅŲŔŖŵƃţ ࠷దԽͨ͠ aqcc(4fcc2d3) 37

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ŰƅŲŔŖŵƃţ ࠷దԽͨ͠ aqcc(4fcc2d3) • gcc -O2 0.13015 ± 0.00126 seconds • aqcc 0.24342 ± 0.00108 seconds ໿ 1.87 ഒ 37

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Φν͕ͳ͍ 38

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aqcc ͰίϯύΠϧ test.c ΛίϯύΠϧ͍ͨ͠ɻ % ./aqcc test.c > test.s • ίϯύΠϧ 39

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aqcc ͰίϯύΠϧ test.c ΛίϯύΠϧ͍ͨ͠ɻ % ./aqcc test.c > test.s • ίϯύΠϧ % gcc -c test.s -o test.o • Ξηϯϒϧ % gcc test.o -o test all.o • ϦϯΫ 39

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౰વͷؼ݁ 40

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౰વͷؼ݁ ͦ͏ͩ ΞηϯϒϥΛ ͭ͘Ζ͏ 40

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Ξηϯϒϥ

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Ξηϯϒϥͭͬͨ͘ 43

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Ξηϯϒϥͷͭ͘Γ͔ͨ 44

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Ξηϯϒϥͷͭ͘Γ͔ͨ ΍Δ͚ͩ 44

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Ξηϯϒϥͱ͸ ΞηϯϒϦΛΦϒδΣΫτϑΝΠϧʹม׵ ͢Δɻ • χʔϞχοΫΛΦϖίʔυʹม׵ ͢Δɻ • ඞཁͳγϯϘϧ৘ใͳͲΛ·ͱΊͯ ELF ʹ͢Δɻ 45

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, %edx 46

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, %edx =⇒ 89 c2 Opcode Instruction 89 /r MOV r/m32,r32 46

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, %edx =⇒ 89 c2 Opcode Instruction 89 /r MOV r/m32,r32 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ModR/M mod reg r/m 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 46

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %rax, %rdx 47

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %rax, %rdx =⇒ 48 89 c2 Opcode Instruction REX.W + 89 /r MOV r/m64,r64 47

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %rax, %rdx =⇒ 48 89 c2 Opcode Instruction REX.W + 89 /r MOV r/m64,r64 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 REX Preﬁx 0 1 0 0 W R X B 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 47

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %r8, %r10 48

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %r8, %r10 =⇒ 4d 89 c2 Opcode Instruction REX.W + 89 /r MOV r/m64,r64 48

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %r8, %r10 =⇒ 4d 89 c2 Opcode Instruction REX.W + 89 /r MOV r/m64,r64 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 REX Preﬁx 0 1 0 0 W R X B 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 48

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, (%rdx) 49

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, (%rdx) =⇒ 89 02 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ModR/M mod reg r/m 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 49

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -4(%rdx) =⇒ 89 42 fc 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ModR/M mod reg r/m 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 50

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -4(%rbp) =⇒ 89 45 fc 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ModR/M mod reg r/m 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 51

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, (%rbp) =⇒ 89 45 00 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ModR/M mod reg r/m 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 52

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -4(%rip) =⇒ 89 05 fc ff ff ff 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ModR/M mod reg r/m 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 53

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·ͱΊ inst mod r/m code (%rdx) 00 010 89 02 -4(%rdx) 01 010 89 42 fc -4(%rbp) 01 101 89 45 fc (%rbp) 01 101 89 45 00 -4(%rip) 00 101 89 05 fc ff ff ff ͱͯ΋ͭΒ͍ɻ 54

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -400(%r11) 55

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -400(%r11) =⇒ 41 89 83 70 fe ff ff 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ModR/M mod reg r/m 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 55

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -400(%r11) =⇒ 41 89 83 70 fe ff ff mov %eax, -400(%r12) 56

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -400(%r11) =⇒ 41 89 83 70 fe ff ff mov %eax, -400(%r12) =⇒ 41 89 84 24 70 fe ff ff 56

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -400(%r11) =⇒ 41 89 83 70 fe ff ff mov %eax, -400(%r12) =⇒ 41 89 84 24 70 fe ff ff 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 SIB scale index base 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 56

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -400(%r12) =⇒ 41 89 84 24 70 fe ff ff scale = 20 = 1 index = %rsp base = %r12 disp = -400 ͜ͷͱ͖ scale × index + base + disp 57

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MOV ໋ྩ mov %eax, -400(%r12) =⇒ 41 89 84 24 70 fe ff ff scale = 20 = 1 index = %rsp base = %r12 disp = -400 ͜ͷͱ͖ scale × index + base + disp ͨͩ͠ index = %rsp =⇒ scale = 0 57

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݁ہ n(%r12) ͷͱ͖ʹ 24 ΛຒΊࠐΊ͹͍͍ɻ if (mod == 2 && rm == 4) emit_byte(modrm(0, 4, 4)); ίϝϯτ͕ඞཁ 58

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// ͜ͷߦΛফ͢ͱམͪΔɻ ΧʔΰɾΧϧτɾϓϩάϥϛϯάͱ͸ ࣮ࡍͷ໨తʹ͸໾ʹཱͨͳ͍ίʔυ΍ϓϩάϥϜ ߏ଄ΛّࣜతʹؚΊ͓ͯ͘ϓϩάϥϛϯάͷελ ΠϧͰ͋Δɻ(Wikipedia ΑΓൈਮ) 59

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// ͜ͷߦΛফ͢ͱམͪΔɻ ΧʔΰɾΧϧτɾϓϩάϥϛϯάͱ͸ ࣮ࡍͷ໨తʹ͸໾ʹཱͨͳ͍ίʔυ΍ϓϩάϥϜ ߏ଄ΛّࣜతʹؚΊ͓ͯ͘ϓϩάϥϛϯάͷελ ΠϧͰ͋Δɻ(Wikipedia ΑΓൈਮ) // ... // That ’s why this line is needed. // NOT CARGO CULT PROGRAMMING !! if (mod == 2 && rm == 4) emit_byte(modrm(0, 4, 4)); 59

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ΞηϯϒϥͭΒ͍ • ELF ෼͔ΒΜɻ • gas ͸೥਺Λײͤ͡͞Δίʔυɻ • aqcc ʹ long ͕ແ͍ɻ emit qword( 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); gas ͷग़ྗ΍ʰϦϯΧɾϩʔμ࣮ફ։ൃς ΫχοΫʱΛ΋ͱʹௐ੔ɻ 60

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aqcc ͰίϯύΠϧʢ࠶ܝʣ test.c ΛίϯύΠϧ͍ͨ͠ɻ % ./aqcc test.c > test.s • ίϯύΠϧ % gcc -c test.s -o test.o • Ξηϯϒϧ % gcc test.o -o test all.o • ϦϯΫ 61

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aqcc ͰίϯύΠϧ test.c ΛίϯύΠϧ͍ͨ͠ɻ % ./aqcc test.c test.o • ίϯύΠϧ&Ξηϯϒϧ % gcc test.o -o test all.o • ϦϯΫ 62

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ࣗ໌ͳ༠ಋ 63

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ࣗ໌ͳ༠ಋ ͦ͏ͩ ϦϯΧΛ ͭ͘Ζ͏ 63

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ϦϯΧͭͬͨ͘ 66

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ϦϯΧͭͬͨ͘ C ඪ४ϥΠϒϥϦ΋࡞ͬͨɻ 66

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ͳʹ΍ͬͨͷ ϦϯΧΛॻ͖͔ͨͬͨɻ • ϦϯΧͷσβΠϯ͸ʰϦϯΧɾϩʔμ ࣮ફ։ൃςΫχοΫʱΛ͞Βʹ؆୯ʹ ͨ͠΋ͷɻ • glibc Α͘Θ͔ΒΜɻ • aqcc Ͱ࢖༻͢Δඪ४ϥΠϒϥϦؔ਺͸ ߴʑ༗ݶݸɻ=⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ 68

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malloc(3) Λ࣮૷ aqcc ͸ malloc() ͢Δ͕ free() ͠ͳ͍ɻ 69

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malloc(3) Λ࣮૷ aqcc ͸ malloc() ͢Δ͕ free() ͠ͳ͍ɻ char *p = brk (0); int size = 0x32000000; char *q = brk(p + size ); ... if (malloc_remaining_size < size) return NULL; 69

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aqcc ͷϝϞϦޮ཰ • ίϯύΠϧ͚ͩͳΒແ໰୊ɻ • ϦϯΫ͚ͩͳΒແ໰୊ɻ (e.g., lld) • ίϯύΠϧɾΞηϯϒϧɾϦϯΫͩͱ ϝϞϦΛ৯ͬͯͭΒ͍ɻ Ͳ͏͢Δʁ 70

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ݴྶ.in 71

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໊ݴ ๻͸ϗϯϞϊͷϓϩάϥϚͰ͸͋Γ·ͤΜ ͔Βɺ΍͚ͬͭ࢓ࣄͰ͢ΑɻϗϯϞϊͷϓ ϩάϥϚ͸ɺ ʮಈ͍ͯΔΑ͏ʹݟ͑Δ͚Ͳɺ ϝϞϦϦʔΫͩΒ͚͡Όͳ͍͔ɻ௚͢ඞཁ ͕͋Δ͔΋ͶʯͳΜͯݴ͏Ͱ͠ΐ͏ʁ ๻ ͳΒɺ10 ϦΫΤετ͝ͱʹ Apache Λ࠶ى ಈ͠·͢Ͷɻ 72

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໊ݴ ๻͸ϗϯϞϊͷϓϩάϥϚͰ͸͋Γ·ͤΜ ͔Βɺ΍͚ͬͭ࢓ࣄͰ͢ΑɻϗϯϞϊͷϓ ϩάϥϚ͸ɺ ʮಈ͍ͯΔΑ͏ʹݟ͑Δ͚Ͳɺ ϝϞϦϦʔΫͩΒ͚͡Όͳ͍͔ɻ௚͢ඞཁ ͕͋Δ͔΋ͶʯͳΜͯݴ͏Ͱ͠ΐ͏ʁ ๻ ͳΒɺ10 ϦΫΤετ͝ͱʹ Apache Λ࠶ى ಈ͠·͢Ͷɻ ʕʕ ϥεϚεɾϥʔυϑ (PHP ։ൃऀ) 72

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ػೳΛ෼ׂ • ./aqcc cs main.c main.s ίϯύΠϧ • ./aqcc so main.s main.o Ξηϯϒϧ • ./aqcc oe main.o main.exe ϦϯΫ खͰଧͭͷ͸গʑ໘౗ɻ 73

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γΣϧεΫϦϓτΛॻ͘ • ./aqcc main.c -o main.exe =⇒ ݸผͷػೳΛదٓݺͿɻ gcc ͬΆ͔͚͘Δʂ 74

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·ͱΊ 75

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·ͱΊ • ίϯύΠϥ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ 75

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·ͱΊ • ίϯύΠϥ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ • Ξηϯϒϥ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ 75

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·ͱΊ • ίϯύΠϥ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ • Ξηϯϒϥ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ • ϦϯΧ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ 75

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·ͱΊ • ίϯύΠϥ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ • Ξηϯϒϥ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ • ϦϯΧ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ • ඪ४ϥΠϒϥϦ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ 75

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·ͱΊ • ίϯύΠϥ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ • Ξηϯϒϥ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ • ϦϯΧ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ • ඪ४ϥΠϒϥϦ =⇒ ΍Δ͚ͩ ʊਓਓਓਓਓਓਓਓਓਓਓਓਓʊ ʼɹ΍Δ͚ͩπʔϧνΣΠϯɹʻ ʉ Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y ʉ 75

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͝ਗ਼ௌ ͋Γ͕ͱ͏͟͝ ͍·ͨ͠ɻ 76

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ࢀߟจݙ • ʮ௨৴༻ޠͷجૅ஌ࣝʯ https://www.wdic.org/ • ʰϦϯΧɾϩʔμ࣮ફ։ൃςΫχοΫʱ ࡔҪ ߂྄ɺCQ ग़൛ࣾɺ2010 • ݴྶ.in http://www.kotodama.in/ 77

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ࢀߟจݙ • IntelR ⃝ 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manuals https://software.intel.com/ en-us/articles/intel-sdm • N1548 Committee Draft December 2, 2010 ISO/IEC 9899:201x http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/ sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1548.pdf 78